Njengoko ilizwe lethu lithwaxwa yimbalela, izikhukula, imililo kunye nezaqhwithi ezimandla, uluntu lufuna ukulawulwa kweegesi zegreenhouse ezibangela ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Iinkampani ezifumana ingeniso kumalahle, i-oyile, negesi zinoloyiko lokuba loo mithetho iya kunciphisa ingeniso kunye nexabiso lotyalo-mali lwazo. Bona kunye nomlomo wabo wezopolitiko banesisombululo, nangona kunjalo: ukukholisa uluntu ukuba ukulawulwa kweegesi ze-greenhouse kuya kutshabalalisa imisebenzi yaseMelika. Inyani? Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kutshabalalisa imisebenzi yaseMelika ngoku - kodwa ukukhuselwa kwemozulu kuya kuvelisa izigidi zemisebenzi emitsha. Nantsi isizathu.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela imozulu embi kakhulu. Inkampani enkulu ye-insurance iMunich Re, eqokelele eyona datha ibanzi yehlabathi yeentlekele zendalo, kugqiba ukuba ehlabathini lonke, “Izikhukula ziye zaphindaphindeka ngaphezu kwesithathu ukususela ngowe-1980, yaye iintlekele zemvelo zomoya ovuthuzayo ziye zaphindaphindeka ngokuphindwe kabini, nelahleko enkulu ngokukhethekileyo evela kwinkanyamba yeAtlantiki. Oku kunyuka kunokuchazwa kuphela kukufudumala kwehlabathi. "
Izikhukula, imililo, isomiso, kunye nezivunguvungu ezinxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu ziyonakalisa impilo kunye nokusingqongileyo kuphela, kodwa kunye noqoqosho lwase-US. ISuperstorm Sandy iyodwa yabangela umonakalo oqikelelwa kwiibhiliyoni ezingama-80 zeerandi. Imbalela leyo ichaphazele i-80% yomhlaba weefama wase-US ihlobo lokugqibela watshabalalisa ikota US corn isityalo, zanqunyanyiswa ezothutho kuMlambo Mississippi, waphakamisa amaxabiso okutya namandla kwilizwe lonke, kwaye wenza umonakalo ubuncinane $20 billion kuqoqosho.
Ngaba yonke le nto inento yokwenza nemisebenzi? Khawucinge ngoSandy. NgokukaMaka Zandi, iChief Economist yeMoody’s Analytics: “ISuperstorm Sandy yonakalisa imarike yemisebenzi ngoNovemba, yasusa imisebenzi eqikelelwa kuma-86,000 XNUMX kuluhlu lwabarholayo.” Loluphi uhlobo lwemisebenzi? "Imizi-mveliso, ukuthengisa, ukuzonwabisa kunye nokwamkela iindwendwe, kunye noncedo lwexeshana lubethwe kakhulu sisiphango."
Kodwa ngaba olo hlobo lokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi asiloxeshana nje? Khawucinge ngenkanyamba uKatrina. Ngo-2004 ummandla waseNew Orleans wawunemisebenzi engama-671,000. UKatrina watshabalalisa i-129,000 kubo - malunga namashumi amabini ekhulwini. Ngo-2011, lo mmandla wawunemisebenzi embalwa engama-90,000 XNUMX kuneyangaphambi komhla kaKatrina.
Usongelo lwezoqoqosho lokutshintsha kwemozulu aluphelelanga kwiinkanyamba. Amaza obushushu anyusa iindleko zamandla kwaye abangela imbalela, ebulala izityalo kwaye inyuse amaxabiso okutya. Izikhukula zitshabalalisa izindlu, amashishini kunye nezakhiwo. Amashishini avaliweyo kunye nemivuzo elahlekileyo imela ilahleko yezoqoqosho engenakuze iphinde ifumaneke. Imiphumo eyingozi yempilo yemozulu embi njengamaza obushushu kunye nezikhukhula azigcini nje ngokulimaza abantu kodwa zimele iindleko kuqoqosho lonke.
Ummiselo we-EPA ukhuthaza imisebenzi
Izifundo ezininzi zibhale iziphumo eziluncedo zemigaqo ye-EPA. Uphando olwenziwe yi-EPA ibonisa ukuba ngo-2008, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo ludale ukwanda kwemisebenzi esi-1.7 yezigidi. Uphononongo olwenziwa yi-Ofisi yoLawulo kunye neBhajethi lufumene ukuba i-EPA yomoya kunye nemimiselo yamanzi ukusuka kwi-1999 ukuya kwi-2009 ixabisa i-26-29 yezigidigidi ngonyaka kodwa ivelise inzuzo kwi-82-533 yezigidigidi. Ulawulo lwe-EPA lukhokelele kuphuhliso lweshishini lolawulo lokusingqongileyo elikhula ngokukhawuleza. Kuye kwakhuthaza ubugcisa obutsha, njengophuhliso lwabaguquli be-catalytic, olwenze i-US enye yezona zinto zihamba phambili kwihlabathi lokuthengisa iteknoloji yokulawula indalo.
Xa i-EPA ikhupha imigangatho emitsha yokusetyenziswa kwamafutha ezithuthi kunye nemigangatho yongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso emitsha yamandla, yafumana inkxaso ebanzi phakathi kweemanyano ezimele abasebenzi abachatshazelwa zizo. Ishumi lemibutho emikhulu yajoyina imo engqongileyo amaqela ukuba akhuphe ingxelo ukuxhasa "izenzo ze-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse phantsi koMthetho woMoya ococekileyo" kwaye ukhuthaza iCongress ukuba "ikhabe imizamo yokunciphisa eli gunya." Ukukhululwa kwabo kwisiteyitimenti kwakunesihloko esithi, "I-BlueGreen Alliance izisa iManyano kunye nabaSebenzi beNdawo kwiNkxaso yeenzame ze-EPA zokukhusela impilo yoluntu kunye noKhuseleko." Yaphawula ukuba, incediswa yimigaqo-nkqubo yamandla acocekileyo, imimiselo iya kudala imisebenzi kunye nokwandisa ukhuphiswano lwezoqoqosho lwaseMelika. Imibutho exhasa le nkcazo yayiquka abaSebenzi beNsimbi, abaSebenzi bezoNxibelelwano, abaSebenzi beNkonzo, abaSebenzi, abaSebenzi abaSebenzi, i-American Federation of Teachers, i-Transit Workers, i-Sheet Metal Workers, i-Auto Workers, kunye ne-United Food and Commercial Workers.
Ubungqina buxhasa izibonelelo zemisebenzi yokulawulwa kwe-EPA yeegesi ezigcina ukushisa phantsi koMthetho woMoya ococekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, uphando olwenziwa nguCeres kunye neZiko loPhando loQoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts olunesihloko Imisebenzi emitsha — Umoya oCocekileyo: Iziphumo zeNgqesho zoTshintsho olucwangcisiweyo kwiMithetho ye-EPA yoNgcoliseko loMoya, ihlola imiphumo yemisebenzi yeminye yemimiselo emitsha - leyo ihlaselwe ngokukrakra ngabagxeki be-EPA. Olu phononongo lubhalwe kakuhle lufumanisa ukuba kude nokuba “ngababulali bemisebenzi,” le mimiselo mitsha iya kudala imisebenzi emitsha ephantse ibe ngama-300,000, ingakumbi abantu abanezakhono, abanemivuzo ephezulu yemisebenzi yeenjineli, abaphathi beeprojekthi, iingcali zombane, iibhoyila, oomatshini bokulungisa imibhobho, oomatshini bokungqusha, nabasebenza ngentsimbi. Imimiselo inokukhokelela ekwandeni kwemisebenzi engaphezulu kwe-120,000 yeminyaka yemisebenzi e-Illinois, i-123,000 eVirginia, i-113,000 eTennessee, i-76,000 kuMntla Carolina, kunye ne-76,000 e-Ohio. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ummiselo uya kuba nezinye izibonelelo ezininzi ngaphezu kokunyuka kwengqesho. Iya kuqinisekisa ukuba umoya ucocekile, iphucule impilo yoluntu, ikhuthaze ubugcisa obusebenzayo, obunokhuphiswano ngakumbi, inciphise iigesi ezingcolisayo, ize yandise ingeniso yerhafu karhulumente. Yaye iya kuvuselela “imisebenzi ecekisekayo” ebangelwa kukuba abasebenzi banemali ezipokothweni zokuthenga izinto ezenziwe okanye ezithengiswa ngabanye abasebenzi.
Utshintsho olululo
Konke ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso - nokuba kukukhusela okusingqongileyo, ukwandisa imveliso, ukuphucula imveliso okanye nasiphi na esinye isizathu - isoyikisa ukuphelisa eminye imisebenzi kwiindawo eziphelelwe lixesha nezingasebenzi kakuhle. Ngoko nangona utshintsho oluya kuqoqosho olutsha lwamandla luya kudala amakhulu amawaka emisebenzi emitsha, luya kuyiphelisa imisebenzi ekhoyo. Inyani yokuba amazwe amaninzi kunye nabasebenzi abaninzi baya kufumana imisebenzi emitsha eluhlaza inika intuthuzelo encinci kubantu kunye noluntu oluphulukene nezabo ngaphandle kwempazamo yabo.
Kungumgaqo osisiseko wobulungisa ukuba umthwalo wemigaqo-nkqubo eyimfuneko kuluntu - njengokukhusela okusingqongileyo - akufanele ithwalwe ngabancinci abancinci abaye baxhatshazwa yimiphumo yabo. Ngaphandle kokuba abasebenzi kunye noluntu lukhuselwe kwimiphumo engalindelekanga yenguqu kuqoqosho olutsha lwamandla, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ukuhlaselwa okusongela yonke imizamo yokukhusela indalo - kunye nokugcina iplanethi. Ayiphelelanga apho, ukudalwa kwemisebenzi eyinzuzo evela kulawulo olufanelekileyo lokusingqongileyo kuya kulahleka. Umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu unokuzithintela njani iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinje?
Umzekelo omhle apha unokuba yinkqubo enempumelelo kakhulu eyanceda uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukuba lulungelelanise uphazamiseko kunye nokutshintshwa kwemisebenzi okuye kwabakho ngenxa yokuvalwa kweziseko zomkhosi phantsi kweKomishoni yoLungelelaniso ngokutsha kunye nokuValwa kweSiseko (BRAC). Olo luntu lubonelelwe ngoluhlu olubanzi loncedo lwe-federal, kubandakanywa, ukucwangciswa kunye noncedo lohlengahlengiso lwezoqoqosho, ukucocwa kwendalo, iSibonelelo soPhuhliso loLuntu kunye neSibonelelo seNkonzo yoLuntu.
Abasebenzi abagxothiweyo ngenxa yokuvalwa kwesiseko nabo bafumana inkxaso enkulu. ISebe lezoKhuselo ngokwalo linikezele ngesaziso kwangaphambili sokuncitshiswa komkhosi; ingcebiso kwangaphambi kokwahlukana; inkqubo yokuqesha ekhethwayo kunye nee-arhente zomdibaniso ukuba ziphinde ziqeshe abasebenzi abafanelekileyo abagxothiweyo beDOD; inkuthazo yezemali ukukhuthaza ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwangethuba kwabo bafanelekileyo. Abasebenzi abachatshazelwa kukuvalwa kwesiseko nabo babefanele ukufumana uncedo phantsi kweZibonelelo zeSizwe eziNgxamisekileyo, iinkqubo “zokuPhendula ngokuKhawuleza”, uhlolo olubanzi nophuhliso lwezicwangciso zengqesho kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi.
Uluntu kunye nabantu abachatshazelwa yinguqu yamandla ngokubanzi kunye nemimiselo ye-EPA ngokukodwa banokujoliswa ngokufanayo kuncedo oluvela kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo njengeSebe lezaBasebenzi leeNkonzo zokuPhendula ngokukhawuleza kunye neZibonelelo zeSizwe eziNgxamisekileyo zoLawulo lweNgqesho noQeqesho lwe-DOL, kunye nenkxaso-mali uphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemizi-mveliso nokuphuculwa kweSebe lezaMandla noRhwebo.
Ngenxa yokuba izibonelelo ezifunekayo zithe saa phakathi kwee-arhente ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente, inyathelo lokuqala linokuba lelokuba uMongameli uBarack Obama aseke iqela labasebenzi abasebenzisanayo eliqulunqwe ngamagosa e-arhente yaseMelika elongamele imiba yengqesho, amandla kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umsebenzi wabo wokuqala unokuba kukudala iphakheji yotshintsho yabasebenzi-mgodini bamalahle, abasebenzi benkonzo kunye nabanye abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo abaza kubonelela ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo yemali kunye noqeqesho kunye nokufikelela okukhethekileyo kwimisebenzi emitsha edalwe yimigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Oko kunokudityaniswa nenkxaso emandla yocwangciso lwezoqoqosho kunye notyalo-mali kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, kugxininise ekuphuhliseni amashishini amatsha ombane acocekileyo. Yicinge njengoMthetho osaYilwayo weGI wabasebenzi abagxothiweyo kunye noluntu lwabo.
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu: Inkqubo entsha yemisebenzi?
Umba olandelayo kwi-ajenda yokhuseleko lwemozulu ye-EPA kukulawula izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumaziko ombane asele ekhona. Ngokuqikelelwayo, abachasi bathi loo mithetho iya kuba “mbi kwimisebenzi.” Into echaseneyo yile meko: Ukulawulwa kwe-EPA yokukhutshwa kwegesi yobushushu kuya kuba kuhle kwimisebenzi kunye nakuqoqosho olubanzi.
Zingaphi kwaye luhlobo luni lwemisebenzi ummiselo we-EPA uya kudala kunjalo kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo ethile eyisekayo. Makhe siqwalasele umzekelo omnye. A isifundo ngabakwa-Synapse Energy Economics baphuhlise iNkcazelo yoTshintsho kwishishini lamandla ombane esekwe ekucutheni amandla okusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuphelisa oomatshini bamandla aphuma kakhulu, kunye nokwakha amatsha, amaziko ombane akhutshwa kancinci. Uphononongo luqikelele inani "leminyaka yomsebenzi" - umsebenzi omnye omtsha oqeshwe unyaka omnye - oya kudalwa yiNguqulelo yeNkcazo kwisithuba seshumi leminyaka.
• Iminyaka ye-444,000 yemisebenzi yabasebenzi bokwakha, elingana nama-44,400 abasebenzi bokwakha abasebenza ixesha elizeleyo kule minyaka ilishumi iyonke.
• Iminyaka engama-90,000 yemisebenzi yokusebenza kunye nabasebenzi abalungisayo, elingana nabasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo abamalunga nama-9,000 abaqeshwe kwishumi leminyaka.
• Izigidi ezi-3.1 zemisebenzi engathanga ngqo yabantu abayila, abavelisi, kunye nokuhambisa imathiriyeli kunye nemisebenzi kuqoqosho lwasekhaya kwilizwe lonke ebangelwe yinkcitho ngabasebenzi abaqeshwe kwiNguqulelo yeSimo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, eli liqhekeza elinye kuphela lephazili yokhuseleko lwemozulu. Inkqubo ebanzi yokuguqukela kuqoqosho olukhuselekileyo lwemozulu iza kuvelisa amashumi ezigidi zemisebenzi.
Xa i-US isuka kwi-Great Depression ukuya kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, yadala izigidi zemisebenzi emitsha eyenza iimveliso ezifunekayo kwimfazwe. Sijongene nesoyikiso esibi sokufudumala kwehlabathi, olona khuselo lungcono lwekamva lemisebenzi yethu kunye noluntu lwethu kukudala izigidi zemisebenzi senza oko sikudingayo ukusikhusela kutshintsho lwemozulu.
UJeremy Brecher ngumbhali-mbali onencwadi yakhe entsha Gcina abantu? Ulondolozo oluqhelekileyo lusebenza, epapashwe ngu Abapapashi beParadigm, ijongana nendlela imibutho yentlalo eyenza ngayo inguqu kwezentlalo. Okwangoku usebenza ne I-Network Network yabasebenzi. Esi siqwenga sithathwe kwiphepha lengxoxo elide, elinombhalo osemazantsi ezikhoyo apha
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