Kwimeko yanamhlanje ye-polarized, iintshukumo eziqhubekayo zifuna ukucinga kwazo kobuchule. Omnye umthombo wokuphefumlelwa kufuneka ube Umgaqo wegolide, inqanawa eyimbali ehamba ngenqanawa ngoku etyelela amazibuko ecaleni kweMpuma U.S.
Iququzelelwe ngamagqala oXolo, oku ukhenketho lwesizwe lubeka uhambo ngolwandle lowe-1958 loMthetho Omkhulu lubuyela ezindabeni. Phantse kwiminyaka engama-65 eyadlulayo, uMthetho weGolide wahamba ngesikhephe usiya kwindawo yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki apho izixhobo zenyukliya zase-US zazivavanywa khona, oko kwabangela intshukumo eyanyanzela urhulumente wase-US ukuba atyikitye iSivumelwano soVavanyo lweNyukliya.
Njengomlweli oselula, ndiye ndazi kwaye ndafunda kwamanye amalungu okuqala kunye nabaququzeleli. Ke, bekumnandi ukubeka unyawo kuMthetho weGolide kwiveki ephelileyo ngenqanawa kwichweba lasePhiladelphia.
Ngelixa ndithatha izinto ezibonwayo-kwaye ndikhumbula uhambo lwango-1958 oluyimbali-andikhange ndikwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ndicinge ngesicwangciso esikrelekrele sabasebenzi bokuqala kunye nezifundo eziluncedo abazinikayo amatsha ntliziyo anamhlanje ajonge ukuxhobisa ngakumbi iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo.
Abacwangcisi bohambo luka-1958 bajongwa kwinto eyayisebenzela intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu asakhulayo kwi-Deep South, kwaye oko kwabanika imbono yobuchule enamandla kumba ababejonge ukuwuchaphazela. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya lwalufana nobuhlanga obumhlophe eMzantsi - kuba zombini beziyinkqubo, zinengeniso kwaye zixhaswa ngokubanzi kumaziko amaninzi. Ngelixa abaphembeleli abaqhubela phambili baziva belungile besithi "Phelisa ubuhlanga" okanye "Yeka i-nukes," i-rhetoric ayithathi ndawo yokubonelela ngesicwangciso sotshintsho.
Kumalungelo oluntu, impumelelo ecwangcisiweyo ekhokelela kwintshukumo enkulu yaseMazantsi yavela kukhetho lokugxila ngokukodwa kwinto enokuphumelela. Iinkokeli ezisuka kwiindawo zokuhlala zabafundi ukuya kuMartin Luther King zakubona ukubaluleka kokuhlasela ububi obuninzi kwelona nqanaba libuthathaka. Kulapho ume elona thuba lihle lokuphumelela-kwaye ukuphumelela kuxhobisa ngakumbi kunokulahleka okungapheliyo.
Ngomnyaka we-1955, ubuhlanga babunobuthathaka obukhulu eMontgomery, indawo yokuhlala e-Alabama eyahlukileyo kwiibhasi. Ukumakisha ibala ledabi elikhethiweyo abaququzeleli bamalungelo oluntu bakhethe iqhinga elimangalisayo: Abantsundu banokwala ukuhlala ngasemva ebhasini. Elo qhinga laqalisa iphulo elinganyangekiyo lonyaka elide elalingenakuyekwa nokubanjwa kunye nobunqolobi boKu Klux Klan. Uloyiso lokwaywa kwebhasi lukhokelele kumaphulo okuhlala abafundi kwisidlo sasemini kumazwe amaninzi-esinye isiphumo sokukhetha ukujolisa kwelinye lamanqaku abuthathaka obuhlanga.
Ngokuququzelela imikhankaso enjalo - endaweni yoqhanqalazo olunye - intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu iphumelele uloyiso emva kokuphumelela kweyona ndawo inobundlobongela kwaye yahlulahlulwe yelizwe.
Ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya luyafana nobuhlanga
Ngokufanayo, amaqhinga achasene nenyukliya abeza nohambo loMthetho weGolide baqonda ukuba ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya lwalucwangcisiwe. Iinkokeli ezinjengoLawrence C. Scott zazisazi ukuba ithuba labo ekuphela kwalo lokwakha intshukumo yesikali esaneleyo ukoyisa ii-nukes yayikukuqala ngokuqhawula iqhekezana elincinane. Ngamanye amazwi, yayiza kufuna ulandelelwano lwamaphulo - njengokukwaywa kwebhasi yaseMontgomery kunye nokuhlala kwabafundi - ukuvusa impendulo enkulu kunye nokuvelisa uloyiso lokwakha ukuzithemba.
Bejonge inkalo esengozini kakhulu yezixhobo zenyukliya, babona ithuba labo: uvavanyo lwenyukliya emoyeni, okubangele ukuba iinkomo ezityiswe ingca zinike ubisi olunemitha oluvelisa i-leukemia kwiintsana. Uvavanyo lwe-atmospheric yayilikhonkco elibuthathaka kwikhonkco elaligcina ugqatso lwezixhobo zenyukliya, ke yayiyindawo yokuqala.
Njengabacwangcisi bamalungelo oluntu, amaqhinga achasene ne-nuke ayesazi ukuba amaqhinga amangalisayo aya kuba yimfuneko ukunika amandla ubutshantliziyo obukhulayo. E-Montgomery, ukubanjwa kwevolontiya uRosa Parks, umfazi owaziwayo nohloniphekileyo kwindawo yabaNtsundu, kwabangela impendulo enkulu. Kuvavanyo oluchasayo lwenyukliya, ukulingana okumangalisayo kunokuba kukuhambisa iqela labemi abachaphazelekayo kwindawo yovavanyo, apho imitha ebulalayo ilindile.
Ukubonakaliswa kwenkalipho kwabasebenzi kwakubalulekile. Kwafikelela kum, okwishumi elivisayo ngeminyaka yee-1950 owayesoyika ukuthelela uqhanqalazo phakathi kwengxwabangxwaba echasene nobuKomanisi. Ndishukunyiswe bubukroti boMthetho Omkhulu, ndahamba iyure ukuya kwisakhiwo somanyano eCentre City Philadelphia ukuya kujoyina umgca wokupiketha owawukhalazela ukubanjwa kwabasebenzi. Ndafika apho, ndaqeqeshwa nguLillian Willoughby - umfazi welungu leqela uGeorge Willoughby - owabona imfuneko yokuqinisa isibindi sam.
Ukuguqula ukucotha kosasazo oluninzi lube luncedo
Sinokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentshukumo ngenyathelo elithe ngqo ngokuthelekisa ulwayikiso lwaseMontgomery kunye nomzabalazo ochasene neenukes. E-Montgomery, ulungiselelo lwalusele lwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ngenxa yokuba inkitha yabantu abaMnyama yayingabahambi becawa okanye amalungu eminye imibutho yabaNtsundu. Xa iRosa Parks yabanjwa, ilizwi lasasazeka ngobusuku, kunye neenkokheli zephulo zibongoza ukuba ziyeke iibhasi.
Kuma-anti-nukers, yayilibali elahluke ngokupheleleyo. Amajelo osasazo oxolo ayemancinci, ngoko ke amajelo eendaba ayefuneka, nangona aye acotha ukuphendula kumaphulo omzabalazo. UGeorge Willoughby kamva wandicacisela iadvanteji yeseyile ende ukuya kwindawo elindelekileyo yokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo: Ukuhamba ngesikhephe seseyile umgama omde elwandle kuthatha ixesha, nto leyo evumela amajelo eendaba ukuba abambe. Kule nkqubo, abaqhubela phambili banokufumanana, emva koko babhalise abanye ukwakha intshukumo enkulu ngokuchasene nogqatso lwezixhobo.
Ngokufana nesigqibo sephulo laseMontgomery sokuba iRosa Parks ethembeke kakhulu ibe yeyokuqala ukujongana nokubanjwa, ukhetho lomphathi weGolden Rule lwalunobuchule. U-Albert Bigelow akazange abe nemvelaphi yasemanzini yase-US kuphela, kodwa wayala umkhosi wemfazwe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Xa ndaqhelana naye ndaza ndasebenza naye kwiminyaka emva kohambo loMthetho Omkhulu, ndafumanisa ukuba uBert wayesisithethi esiphumโ izandla esinemvelaphi yasemkhosini eyayinyanzelela abantu abaninzi ukuba baphulaphule ababengenakuphulaphula. Kwaye oko kubandakanya uMalcolm X, owakha waxoxa noBert malunga nobundlobongela kunye nokungaxhatshazwa kumdlalo kanomathotholo endimncedileyo ukuququzelela.
Olunye uncedo lwesicwangciso esisetyenziswe nguMthetho weGolden Rule kunye nokukwaywa kwebhasi yaseMontgomery yayikukuba bobabini bakhetha amaqhinga anokusetyenziswa ngabanye ngendlela efanayo okanye eyahlukileyo. Xa uMthetho Omkhulu wanqunyanyiswa ngurhulumente waseUnited States kufuphi neHawaii, uEarle noBarbara Reynolds basebenzisa inqanawa yentsapho yabo iPhoenix ukuze baqhubeke nohambo olusinge kwindawo yovavanyo. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, abaphembeleli beqela le-A Quaker Action Group, okanye i-AQAG, nabo basebenzisa iPhoenix ukuzisa uncedo lwezonyango kubemi baseVietnam abathwaxwa yi-US Naval blockade kunxweme lwaseVietnam.
Ukuthatha isikhokelo kuhambo loMthetho weGolide kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili, Iihambo zasePhoenix ukuya eVietnam yayinenjongo yokuqalisa intshukumo yesininzi ngexesha xa ingekho. Apho uMthetho weGolide wawujolise kuloyiko lwabantu baseMelika malunga nokusasazeka kwemitha, iPhoenix yayijolise kuvelwano lwabantu baseMelika kunye novelwano kubantu abamsulwa abahlupheka ngobundlobongela.
Idrama yohambo lwasePhoenix, njengoMthetho Omkhulu, yayiquka ukuthandabuza: Kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa sijamelene neenqanawa zokulwa? Kwaye inkalipho yabasebenzi basePhoenix, njengaleyo yoMthetho weGolide, yenza isimemo esicacileyo sokuba abaphembeleli bentshukumo banyuse inqanaba labo lomsebenzi.
Okokugqibela, indalo ehamba kade yeli qhinga yanika ixesha lokuba amajelo eendaba anike ingxelo, ngelixa ekhuthaza abantu abatsha ukuba bafumane omnye komnye-konke oku kwakhulisa intshukumo.
Kule kunye neminye imizekelo emininzi yesenzo esithe ngqo, umgca othe tye awukwazi ukutsalwa phakathi kwesenzo kunye nokuphumelela okufana nokufumana i-atmospheric test ban contract. Impembelelo yesenzo esithe ngqo ihlala kukwakha intshukumo enkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye inamandla ngokwaneleyo ukunyanzela utshintsho olufunekayo.
Ukubeka umchasi engxakini
Isicwangciso esisetyenziswe ngohambo loMthetho weGolide - kunye nentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu phambi kwayo kunye nePhoenix emva kwayo - yakha uhlobo lwamandla amaninzi anokuthi asebenzise namhlanje. Ivela kwiqhinga endilibiza ngokuthi "umboniso wengxaki," eyona nto ibeka umchasi kwimeko yokulahlekelwa.
Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente wesixeko saseMontgomery wayesengxakini. Ukuba yayivumela iRosa Parks ukuba iqhubeke nokuhlala naphi na apho ithanda khona, ibiya kuphulukana nomgaqo-nkqubo wayo wohambo olwahlukileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, nangona kunjalo, yaphulukana nayo ngokumbamba, kuba yavuselela intshukumo ebanzi yokuchasa.
Ngokufanayo, ukuba urhulumente wase-US uvumele abasebenzi beMithetho yeGolide ukuba bafikelele kwindawo yovavanyo lwenyukliya kwaye amalungu eqela aphuhlise umhlaza, urhulumente ebeya kulahleka. Iza kupapasha ubungqina obukhulayo bezonyango bokuba urhulumente wase-US wayesasaza umhlaza phakathi kweentsana zaseMelika.
Ngo-1958, i-US yakhetha olunye uphondo lwengxaki yayo: ukubamba iqela elikhaliphileyo loMthetho weGolide, owathi wanceda intshukumo yokuvalwa kovavanyo lwenyukliya. Impembelelo yanceda intshukumo ukuba ikhule ibe nkulu kwaye icinezele urhulumente wase-US ukuba asayine isivumelwano se-1963 esivala uvavanyo lwezixhobo zenyukliya emoyeni.
Imiboniso yengxaki ibonise amandla abo kuluhlu olubanzi lweemeko. Xa abantu basePuerto Rican babefuna ukuyekisa uMkhosi waManzi waseU.S. ekusebenziseni isiqithi saseCulebra ngenjongo yokuziqhelanisa, bona wasungula iphulo elingenabundlobongela ngqo ngo-1970, eqesha i-AQAG njengehlakani layo. Bebonke bagqibe ekubeni bayakhe kwakhona indlu yecawa eyimbali kunxweme lwaseCulebran ehlala ijolise ekuqhushumbiseni kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuntywila.
Olo khetho lweqhinga lwajongana noMkhosi waseLwandle ngengxaki: ukuqhushumbisa icawa, okanye ukumisa ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwaye kubambe abakhi bayo abangenabundlobongela. Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, uMkhosi waManzi wawuya kubonakala umbi kwaye intshukumo yayiza kufumana inkxaso. Umkhosi wamanzi wabamba abakhi becawa, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwelokuqala iphulo inqaku kwi ENew York Times.
Kwisithuba esingangonyaka, uMkhosi waManzi wayeka ukuziqhelanisa noqeqesho eCulebra. Ikhuthazwe luloyiso, intshukumo yasePuerto Rican ngokuchasene nolawulo lomkhosi wase-US yatshintshela ingqalelo yayo kuqeqesho olukhulu lokufakwa koqeqesho lwaseNavy e-Vieques, apho izibonda zaziphezulu kakhulu kuMkhosi waManzi. I-Vieques yayiyi-US Navy base base-US ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwaye yayisetyenziswa ngamajoni ahlangeneyo avela kude njengeBritani neNetherlands.
Iqhinga lentshukumo yasePuerto Rican lalifana nelo lombutho wamalungelo abantu base-US ngo-1955: Xa kukho ingxaki enkulu ekufuneka ijongwe, njengobuhlanga okanye ubukhosi base-US ePuerto Rico, khetha isiqwenga sengxaki esisesichengeni. Ngokukhuthazwa kokuphumelela okumangalisayo, injongo enkulu iba yinto enokwenzeka.
Iphulo le-Vieques laqala isigaba salo sokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-1999. Ngokutsho kwe-akhawunti kwi- Ugcino lweDatha ye-Global Nonviolent Action, โabaqhankqalazi ababesebenza njengekhaka labantu bakwazi ukunqanda imikhosi yasemkhosini kangangonyaka ngokubiyela ngocingo nangokuhamba ngesikhephe ukuya kwiindawo zomkhosi.โ
Iphulo laseVieques lakhula ngokukhawuleza laya kutsho kumlinganiselo omkhulu, lidityaniswe neCawa yamaRoma Katolika yasePuerto Rican kunye neBhunga leeCawa zaseU.S. Ngowama-2001, uqeqesho lwasemkhosini lwayekiswa, yaye umhlaba wanikelwa kwiSebe Lezangaphakathi ukuze lakhele ikhusi kwizilwanyana zasendle.
Sinethamsanqa lokuba iVeterans for Peace yakha kwakhona-kwaye ihamba ngesikhephe-uMthetho weGolide kwakhona. Inika thina matshantliziyo inkuthazo kunye nethuba lokucinga ngakumbi malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa isenzo esithe ngqo ekwakheni iintshukumo zethu.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela