Njengoko amaqumrhu ongxowankulu sele elawula i-intanethi, ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuzalisekisa amandla okwenene edemokhrasi kobu buchwepheshe kwimeko yobunzima bezoqoqosho? Uphononongo lwencwadi entsha kaRobert McChesney Ukuqhawulwa kweDijithali: Indlela i-Capitalism iJika ngayo i-Intanethi ngokuchasene neDemokhrasi, ngaphaya kwengxoxo yakudala phakathi 'kwababhiyozeli' kunye 'nabathandabuzayo'.
Ukubhala impendulo kwi UMthetho woNxibelelwano ka-1996, ilinge lokuqala elicwangcisiweyo likarhulumente wase-US lokupolisa i-intanethi, uJohn Perry Barlow - owayesakuba yingoma yeengoma zabafileyo abanombulelo - wenza umbhiyozo. Isibhengezo seNkululeko yeCyberspace. Ngeethowuni eziguquguqukayo ezihambelana nezo zaBaseki abaSekiyo, uBarlow wathetha "nooRhulumente beLizwe lezoShishino, nina zigebenga ezidiniweyo zenyama nentsimbi", echaza "indawo yehlabathi esiyakhayo ukuba izimele ngokwendalo kwingcinezelo ofuna ukuyinyanzela. thinaโ.
Ku-Barlow, kunye noovulindlela bokuqala be-intanethi, benza i-'Contract Social' entsha kunye neyohlukileyo, ulawulo "oluvela ngokwemiqathango yehlabathi lethu, kungekhona eyakho" ekwaziswa ngemilinganiselo elinganayo kunye nomgaqo wegolide. Umbono kaBarlow ubambe ithemba elibi lenkcubeko ye-intanethi yokuqala. Le yayiyinkcubeko enobutshaba obunzulu kurhwebo kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente olwathi yabona kwi-intanethi isithuba esibonakalayo esasiza kuzisa ixesha ledemokhrasi, inkcubeko evulelekileyo kunye nentatho-nxaxheba. Kwiminyaka eyalandela iSibhengezo sikaBarlow, izigqibo ezide zenziwa ngamaqumrhu kunye norhulumente (kunye neengxoxo ezincinci zikawonke-wonke, njengesiqhelo ngohlaziyo olukhulu kunxibelelwano) ezaziza kubeka iziseko zenguqu ye-intanethi kancinane phantsi kwesizukulwana sibe yimbumba. indawo elawulwa ngakumbi ingene kwiintengiso, ilawulwa ngoosomashishini kwaye ibekwe esweni ngurhulumente kunye neearhente zokhuseleko.
Incwadi entsha kaRobert McChesney Ukuqhawulwa kweDijithali: Indlela i-Capitalism iJika ngayo i-Intanethi ngokuchasene neDemokhrasi yingxelo ephilileyo nequkayo yale nkqubo: yendlela amaqumrhu eze ngayo ukulawula i-intanethi, kunye novavanyo olusebenzayo lwendlela yokuzalisekisa amandla okwenene edemokhrasi awachonga ngokufanelekileyo kwitekhnoloji ngaphakathi kwimeko yobunzima bezoqoqosho obukhoyo.
Le ncwadi ibhalwe njengongenelelo kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke yase-US, kodwa iya kuba nomdla kubo bonke abo banenkathalo ngemithombo yeendaba evulekileyo kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwiintshukumo zezopolitiko ezisokolayo ukwakha kunye nokucacisa enye indlela yedemokhrasi echasene ne-clatter ye-neoliberal propaganda. .
Lide ligqithelwe lixesha. Nabani na othe wantywila kwisifundi esiqhelekileyo kwi-intanethi uya kuqhelana nengxoxo-mpikiswano ekhoyo ngoku phakathi 'kwababhiyozeli' kunye 'nabathandabuzayo'. Ababhiyozeli, phakathi kwabo Udongwe Shirky kwaye Yochai Benkler zezona liciko, peyinta umfanekiso painlossian wendlela i-intanethi idemokhrasi ihlabathi lolwazi, ekhulula umoya wethu wokudala kunye nentsebenziswano, ukusikhulula sonke ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi ezifanelekileyo ezifana Wikipedia, Couch-surfer kunye open-source software coding kwiifom. ye "commons-based peer production" (Benkler) edibanisa "cognitive surplus" asisamoshi kumabonakude. Okona kukrwada nokulahlekiswayo, ibali lombhiyozo, lisasazwa ngabo USimon Mainwaring, kuthetha ukuba i-intanethi iyoyisile ingxaki ye-asymmetries yamandla kwaye iya kuzisa i-capitalism epholileyo, eluhlaza yoosomashishini abanokuziphatha "ukudibanisa iinqobo kwizicwangciso zabo zoshishino kunye nokwamkela indima njengabagcini abanyamezelayo boluntu kunye nokuphila kakuhle kweplanethi".
Abagxeki babetha inqaku elichaseneyo. Balumkisa ukuba i-intanethi iyonakalisa inkcubeko yethu (UJaron Lanier), ukuxhobisa oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe (Egeny Morozov, URebecca MacKinnon), ukusingenisa kwiighetto zolwazi ngeendleko zedemokhrasi (UEli Pariser) kunye nokujongela phantsi amandla ethu okucinga okunzulu kunye nokucamngca (UNicholas Carr). Ngeendlela zabo ezahlukeneyo, ngamnye kwaba babhali bakhanyisa utshintsho lwezopolitiko, inkcubeko kunye nengqondo ekhuthazwa yi-intanethi.
Yintoni elahlekileyo naluphi na uhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo lwendlela iteknoloji edibanisa ngayo kwaye iqinisa ubudlelwane obukhoyo bamandla kuqoqosho kunye noluntu. Amagama athi "idemokhrasi" kunye "nentengiso" iphonswa ngapha nangapha ngokucingisisa okuncinci okanye uviwo olubalulekileyo. Kukho umkhwa kumacala omabini - ngakumbi ngakumbi ababhiyozeli - ngokubhekiselele kuhlobo lokunciphisa olulahlekelwa ngumbono wembali yetekhnoloji. UMelvin Kranzberg Yathi kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, โItekhnoloji ayilunganga okanye ayibi, ingeyiyo necala.โ
Ukungahoyi impembelelo yokubumba imeko kukungaqondi kakuhle i-intanethi, ingongoma eyenziwe ngamandla nguJames Curran, uNatalie Fenton kunye noDes Freedman, abaphengululi abathathu baseBritani umsebenzi wakhe unokufundwa ngokufanelekileyo ecaleni kukaMcChesney.
Itekhnoloji ifakwe phakathi kobudlelwane bentlalo yolawulo kunye nolawulo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuya kuthanda ukulawulwa ngokuhambelana neemfuno zabo baphethe amandla, ukwandisa amandla enkqubo ekhoyo yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Ubugcisa obuveliswe phantsi kobungxowankulu buya kuthandeka ekubetheleleni utyekelo lwabo kulawulo nokungalingani ngaphandle kokuba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla odidi lulonke luqinisekisa ukuba kukho amandla achaseneyo. Imbali ibonelela ngemizekelo yobugcisa obutsha obuziboleka kwimingeni echasene negunya, njengoko kunjalo ngomatshini wokushicilela owanceda amaLuthere ukuba asasaze iikopi zeBhayibhile zeelwimi zasekuhlaleni ezingabizi mali ininzi aze ngaloo ndlela acele umngeni kwigunya lomoya nelokwexeshana likapopu. La mathuba achasene nogunyaziso anokuphunyezwa kuphela nangona kunjalo ukuba iteknoloji isetyenziswe ngumdla olungelelanisiweyo ocela umngeni kwingqiqo yoluntu yokuba ngubani onamandla kuluntu kunye nokuba zeziphi iinjongo.
Uyilo oluvulekileyo lwe-intanethi, apho sonke sinokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye sizityebise ngokwethu kunye nenkcubeko yethu ekwabelwana ngayo ngaphandle kwemvume evela kwigunya elithile eliphakathi, lisenza sikwazi ukuyila into. iifowuni ezivulekileyo zeDemokhrasi i "digital commons".
Oko kukuthi, kuyenzeka ukudala indawo evulekileyo yokusebenzisana engalawulwa yi-enclosures, i-ad hominem ubundlobongela kunye norhwebo lwewebhu ngokubanzi. Kodwa ngelixa itekhnoloji ikwenza oku kwenzeke, ayinakuphepheka nangayiphi na indlela. Kukho, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, amathamsanqa amakhulu ekufuneka enziwe ekuthinteleni.
Kwimo yayo efanelekileyo, i-digital commons yindawo yokufikelela simahla kunye nemveliso ehambelanayo efana namasimi aqhelekileyo amadlelo kunye namahlathi eNgilani ngaphambi indawo ebiyelweyo ngabanini-mhlaba abakhohlakeleyo; indawo apho sinokuhlala khona, sidlale, sidale, sabelane kwaye sixoxe "ngaphandle kwamehlo okanye ngaphandle kobukhoboka", njengeDigger UGerald Winstanley Yibeke. Kanye njengezinto eziqhelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, i-digital commons ibonakalise ukuba isesichengeni sokubanjwa kunye nokuxhaphaza kwinkqubo yokuqokelela inkunzi.
Ukuba oku kuqhelekileyo kufuneka kukhuselwe kwaye kufakwe kwinkonzo yentando yesininzi kunye nobulungisa bezenhlalakahle ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba siqonde ubunjani bemikhosi ezama ukulawula i-intanethi kunye nemeko yonxibelelwano olubanzi. Inyathelo lokuqala luhlalutyo olucokisekileyo loqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwe-intanethi. Njengoko uMcChesney ebhala, "Injongo yenzuzo, urhwebo, ubudlelwane boluntu, ukuthengisa, kunye nentengiso - zonke iimpawu ezichazayo zobungxowankulu beshishini langoku - zisisiseko kulo naluphi na uvavanyo lwendlela i-Intanethi ephuhliswe ngayo kwaye inokuphuhla."
Umsebenzi wedijithali
UMcChesney uyayikhaba i-โcatechismโ yaseMelika engcwele yobukhapitali enokwenza ukuba sikholelwe ukuba iimarike ezikhululekileyo, ezikhuphisanayo zisebenzela intlalo-ntle yabantu bonke kwaye ziqinisekise ukusasazwa kwesininzi samandla kuluntu lonke. UMcChesney uphatha uGoogle, iApple, iAmazon, iFacebook kunye nezinye iifemu zetekhnoloji njengoko kufuneka ziphathwe: njengeefemu eziqhutywa yingeniso ezinotyekelo lokuthoba imivuzo kunye neemeko zabasebenzi, ziyonakalisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngamandla-mali kwaye zilawule icandelo labo. , ukunqongophala kwemveliso kunye nokulawula ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha. Ngaphandle kwezibalo zabo zegeeky kunye ne-Cuddly PR, ezi ayizo-NGOs. Ukuba bebengenzi ngolu hlobo, bebengayi kuhlala ixesha elide njengemizi-mveliso yongxowankulu! Okwangoku, iifemu ezili-13 kwezingama-30 zase-US zizifem ezikhuliswe kwinguqu yedijithali, ngelixa ezi-3 kuphela โzinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingasilelaโ iibhanki. Ngo-2012, ngezinye ii-akhawunti, i-Apple yayinemali eyi-110 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, i-Google $ 50 yebhiliyoni, iMicrosoft $ 51 yebhiliyoni kunye ne-Amazon $ 10 yebhiliyoni.
Inzuzo enkulu yale mizi-mveliso igxile kwizandla zabasunguli abazizigidi-gidi, ii-CEO kunye nabaninizabelo. Badla ngokuqhayisa ngendima yabo ekudaleni imisebenzi. Kodwa luhlobo luni? I-Apple kunye neekontraki zayo baqeshe abasebenzi abangama-700,000 ngaphandle kwe-US, uninzi lwabo kwizityalo ezidume kakubi zeFoxconn, ngelixa abangama-60,000 eMelika ubukhulu becala iyimisebenzi ephantsi yohlobo lomvuzo. Intatheli yeFinancial Times uSarah O'Connor kutshanje ukutyelelwa Indawo yokugcina impahla yaseAmazon eRugeley apho wabona abasebenzi - abaziwa ngokuba "ngabakhethi" - behamba bejikeleza indawo enkulu yokugcina iimpahla belayisha iimveliso kwiitroli ezinezixhobo ezibaxelela ukuba mabaye phi kwaye bajonge imveliso yabo ngexesha lokwenyani. Umphathi weAmazon wamxelela, "Ufana nerobhothi, kodwa ukwimo yomntu." I-Amazon ibonakala ineerobhothi ezininzi kodwa (okwangoku!) Abantu bangcono ekuqokeleleni uluhlu olukhulu lweemveliso. Inkampani ayikuvumeli umanyano kwaye iqhuba "uqhankqalazo oluthathu kunye nokukhulula uqeqesho".
Abasebenzi bezenkcubeko baye baqhuba kakuhle. Abona banini-copyright abakhulu, abazimisele ukugcina ingeniso yabo, bathintele nayiphi na ingxoxo enentsingiselo malunga nokuba umsebenzi wenkcubeko unokubuyiselwa njani ngokufanelekileyo kwixesha apho umculo, iifilimu kunye neencwadi zinokukotshwa kwaye zisasazwe simahla. I-intanethi ibe negalelo kwinkcubeko yabasebenzi "abaguquguqukayo" kunye "neselula", kwaye ngoku i-smart phone isebenza njengoluhlobo lwabasebenzi be-remote leash ebopha iofisi kwaye ikhokelela ekunyukeni okumangalisayo kwexesha elongezelelweyo elingahlawulwanga.
Ngaphantsi kwayo yonke intetho ekhangayo evela kwabezopolitiko kunye neetanki zokucinga zoqoqosho "lolwazi" kunye nomsebenzi "wokuqonda", ngoko ke, kukho irhamncwa elinye elidala, lithoba amadoda kunye nabasetyhini "kwizinto ezifakwa kumatshini". Lo gama sihlala singabantu benyama negazi, kuya kufuneka kubekho abantu abakhupha izimbiwa kwiikhomputha esizisebenzisayo, badibanise iinxalenye kwaye basasaze iimpahla kunye nezinye iimpahla esiziodolayo. Obu bubudlelwane bokungabandakanywa kobungxowankulu obuzama ukubufihla.
Abachasi bongxowankulu baqaphele ukunyuka kobuchwephesha bothungelwano ukuvela kweqela labasebenzi behlabathi behlabathi โabasebenza ngokungekho ngqiqweniโ babanika iqondo lokuzimela geqe kwimali abanokuthi baqhagamshele kuyo ukuyichasa. Nangona oku kubamba into ebalulekileyo malunga nobuntu kunye nokufana kwemizabalazo yangoku akufanele ifihle iinyani ezijongene nabasebenzi abangenalizwi nabangabonakaliyo abenza umsebenzi wezandla kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zemizi-mveliso; umzabalazo โkwinxalenye yabo bangenanxaxhebaโ, ngo Amazwi kaJacques Ranciere.
Ukoyiswa komnatha
Kakhulu kwihlabathi elitsha lomsebenzi wedijithali. Kuthekani ngeyantlukwano enconywa kakhulu ye-intanethi? Ulawulo lwemonopoli luvele ngesantya esothusayo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo ukusuka kwiinkampani ebezinesiqalo esimileyo kodwa inzuzo engaqhelekanga yokuba ngumqhubi ophambili.[7] . Izenzo eziqhelekileyo ze-monopolistic zigxininiswa kwi-intanethi "impembelelo yenethiwekhi" ehlala ixesha elide ibonwa apho izibonelelo zenkonzo efana ne-Facebook okanye i-Amazon, apho abasebenzisi bavelisa ixabiso, bandisa abantu abaninzi abayisebenzisayo. Oku kuthetha inkqubo "yokuphumelela-ithatha konke" apho iinkampani eziphezulu kwintsimi nganye, ezifana neGoogle, i-Facebook kunye ne-Amazon ayinabo abaphikisanayo. I-Amazon isebenzisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo ukuze iqhube abakhuphisana nabo kwintengiso ngaphandle kweshishini emva koko ibeka amanqanaba exabiso ukunyusa inzuzo. UClay Shirky uyathanda ukunika imizekelo yendlela iWeb 2.0 ezama ngayo, efana neenkonzo zokudityaniswa kweemoto, ijongela phantsi ukongamela kwengingqi. Kodwa oku akuchanekanga umfanekiso omkhulu.
Umfanekiso omkhulu, njengoko uMcChesney ecebisa, unokuthelekiswa nemephu yenkulungwane ye-19 yeengxabano zobukhosi. Imonopoli nganye yetekhnoloji ihlala kwinkampu yelizwekazi, kunye ne-mini-monopolies efana ne-Ebay njengeJapan. Inkampu nganye yandisa ukuzimela kwayo kwiindawo ezintsha kwaye yenza ubudlelwane bexeshana ngenjongo yokugqibela yokoyisa ihlabathi kunye nokulawula i-intanethi. Indlela yabo yangoku yokuphumeza oku "kukutshixa". Ngokudityaniswa kweminqathe kunye neentonga abasebenzisi bangeniswa kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo, zobunini apho inkampani efanayo iyila ihardware, ikuthengisele isoftware ukuze uhambe nayo emva koko isebenzise ulwazi lwakho ukuthengisa intengiso, ukuvelisa oko ooqoqosho bakubiza ngokuba โkutsalwa kwentsalela eyongeziweyoโ isiphumo.
Ezi ndlela zintsha zokutsalwa, apho ubukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo babasebenzisi be-intanethi buxhatshazwa ngobuninzi, kuye kwabizwa ngokuba โyifektri yentlalontleโ. Tiziana Terranova, inxalenye yendlela inkunzi exhaphaza ngayo kungekuphela nje iiyure zethu zokusebenza, kodwa ubuhlobo bethu, unxibelelwano, ubuchule kunye nobukrelekrele. Nditsho nentshukumo yesoftware evulekileyo, umoya wayo wentsebenziswano uShirky noBenkler bahlekisa ngabo, ubonakalise ukuba usesichengeni sokusebenzisana ngokwenkunzi.
Xa iinkqubo zitshixiwe ngaphakathi, iinkampani zilawula imiqathango yobudlelwane. Oku kuninzi okufanayo kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza zodidi olunye ukuya kwezininzi zenkulungwane yama-20 kunenkqubo esasazwe kaninzi ukuya kwabaninzi enika i-intanethi amandla ayo edemokhrasi. Njengomabonakude kunye nefilimu, sele kukho imiqondiso yokuba i-intanethi njengomsasazi iya kunceda ukuzola kunye nokunciphisa ipolitiki ngokutya kokuzonwabisa okulula, abantu abadumileyo kunye nokuphazamiseka. Inkqubo yokutshixa inikwe amandla kakhulu yicomputing yelifu kwaye abantu abaninzi ngakumbi nangakumbi bafikelela kwi-intanethi ngezixhobo โezibophelelekileyoโ, ngohlobo lweefowuni ezihlakaniphile, ulawulo ezi nkampani zinalo luba lubaluleke ngakumbi (izixhobo ezingenazingcingo azinayo. ukukhuselwa kokungathathi hlangothi okufanayo kunye neengcingo). Ulwazi olukwibhokisi yakho yangaphakathi, ikhalenda, amanqaku kunye nealbham yeefoto, kunye noxwebhu olukopishayo efini lugcinwe kwindawo enkulu-kwaye lunemali eninzi kakhulu - iifama zeseva ezinamachaphaza kwihlabathi jikelele, apho ziya kombiwa kwaye zithengiswe kubathengisi.
Uphehlelelo lwakutsha nje lwe Ikhaya le-Facebook kwizixhobo eziphathwayo kunye neNtsha kaGoogle icebisa ukuba iinkampani zothungelwano ziceba ukusebenzisa le ntaba inkulu yedatha ukulamla indlela esifumana ngayo ubunyani bethu bemihla ngemihla, isixelela ukuba ngubani ekufuneka sidibane naye ngokulandelayo, nini, kutheni kwaye njani ukuya apho. . Ulwando olukhulu olulandelayo lungena kwiimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi elisaphuhlayo kunye noGoogle kunye noFacebook becenga abathwali be-intanethi ukuba babonelele ngebroadband yasimahla okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi kubasebenzisi abakhawulelwe kwiindawo zabo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kwizigidi zabantu ngoku abafumana i-intanethi, i-intanethi iya kuba yile nto uFacebook noGoogle bafuna ukuba bacinge ngayo. Umphengululi we-Intanethi UJonathan Zittrain waxela kwangaphambili olu phuhliso kwango-2006 xa wayelumkisa nge-intanethi yexesha elizayo "yezixhobo zolwazi". Kodwa uZittrain wacinga ngokwengcaciso yetekhnoloji yolu kuvalwa: uloyiko lweentsholongwane endaweni yokufuna inzuzo yezoqoqosho (ukhuseleko kwiintsholongwane ngokwenene yayiyinkcazo uSteve Jobs akhethe ukuyinika kwi-IPhone ngo-2007).
Ngokwenyani, iqhinga lokutshixa libonisa indlela iinkampani ezilawula ngayo ezinye iinkqubo zemidiya. Ukufika koonomathotholo, ifilim nomabonwakude zakhatshwa zizibhengezo zelizwe elitsha elivuyisayo leyantlukwano nentatho-nxaxheba yenkcubeko. Ekuqaleni, ezi ndlela zokunxibelelana zazingenabunyani kwaye zazininzi, kwaye ubukhulu becala zazingenazo iintengiso kunye norhwebo, kodwa njenge UTim Wu ibonisile, ekugqibeleni oosomashishini abanebhongo bangena kwindawo ukuze banikeze imveliso esebenzayo, efanayo kwaye baxinzelele ngaphandle abo bakhuphisana nabo. Njengoko uWu ebhala, itekhnoloji yolwazi ibonisa ukuqhubela phambili okuqhelekileyo:
ukusuka kwizinto zokuzonwabisa zomntu ukuya kwishishini lomntu; ukusuka kwi-jury-rigged contraption ukuya kwimveliso emangalisayo emangalisayo; ukusuka kumjelo ofikelelekayo ngokukhululekileyo ukuya kwelinye elilawulwa ngokungqongqo yinkampani enye okanye i-cartel - ukusuka evulekileyo ukuya kwinkqubo evaliweyo.
Le monopoly isetyenziselwa ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuqanjwa okukholelwa ukuba kwenzakalisa imida yengeniso, njengesigqibo se-AT&T sokucinezela ukuveliswa kwefowuni yokuphendula ngeminyaka yoo-1930s, ababesoyikela ukuba iya kwenza abantu bayeke ukuncokola ngefowuni. Kwimeko efanayo, isigqibo sikaGoogle samva nje sokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwi-Google Reader esebenzayo iye yatolikwa njengentshukumo yokwalathisa iibhola zamehlo kude ne-RSS feeds kunye namaphepha enkampani asekhaya apho zinokuboniswa khona iintengiso. Sinokucinga ukuba impendulo ye-Apple inokuba yintoni kwi-app elungelelanisa uqhanqalazo kunye nokwayikwa ngendlela eyenzakalisa kakhulu umdla wabo okanye wabathengisi babo.
Kukho izizathu zethemba kwinto yokuba iinzame zangaphambili zokuvala i-intanethi nguMicrosoft ngebrawuza kunye ne-AOL-Time Warner bid ayiphumelelanga. Kukho iimpawu ezinamandla zobuchwepheshe ezinciphisa ngokuchasene nokubekwa kwindawo enye. I-intanethi eyenzelwe nguVint Cerf kunye noRobert E. Kahn yenziwe ngamabomu njengenkqubo evulekileyo, evumelayo engathathi hlangothi phakathi kweepakethi zedatha ezithwalayo. I-tech-commentator UJohn Naughton -omnye umhlalutyi ocingayo ogqithisa impikiswano-umbhiyozo-ubhale ukuba eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kwimbali ye-intanethi, njengenkqubo yokwabelana ngefayile ye-Napster kunye ne-World Wide Web, yenzeke ngenxa yenkqubo yayo "yokutsha okungavumelekanga". Imali yedijithali yeBitcoin ngomnye umzekelo wamandla e-intanethi okwenza izinto ezothusayo kuthi ngendlela ephazamisa imeko ekhoyo.
Ngeenkqubo zobunini, kuphela ezo zinto zintsha zinegalelo kwingeniso yee-tech giants eziya kuvunyelwa. Ngelixa uBerners-Lee wayecinga ukuba "yinto engenakwenzeka" ukunika ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwiWebhu yeHlabathi ebanzi, eyenza ifumaneke kumntu wonke simahla, uZuckerberg uye waziphatha njengozwilakhe ophumelele unyulo, ethatha ithuba loyilo oluvulekileyo lwe-intanethi ukusungula uFacebook ngelixa ekholejini kwaye ngoku utyhala inkqubo evaliweyo apho inkampani yakhe ifumana intetho yokugqibela malunga nokuba yeyiphi isoftware entsha eyaziswayo. I-Google inegama lokuxhasa imigangatho evulekileyo kwi-intanethi, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba uPhando lwayo alukwazi ukufikelela kulwazi olufihliweyo kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo. Kodwa baye benza inkqubo yobunini kuGoogle-kunye nomnqweno wabo ongagungqiyo โwokuhlela ulwazi lwehlabathiโ (abathe ekugqibeleni banethemba lokuludibanisa nomntu wethu izixhobo zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa) iphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nobumfihlo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi lolwazi abakhetha ukungaluhoyi. Le mfihlo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kude kude ne-utopia yeSilicon Valley ikhetha ukwenza iprojekthi IYunivesithi yeLinye apho ubuchwephesha bexesha elizayo kunye ne-philanthro-capitalism idibana kunye nabantu abadumileyo ukuze โbalungiselele uluntu ukukhawulezisa itekhnoloji. UMilton Friedman, ukuba amandla e-tech giants anyanzelisa urhulumente omkhulu. Kwakhona, inyaniso yahluke kancinane. Idatha eqokelelwe yi-tech giants ifumaneka rhoqo kwii-arhente zokhuseleko zikarhulumente ngesicelo ngaphandle kweemfuno zenkundla. Ngembuyekezo, kude nokujongana namandla ezi ngxilimbela, urhulumente wase-US, obonelele ngotyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala kwi-intanethi ngaphambi kokuba ayinikezele kwicandelo labucala, ujike amehlo kwiindlela zabo zokulawula i-monopoly, ukusebenzisa kwabo kakhulu irhafu kunye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabo kwimfihlo. Iphosa ubunzima bayo emva kwemithetho kunye nemimiselo ebagcina benengeniso kwaye ilwela injongo yabo kumazwe angaphandle. Iingxilimbela zetekhnoloji zichitha izigidi ziphembelela unyaka nonyaka, zinobudlelwane obupholileyo nabawisi-mthetho kwaye bonwabele isimemo eDavos kakhulu njengemogul yeshishini elilandelayo.
Sibona umanyano olubi lweshishini kunye norhulumente ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweshishini, ukhuseleko kunye nomkhosi. Intsebenziswano enomdla eyenziwa yi-Apple, i-PayPal kunye nokunye okunjalo kwi-crackdown kwi-Wikileaks ibonise ubunyani be-tech-state nexus. I-intanethi ibonakalise ukuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu sokuhlanganisa amaqela aphikisayo ukuba athathe amanyathelo adibeneyo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yemibutho ephuma phezulu. Kodwa ngokusebenza ngolwakhiwo lolawulo lwedomeyini abachasi abachasayo baya kuhlala besengozini yokuba imisebenzi yabo ivalwe. Imeko yokufudukela kwiinethiwekhi ezisasazwayo ezingeyonxalenye yemigangatho, njengoko kucetyiswa ngu ezithandwa nguJoss Hands, kunzima ukuxhathisa.
Akukho ndaba ziindaba ezimbi
Kwinxalenye yesibini yencwadi, uMcChesney ujika ekuxoxeni ngeendaba zeendaba. Upeyinta umfanekiso ombi wokucuthwa kwemisebenzi, amaphepha asekhaya avalwa kunye nengxelo yokuqala yonke kodwa iyanyamalala. Kwakhona, uMcChesney ugxile e-US kodwa umfanekiso apha e-UK ufana ngokubanzi. Iinzame zokwenza imali yobuntatheli kwiwebhu azikaphumeleli ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngelixa amalungu ambalwa oshishino, afana ne Financial Times kwaye i Wall Street Journal, baye baphumelela kwi-paywall, abasebenzelanga abanye, ngelixa intengiso ingasondeli ndawo ngokwaneleyo ukwenza ukusilela. Isithathu kwi-25 yemihla ngemihla emikhulu e-US yathengwa ngeemali ze-hedge, ezithenge ngexabiso eliphantsi kodwa basazama ukuzithengisa. E-UK, nakwi Guardian isengxakini nangona ikwisithuba esikhethekileyo esixhaswa ngemali yiScott Trust. Umfanekiso wokugqibela awucacanga. 'Iinkokeli zophawu' njenge iposi usebenzisa i-voyeur-porn prurience ukuvelisa ihlabathi elilandelayo kunokuzuza intengiso ebalulekileyo. Abanye banokulandela i FT bemise igama labo, okanye benze njalo ngenxalenye yeminikelo yabo. Abo bangakwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa banokuvala.
Ababhiyozeli bacebisa indlela โyokulinda uboneโ kule ngxaki, ngethemba lokuba iindlela ezintsha zothungelwano lwemithombo yeendaba ziya kungenelela ukuzalisa isithuba. Bayijongela phantsi imfuneko yolwakhiwo lwemivuzo kunye nenkxaso yeziko ukunika ingxelo. Zininzi iibhlog ezigqwesileyo kunye neewebhusayithi, uninzi lwazo lugubungela imiba yeendaba eziqhelekileyo zokungahoywa, njengoko kusenziwa nguKate Belgrave ngempembelelo yokucuthwa kwebhunga lendawo. UQoqosho lobuxoki e-UK. Kodwa oku kukodwa. Ngubani oza kuhlala rhoqo kwiintlanganiso zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwebhunga, okanye alandele ibali lorhwaphilizo lwasekhaya kwiinyanga ezininzi? Ngaphandle kwembiza encinci yenkxaso-mali ye-NGO, yinto yokuzonwabisa kuphela abo banelungelo lokufumana. Entsha I-Bureau for Investigative Journalism yenze umsebenzi obalulekileyo, kodwa iitrasti ziphakamisa eyazo imiba yokuzimela kwaye azinakuthenjwa ekuveliseni inkxaso-mali ezinzileyo eyaneleyo.
IiRadicals zinokuhendeka ukuba zivuyise ukuwohloka kwemithombo yeendaba, kodwa kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokucinga kunye nokwenza ezinye iimodeli okanye ikamva libonakala limfiliba. Iindawo zobutshantliziyo, ezifana Indy Media, ibonelele ngokhuseleko oluyimfuneko loqhanqalazo, kunye neziza ezifana LibCom kwaye Iprojekthi Entsha yaKhohlo zibonelela ngenqanaba lohlalutyo olubalulekileyo oluphakame kakhulu kunoluqhelekileyo, kodwa aziyithathi indawo yomsebenzi wemihla ngemihla wophando kunye nokunika ingxelo.
Sihlala sihlaselwe 'ngeendaba' kodwa uninzi lwayo luphinda lusetyenziswe kwimixholo yoshicilelo. ii-media conglomerates ezinkulu - "i-churnalism", kwibinzana likaNick Davies. Ingeniso yentengiso yezi ngqungquthela zinkulu yeyona nto iphambili yokumisela umxholo. Ngaphambili, iphephandaba lalithengisa abaphulaphuli balo kubabhengezi. Ngoku, abaphulaphuli bathengwa ngabakhangisi ngexesha langempela kwaye ngoko sibona ukunyuka "kwamafama omxholo" abavelisa umxholo kwimfuno ephakamileyo kwi-Google search kunye nemidiya yoluntu ukuhambisa abaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuyo kubakhangisi. UMcChesney usazisa kuJournatic, inkampani engaqhelekanga evelisa iindaba zasekhaya kumajelo eendaba ase-US ngokuthumela ngaphandle ngokubhalela abasebenzi basePhilippines ekulindeleke ukuba bavelise amabali angama-250 ngeveki ubuncinane phakathi kwe-35 ukuya kwi-40 yeesenti. Njengoko uxinzelelo lwezemali lusanda, le meko isenokuqhubeka.
Ukucebisa oku ngumzekelo osebenzayo wobuntatheli obubalulekileyo buphambene. Njengoko uMcChesney ephawula, ivelisa eyona nto ichaseneyo nommi onolwazi kwaye oxhotyisiweyo okwaziyo ukuxoxa ngemibandela yezopolitiko kwaye enze izigqibo ezinolwazi.
Akayena ngowokuqala ukuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nosongelo lwentengiso ye-intanethi kwidemokhrasi. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, iBubble yeFilter ka-Eli Pariser ichaza indlela indibaniselwano edityanisiweyo yeenkqubo zokuhlola ukuziphatha ezilandelela indlela yokuziphatha kwi-intanethi ukuze isithengisele izinto kusiqhubela kwiighetto zolwazi okanye โamaqamza okucocaโ. La maqamza asinika okuninzi koko โsikuthandayoโ kodwa kuncinci koko sikudingayo, esomeleza ucalucalulo lwethu kunye nokuchasana nokubakho koluntu olucingayo.
I-Pariser, nangona kunjalo, ayinalucazululo olubanzi lwamandla ezoqoqosho emsebenzini. Ebanjwe yingqiqo yengxoxo yombhiyozo-ethandabuzayo, uthambekele ekuboniseni indawo yoluntu yangaphambi kwe-intanethi njengento edlamkileyo, enamandla kwaye ebonakalisa iinkxalabo ezidumileyo. Izigqibo azicebisayo (ngokusisiseko, ukucela iinkampani zetekhnoloji ukuba zicace ngakumbi malunga nobumfihlo kunye ne-algorithms) zibonakala zingonelanga ngokupheleleyo kwisikali somngeni. Sinokuthi, njengoko ecebisa, sicele "iinkampani ezibambe amandla amakhulu okugcina" ukuba zenze okungakumbi "ukuhlakulela indawo yoluntu kunye nabemi", kodwa sinikwe yonke into esiyaziyo ngembali yeefemu zongxowankulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba baphulaphule.
Ukufaneleka kwendlela kaMcChesney kukubona impembelelo ye-intanethi ngaphakathi komongo wexesha elide lokuthengisa i-journalism ngokukhawuleza ngokuvela kweengqungquthela ezinkulu zeendaba kwi-1970 kunye ne-80s ethengisa amabali e-celebs kunye nee-scandals zesini. Ukutyhubela inxalenye enkulu yenkulungwane yama-20, imilinganiselo โyobuchwephesha bobuntatheliโ eUnited States iye yalawula ngokwahlukana phakathi kwabahleli nabanini kunye nolangazelelo lokuba sesikweni. Le yayingeyoxesha legolide nangayiphi na indlela. Iintatheli zazisondele kakhulu kwimithombo esemthethweni (zingqinela i-cheerleading yabo yemfazwe yaseVietnam) kwaye babenokuphambuka kuphela kude nemiqobo yeengcamango ebekwe ngabakhangisi kunye nabanini babo abazizityebi.
Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwezona zinto ziqhelekileyo, bekukho ubuncinci benkonzo yomlomo malunga neyona nto ilungileyo yobuntatheli โnjengokulunga koluntuโ. Ngokufanelekileyo, uMcChesney akacingi ukuba ukubuyela kuloo nkqubo kunokwenzeka okanye kuyanqweneleka. Kufuneka silume imbumbulu, utsho, kwaye sijongane nenyani yokuba akukho ntengiso okanye abathanda abantu abangafundanga abanokubonelela ngohlobo lobuntatheli obubalulekileyo obufanelekileyo kwinkcubeko yedemokhrasi exhotyisiweyo. Kufuneka kubekho โamaziko obuchwephesha, azinikeleyo eendaba axhaswa ngemali njengenzuzo yoluntuโ.
UMcChesney uphakamisa inkqubo โyevawutsha yeendaba zobumiโ apho ummi ngamnye afumana i-200 yeedola eza kubelwa kumajelo eendaba angenzi nzuzo azikhethele wona unyaka nonyaka, nawo wonke umxholo ofumaneka simahla kwi-intanethi kwaye ungakopi-ulungelo kwaye akukho ntengiso. Esi sisindululo esithembisayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, yahlula inkxaso-mali karhulumente kurhulumente. Kuya kuba ngaphezu kwenkqubo yenkxaso-mali yoluntu esinayo e-UK, ethatha indlela yokudluliselwa okunyanzelekileyo kwiziko elilodwa le-monolithic ngendlela ye-BBC.
Ingxelo ye-BBC malunga nengxaki yebhanki, yokunyuka kwedatha yedatha kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Coalition yokunciphisa intlalontle kunye. Intengiso ye-NHS iqinisekisile ukuba isebenza njengosasazo lolawulo olufakwe ngaphakathi kwiklasi yezopolitiko xa kuziwa kwimiba engundoqo (ukuba imidiya esebenzayo, ezimeleyo inike ibali elipheleleyo emva kwe-NHS "uhlaziyo", unokuqinisekisa ukuba bekuya kubakho isiphithiphithi esikhulu kakhulu. ). Ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa, iintatheli zayo zinxulumana kunye, kwaye zithobela izimvo zabo, iibhanki kunye nabezopolitiko abafowuna. I-BBC iye yasilela ngokupheleleyo ukunika uluntu ulwazi olunolwazi malunga nengxaki yezoqoqosho yangoku kunye nokuba yenzeke njani, ibethelela ingxelo yeTory yenkcitho kawonke-wonke enenzondelelo egqithisileyo kunye nokucuthwa okuyimfuneko. Isigqibo sayo sokuba jonga i "Ding dong!" ingoma, ukubhiyozela ukufa kuka-Thatcher, yinto yamva nje kumgca omde wokuthobela amandla emva kophando lweHutton.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, i-BBC ibe ngumdibanisi kwasekuqaleni kwayo. I-80's mhlawumbi yayiyindawo ephakamileyo yokungathobeli urhulumente - inxalenye yenguqu engathandekiyo ukusuka kwidemokhrasi yezentlalo ezininzi ukuya kwi-neoliberalism. UTony Hall, uMlawuli Jikelele omtsha, wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kunye noJohn Birt ekuziseni iziko kwisithende.
Kungazama ukuba "ubambelele kumongikazi, ngenxa yokwesaba okubi" kwimilo ka-Murdoch, kodwa le ngxelo yokungaphumeleli, esekelwe kwisakhiwo se-elitist kunye nokwenza i-BBC, ibiza indlela yokucinga ngakumbi. Logama nje sinciphisa ukucinga kwethu kukhetho phakathi komsasazi wolawulo kunye ne-oligarchs yenkampani, yiyo yonke into esiya kuyinikwa. Kungcono kakhulu ukuxoxa ngedemokhrasi yesininzi yomrhumo welayisensi yokuxhasa ngezimali amajelo eendaba abalulekileyo, azimeleyo. Le mali inokwabiwa minyaka le ngabemi, njengoko uMcChesney ecebisa. Le ndlela yokufundisa iza kunikwa umaleko owongezelelweyo wegalelo ledemokhrasi ukuba abemi bebelawula kungekuphela nje inkxaso-mali kodwa babe nelizwi lokuba iiprojekthi zohlelo zixhaswa ngemali. ukuzoba kwisiphakamiso sikaDan Hind kwinkqubo โyokugunyaziswa koluntuโ. Oku kuya kukhuthaza uhlobo olutsha lobuntatheli oluphendulayo kubemi abakhutheleyo abangaxolisi abathengi. Njengoko UHind uyayichaza:
Kwinkqubo yogunyaziso lukawonke-wonke abemi baya kuthi, ngokuhlangeneyo nangokulinganayo, benze izigqibo malunga nolwabiwo lwezibonelelo kwiintatheli nakubaphandi. Ngamnye wethu uya kuba nakho ukunika isixa esithile senkxaso yezinto eziphathekayo kwiiprojekthi ebesifuna ukuzibona zixhaswa ngemali.
Ummi ngamnye onikwe amandla okunikezela ngevawutsha, yithi, i-ยฃ 100 ngonyaka nokuba yeyiphi na engenzi nzuzo ayikhethayo, kwaye ekwazi ukubumba umkhombandlela weeprojekthi zokuhlela, siya kubona ngokukhawuleza isininzi kunye neendaba zedemokhrasi. Iindawo ezikhoyo ezifana neDemokhrasi evulekileyo kunye Novara bangafaka isicelo senkxaso-mali, ngelixa amajelo osasazo amatsha eza kuvela emva kwenkxaso-mali ethenjisiweyo.
Kuya kubakho indawo engakumbi yokugxekwa. Njengoko imi, iindawo ezibalulekileyo ezicela umngeni ngokusisiseko kwingqiqo yamalungiselelo ezentlalo nezoqoqosho bezisoloko zinyanyezelwa (de zibe sisisongelo). Oku kuvumela abaxhasi benkqubo ukuba bavuthe isiphithiphithi sayo. Kodwa bahlala benezixhobo ezimbalwa kunye nexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu lemveliso kuneembangi zabo zeshishini kwaye ke bayasokola ukuzenza baviwe. Amaxabiso emveliso yeDemokhrasi ngoku okanye iReel News yenza ukuba ibencinci kwaye ibe negunya kune-CNN okanye iFox News. Bexhotyiswe ngeziseko zabo ezizimeleyo zokuvelisa umgangatho kunye nokusasazwa komxholo wabo amajelo eendaba angenzi nzuzo anokuqalisa ukubhengeza imibono engqongqo etyhoboza isivumelwano esingenamali sabaphathi bethu bezopolitiko.
Kwixesha lethu langoku lembali kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwamathemba e-utopian aphakanyiswe bubuchwephesha kunye ne-automation kunye nekamva elibuhlungu lokusila umsebenzi ongakhuselekanga kunye namatyala okanye ukungaqeshwa kunye netyala abaphathi bethu bezopolitiko abasilungiselele lona. Ukuguqulwa kwe-intanethi ibe yindlela yoxhatshazo yinto nje enye yokubonakaliswa kwalo msantsa umbi phakathi kwento enokwenzeka kunye neyokwenene. Kunzima ukucinga ngayo nayiphi na inkqubo yenkolelo eye yachaswa ngokukhawuleza nangokupheleleyo kwithiyori nakwindlela yokusebenza njengeneoliberalism. Sikwixesha elibalulekileyo. Ingxaki ivula indawo yokucinga ngezinye iindlela zoqoqosho, kodwa ngokungafaniyo neentlekele zoo-1930 kunye nee-1970s akukho namnye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku oye wafumana umtsalane kwaye i-neoliberalism iyagxadazela kwi-zombie-like. Yintoni i-billionaires kunye ne-tech-utopians yeYunivesithi yeSingularity engaphumeleliyo ukuyiqonda - kuba ayikho kwimidla yabo ukwenza njalo - kukuba akukho xabiso labashicileli be-3D okanye i-nano-techonology inokuhambisa inkululeko ngokude ukuchuma kwabantu kuphantsi kwenzuzo.
Imithombo yeendaba ebaluleke kakhulu ingabonelela ngesithuba sokucinga ukuba singalengeza njani ixesha elikhululekileyo, sinciphise ukungalingani, kwaye sidale idemokhrasi exhotyisiweyo, esikolweni, emsebenzini, kwiindawo esihlala kuzo. Kutheni ungabinayo i-documentary ngamalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, ingxoxo yephaneli malunga nokufaneleka kweefemu ezikhokelwa ngabasebenzi, umdlalo omalunga nomvuzo wentlalontle, inkcazo yento ethetha ngayo "i-quantitative easing", ingxoxo malunga nendlela yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu? Sihlala sikhokelela ekubeni sikholelwe ukuba iphilistine "kawonkewonke" inomdla kuphela kwi-tittle-tattle, kodwa xa izimvo zinikwa indawo kunye nokuhlawula okuhloniphekileyo, zihlala zibonakala zithandwa (njengochungechunge lwamva nje lwe-BBC lukaStephanie Flanders kuMarx, Keynes kunye Hayek). Ukuxoxa ngokuchasene nombono wommi onolwazi noxhotyisiweyo okhokelayo ekuqulunqeni ingxoxo kukuphikisana nedemokhrasi ngokwayo.
Idabi lee-commons
Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo imodeli kaMcChesney, uHind kunye nezinye iithiyori zamajelo osasazo abalulekileyo njengeziphakamiso eziza kubonakaliswa kwaye zivavanywe kwimizabalazo ebanzi yokhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi. Izindululo ezitsha ziya kuvela ecaleni kwabo. Nangona kunjalo akukho namnye kubo oya kufumana amandla ngaphandle kwentshukumo yezopolitiko ukubaxhasa. Ingcinga yee-commons ibonelela ngezibonelelo zokuziphatha kunye nezopolitiko zokuphinda kudityaniswe kwakhona ngemizabalazo eyahlukeneyo malunga nembono ekwabelwana ngayo.
Utyekelo lwe-intanethi lwabarhwebi be-libertarian kunye namatsha ntliziyo, ukusuka kwiQela lamaLungelo e-Open Rights ukuya kwi-Anonymous, ukuya kwinethiwekhi yoNtanga-kuya-kuNtanga baya besiya beqonda ukuba utshaba lwabo ayilolizwe kuphela kodwa ugxininiso lwabucala lwamandla kunye ne-tech-state nexus.
Ukoyiswa kwawona malungiselelo angqongqo kakhulu UMthetho osaYilwayo woQoqosho lweDijithali wabonisa ikroba lezivumelwano ezinokwenzeka. Imibutho yezopolitiko ekhawulezayo, okwangoku, ayinakuthemba ukuthatha indawo yobukhapitali ngaphandle kokuqonda amajelo eendaba njengesixhobo somyalezo wabo kuphela kodwa njengendawo eyahlukileyo yomzabalazo. Ukuba amaqela anento yokwenza nokungathathi cala, ubumfihlo kunye nokunciphisa ilungelo lokushicilela kunokuhamba ngaphaya kwamaphulo okuzikhusela kwaye adibanise neentshukumo ezilwa namandla oshishino kunye nobungqongqo ngokuchazwa okubanzi kweecommons, oku kuvula amathuba anomdla.
Kuba ingcinga ye-commons ikhusela, isithuba esandulela ekwabelwana ngaso kunye nebango lokuba uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwekamva lunokwenzeka ukusuka kuyo. I-commons sisithuba esikhululekile kulawulo lwepropathi yabucala kunye norhulumente. Kuyinxalenye yokwenyani, inxalenye yomnqweno. Ibonelela ngommandla wenkululeko yenkcubeko kodwa kunye neempahla zoluntu zemfundo, impilo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu olusivumela ukuba sithathe inxaxheba kuloo ndawo njengabemi abakhululekile nabalinganayo. Inabela kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye neefektri ezigcina uluntu lothungelwano luqhuba apho obona budlelwane bunzulu bolawulo bubonwa. Abo benza unxibelelwano lube nokwenzeka abanakushiywa bengenalizwi. Ilizwi phezu kweecommons lithetha ukutsho malunga nendlela ixesha lomsebenzi elilawulwa ngayo kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kwintsalela yabasebenzi abayivelisayo. Umanyano olusebenzayo luya kunabela kwaba basebenzi kwaye lungathethi ngabo.
Ukufakwa kwelinye ilizwe kwelinye, iicommons zizisa ekukhanyeni ukungavisisani phakathi kokufanelekileyo kwendawo ekwabelwana ngayo yoluntu elinganayo kunye nenyaniso yeendawo ezivaliweyo ezahlulweyo zokuxhaphaza. Njengoko uWinstanley esikhumbuza, ngummandla apho kungekho mntu ulawulwa yintando engalawulekiyo yomnye. Amalungelo omanyano olukhululekileyo kunye nentetho, aphunyelelweyo kumzabalazo wezopolitiko, ahlala esebenza kuphela xa ilungelo elithe kratya leengqungquthela likhuselwe kwaye landiswa.
Iicommons zedijithali, kunye namandla amakhulu onxibelelwano lwedemokhrasi kunye nentsebenziswano, zinendima ebalulekileyo ekufuneka ziyidlalile. Okona kulungileyo, isinika umbono onyanzelisayo wentsebenziswano, iinqobo ezisemgangathweni ezingezizo ezentengiso kunye nokuziphatha. UMcChesney, ndiyacinga, womelele kakhulu ekugxothweni kombono wababhiyozeli apha. Ukusetyenziswa okuvuyisayo kwezakhono kunye nengqondo, uvuyo lomsebenzi wokudala ngokubambisana nabanye, ezi zikhumbula ingcamango kaMarx "yeentlobo-ntlobo" kuluntu apho "uphuhliso olukhululekile lomntu ngamnye luphuhliso lwamahhala kubo bonke". Umbono ocaciswe ngokufanelekileyo wenkululeko kuya kufuneka utsale koku kukrobisa, nto leyo ebonisa i-ontology yentlalo enobuhlobo nenentsebenziswano kwaphela kunomthengi okhuphisanayo we-archetypal owasasazwa kusasazo lweesepha ezifana nemfazwe kunye nemiboniso yokwenyani. Siyonwabile kubomi basekuhlaleni. Nokuba kuFacebook- Inkampani "hamster-cage" nangona kunjalo - ityhila umnqweno osisiseko woluntu wokuhlangana kunye nokudala nabanye.
Iintshukumo zeengcambu zengca, ezinje nge-Occupy kunye ne-Indignados, ziye zangqina amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuba izixhobo ze-intanethi ziboleka kuvavanyo oluyimpumelelo kwimidiya yedemokhrasi kunye nombutho. Imithetho-siseko eyazisa ezi zenzo zinokujikwa ngokuneziqhamo ekugxekweni konxibelelwano lwamandla osasazo lwangoku kunye nokusekwa kwamabango abambekayo kumajelo eendaba akhuthaza ukuxhotyiswa kokwenyani kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano obuyilwe kumajelo eendaba e-intanethi bunokuqondwa kuphela kwingqiqo egqwesileyo yenkqubo yoqoqosho exhaphazayo apho bahlala besengozini. Azinakulindeleka ukuba zivele ngokwendalo kwaye zikhuphisane ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuphezulu ngaphandle komzamo obonakalayo. Ngaphandle komyinge wezopolitiko ojonge ngaphandle, iindawo ezincomayo ababhiyozeli azikho ngcono kuneenguqulelo ezingenamandla zeenkampu; i-enclaves epholileyo yomfanekiso wangaphambili engenamandla xa amagunya-aza enkqonkqoza. Ukhetho olunzima lwezopolitiko kunye nokuhlangabezana nemingeni yombutho kuyafuneka ukuze sikhusele kwaye siqonde inkcubeko kunye neendaba esizifunayo. Enye indlela ye-intanethi yabucala yomdla weshishini imfiliba kakhulu ukuba ingakonwabisa.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela