[Inguqulelo efinyeziweyo kancinane yolu phononongo yapapashwa ngoMeyi-Juni 2009 ushicilelo lwe Uphononongo lobuSoshiyali baMazwe ngaMazwe (ISR)]
ULance Selfa, Iidemokhrasi: Imbali ebalulekileyo (Chicago, IL: Haymarket, 2008)
Kwiiveki ezimbini ezinesiqingatha emva kokuba uBarack Obama ephumelele kunyulo lukamongameli luka-2008, uDavid Rothkopf, owayesakuba ligosa lolawulo likaClinton, waphawula malunga neqela likaMongameli elinyuliweyo leqela lenguqu yezomkhosi kunye nokuqeshwa kwekhabhinethi ngomfanekiso womculo. U-Obama, uRothkopf uxelele I-New York Times, wayelandela "imodeli yevayolin: ubambe amandla ngesandla sasekhohlo kwaye udlala umculo ngasekunene." Ngamanye amazwi, u-Obama uye wakhankasela kwaye wafumana isikhundla esinentetho ekholisa uluntu eqhubela phambili kodwa wayeza kulawula ngenkonzo eqhelekileyo kumaziko akhoyo oshishino kunye nomkhosi.
Ngokuhambelana nomfanekiso wevayolin, "umgqatswa woxolo" ojike waba ngumongameli unenjongo yokunyusa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali "lokhuseleko" olukhulu lwase-United States (ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola ngonyaka) kulo nyaka nakunyaka ozayo. U-Obama uceba ukugcina ukuhlala ngokungekho mthethweni kwe-Iraq (ngokuchasene noko wayekhankasela) kwaye unyusa izinga lobundlobongela base-US e-Afghanistan nasePakistan. Uqhubeka nemigaqo-nkqubo kaBush kuSirayeli kunye ne-Iran kwaye uyala ukuhlawula ingqalelo enyanisekileyo kwizikhalazo ezisemthethweni zabantu basePalestina. Uyala ukuqhubela phambili isisombululo esicacileyo sokunciphisa iindleko kunye nentando yesininzi yentlalontle - i-inshurensi yezempilo yesizwe yomhlawuli omnye). Uya kuchitha iitriliyoni ezingenakuchazwa kwiimali ezithe zahlawulwa zabarhafi kwimali eyinkunzi (ngaphandle kwemitya yokwenyani iqhotyoshelweyo). Isicwangciso sakhe sokuvuselela esincinci sigcwele ukucuthwa kwerhafu ehambelana neshishini kunye nokufutshane kwiiprojekthi ezinzima zabasebenzi eziza kwenza abantu basebenze ngoko nangoko. Akathethi nto ngohlaziyo lwemithetho yezemisebenzi esele ilindelwe awayekhankase ngayo, i-Employee Free Choice Act. Enconywa ngabaphezulu bezopolitiko nabeendaba ngesakhono sakhe kunye nabaphathi bakhe "ukulawula izinto ezilindelweyo [ezithandwayo]," uyasilela ukuqhubela phambili amanyathelo asisiseko anjengokunqumamisa ukuvalwa, ukukhawulwa kwamaxabiso enzala yekhadi letyala kunye neentlawulo zemali, kunye ukubuyiswa kweerhafu zengeniso eyinkunzi ukuya kumanqanaba ka-1981 (hayi nje ngo-1993).
Abaqhubela phambili basekhohlo balungile ukuba nomsindo kule rekhodi kodwa abanalo ishishini lokumangaliswa okanye ukuphoxeka. Njengoko uScott Horton esanda kuphawula kwi-Antiwar.com, "abo bathenge kwi-slogans 'Ithemba' kunye 'noTshintsho' ekwindla yokugqibela kufuneka bafunde ukuprintwa kakuhle. Salunyukiswa. "
Ugqatso luka-Obama oluphambili kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ochanekileyo uyahambelana namashishini amanyeneyo-asebukhosini athe wazingqonga ngawo ukusukela oko wangena kwinqanaba lesizwe. Ihambelana nenkxaso-mali yephulo lokumisela irekhodi ayifumene (kuquka i-37.5 yezigidi zeedola ezivela kwicandelo lezemali, i-inshorensi, kunye ne-real estate ["FIRE'] kunye ne-1 yezigidi zeedola ezivela kwi-Goldman Sachs yedwa) ngo-2007 kunye no-2008. Ibonisa "i-conservative enzulu "(intatheli yenkululeko uLarissa MacFarquhar's inkcazo ephandwe ngononophelo ngoMeyi ka-2007) umbono wehlabathi u-Obama uye watyhila ixesha elide kwabo bazimisele ukufunda phakathi kwemigca ye-rhetoric yakhe yangaphandle yephulo eliqhubekayo. Ihambelana neoliberal engaguqukiyo ("pragmatic" kunye "nokungabikho kwengqondo" ngokutsho kwabalandeli baka-Obama abaninzi kumajelo eendaba alawulayo) umsebenzi wezopolitiko (1995 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) ophawulwe kuwo onke amanqanaba yinto ayibiza ngokuba yintatheli yenkululeko uRyan Lizza (kuJulayi odlulileyo) "ukulangazelela ukuzifaka kumaziko asele ekhona kunokuba adilize okanye athathe indawo yawo. "
Njengolwamkelo lukaLance Selfa kunye nencwadi esexesheni ethi The Democrats: A Critical History (Chicago, IL: Haymarket, 2008) kufuneka isikhumbuze, ngaphezu koko, ukusebenza kuka-Obama kwe-plutocracy, ukudlala ngabantu kwaxelwa kwangaphambili yimbali yeqela lakhe lezopolitiko. Enye ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo ngowayesakuba ngusomaqhinga kaRichard Nixon uKevin Phillips "njengeqela lesibini elinomdla wongxowankulu kwimbali," iDemocratic Party ayikabikho kwishishini lokukhuthaza abezopolitiko kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ecel' umngeni ngokubalulekileyo kulawulo lwasekhaya kunye nolwasebukhosini kunye neemfundiso. I-Selfa ibonisa indlela i-"Demokhrasi eNtsha" yesizukulwana sokugqibela ehlangene ngayo namaRiphabhlikhi ekuhlaseleni intlalontle, intshukumo yabasebenzi, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, amalungelo oluntu, inkululeko yezesondo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Xa iiDemokhrasi zakhwela ukungathandeki okuthandwayo nguGeorge W. Bush's arch-regressive kunye nemesiya-militarist extremism ukuya kwisininzi seCongress ekwindla ka-2006, bahlala beqinile kule ndlela yokulondoloza, bexhasa ngemali iimfazwe zikaBush ezingekho semthethweni kwaye bengachasanga ncam kwinkampani yakhe ebanzi. kunye ne-ajenda yobukhosi.
Igama elithi "iDemokhrasi eNtsha" linokulahlekisa. Njengoko uSelfa ebonisa, irekhodi leqela lamva nje lokuxhasa izityebi kunye nokuxhasa urhulumente wasemkhosini ayilohlobo oluthile lokuphambuka kwimbali yangaphambili enesidima nenkqubela phambili. Iyahambelana nembali ekudala ikho yeDemokhrasi yokukhonza ishishini kunye nokusekwa kobukhosi ngaphezulu nanxamnye neemfuno kunye neminqweno yabantu abaqhelekileyo abasebenza. Inkokeli yeDemocrats' New Deal inkokeli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt uphendule abagxeki bakhe beshishini ngokubanga (ngaphandle kobulungisa obuncinci) ukuba "wayengoyena mhlobo ubalaseleyo kwinkqubo yengeniso eyakha yanaye" kwaye ezichaza njengoyena "msindisi" we (socialism-evading) "inkqubo yengeniso yabucala kunye noshishino lwasimahla." Kunokuba ihambisele phambili inkqubo yedemokhrasi yezentlalo nedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yoshishino eyavelisa ukuDodobala Okukhulu, iNew Deal Democratic Party (1932-1979) โyahlala iliqela lobukapitali eliziqondayo kulo lonke, lisabela kwiimfuno zoshishino kuneminqweno yalo. โabavotiโโ (iphe. 59-60). Yakha elona lizwe liphucukileyo lentlalontle yehlabathi, apho abasebenzi, igcuntswana lobuhlanga, abasetyhini, kunye nobulungisa bentlalontle bathatha isihlalo esingasemva kumalungelo anxulumeneyo kunye namandla ongxowankulu kunye nobukhosi. Yajongana nokunyuka kweMfazwe yoMlomo, ekhokelela ekuyilweni ngokukhawuleza "koqoqosho lwezixhobo ezisisigxina" kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwabaphembeleli basekhohlo abadlala indima ephambili ebangela uvukelo lwentlalo olunyanzelise iNew Deal uhlaziyo lwentlalo njengeNational Labour Relations and Social Security Act. phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1930.
Ekubeni ulawulo lwe-Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), i-Selfa ibonisa, i-Democratic Party ibe "ngumkhuseli we-empire [US]." Ukusuka kumongameli kaWilson ongenelelayo kakhulu ngomkhosi okhohlakeleyo weMfazwe ebandayo yaseVietnam amaxhwele uJohn F. Kennedy kunye noLyndon Baines Johnson, i (Jimmy) Carter Doctrine (enika i-US ilungelo lokuhlasela uMbindi Mpuma ngokuthanda ngegama eligqunywe kancinci le-oyile yobukhosi. ulawulo), umongameli kaClinton (umqhushumbisi weBalkan kunye nombulali wabantu baseIraq abangaphezulu kwesigidi esi-1), kunye nenkxaso yeeDemokhrasi kuGeorge Bush II we-Afghanistan kunye ne-Iraq egcwele igazi, iiDemokhrasi ziye zema kumda womkhosi wase-US. Njengoko uSelfa ephawula, "imfundiso kaBush" (ebhengeza ilungelo le-United States lokunyanzelisa "utshintsho lolawulo" ngokuzimeleyo kumazwe "otshaba) "yayikukukhuliswa kweendlela zomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US ulawulo lukaClinton oluwuqalileyo" (iphe. 149)
Akukho nanye oku kuthetha ukuba amaqela eDemokhrasi kunye neRiphabhlikhi ayafana. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iiyantlukwano ezizahlulayo "zincinci," u-Selfa uthi, "xa kuthelekiswa nezibophelelo ezisisiseko ezibadibanisayo" (iphe. 13). Sekunjalo, uyasikhumbuza, i-American corporate ayiyi kuba nesizathu sokwamkela inkqubo yamaqela amabini ukuba akukho ntlukwano konke konke phakathi "kokwahlulwahlulwa" okubini okukhuphisanayo koko uFerdinand Lundberg wayeyibiza ngokuthi "Iqela lePropati." Udidi olulawulayo lwase-US lufumana ingeniso kwinkqubo enomxinwa apho iqela lezoshishino lihlala lilinde emaphikweni ukuba libambe kwaye lilawule umsindo kunye namandla athandwayo xa elinye iqela loshishino liwa.
Amaqela akatshintshi nje, nangona kunjalo. Ngumsebenzi weDemokhrasi ukupolisa nokuchaza eyona parameters yasekhohlo yengxoxo yezopolitiko eyamkelekileyo. Kule nkulungwane idlulileyo ibe sisabelo esikhethekileyo seDemokhrasi ukudlala "indima yokothuka, ezama ukurhoxa kunye nokukhetha ukuphumla [kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ngasekhohlo, i-PS] yabavoti" ngokuzenza "iqela labavoti." abantu." Iidemokhrasi zenze le nkqubo ibalulekileyo yokugcina, umsebenzi wokugcina utshintsho ngokunxulumene ne-agrarian populist insurgency ye-1890s, imvukelo yabasebenzi be-1930 kunye ne-1940s, kunye ne-anti-war, amalungelo oluntu, ukulwa nobuhlwempu, i-ecology, kunye ne-feminist. iintshukumo ngexesha kunye nokusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960s nakwiminyaka yoo-1970s (kubandakanywa nentshukumo yamalungelo abantu abathandana nabasetyhini namhlanje).
Ngaphandle kokuthintela imibutho yentlalontle ekwenzeni imisebenzi yezopolitiko ezimeleyo ukuya ngasekhohlo, iiDemokhrasi zinobuchule bokubulala imibutho yoluntu ngokupheleleyo. Bakwenzile - kwaye bayaqhubeka bekwenza oku ngeendlela ezine eziphambili: (i) ukukhuthaza amatsha ntliziyo entshukumo "eqhubekayo" (umz. uMedea Benjamin weCode Pink kunye neenkokeli zeMoveon.org kunye neUnited for Peace and Justice namhlanje) ukugxila kwimithombo enqabileyo. ekonyuleni nasekukhuseleni oongxowankulu bezopolitiko abaqinisekileyo ukuba baza kungcatsha izithembiso zoxolo nezandi zoluntu ekufumaneni igunya; (ii) ukunyanzelisa amatsha ntliziyo ukuba "alawule iintshukumo zawo, ngokwenjenjalo ejongela phantsi amandla omzabalazo angaphantsi;" (iii) ukusebenzisa izinto kunye nentlalo (isimo) senkuthazo ukuthenga kwiinkokeli zemibutho yezentlalo; (iv) ukondla uvakalelo olungento yanto malunga nomsebenzi ochasene nolungelelwaniso olulawulayo lwezentlalo nezopolitiko, kunye neqela lamashishini amabini.
USelfa uyagatya ngokufanelekileyo ingxabano "yekhohlo-Democratic" (eyenziwe nguTom Hayden "i-Progressive Democrats of America" โโnamhlanje kunye noMichael Harrington "Democratic Socialists of America" โโkwixesha elidlulileyo) ukuba ngakwesobunxele "inokuthatha iDemocratic Party." Nje ukuba abantu abashiyekileyo bamkele isicwangciso esifuna impumelelo yonyulo lweDemokhrasi kuqala nokuphambili, imiboniso yeSelfa, iintshukumo zabo kunye neenjongo zabo ziba buthathaka ngokungenathemba, imiba yabo isiwe "kwisitshisi esingasemva" esingapheliyo ngelixa amandla abo etyalwe "ekukhupheni ivoti" (eneneni udinwa kakhulu kwaye umzamo omkhulu) endaweni yokuba, yithi, ukuququzelela abasebenzi baseWall-Mart okanye ukuchasa uhlaselo (lwe-bipartisan) lwase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan.
Ekuphela kwento eseleyo kubalandeli bokwenene basekhohlo, uSelfa uqukumbela (lo mhlaziyi uyavumelana), kukuseka umbutho owomeleleyo nozimeleyo wobusoshiyali kunye neqela. Abo baqhubeka bekholelwa ukuba kunengqiqo eqhubekayo ukuxhasa "i-Demokhrasi] encinci yezinto ezimbi ezimbini" unokufuna ukucinga emva "konyulo lukaLyndon Johnson 'njengomgqatswa woxolo' ngo-1964. Emva kokukhethwa," u-Selfa uyasikhumbuza, " UJohnson wayandisa imfazwe eVietnam ngaphaya kwawona maphupha amabi kuye nabani na" (iphe. 194).
Incwadi egqwesileyo kaSelfa inika ubulumko, iingcebiso zembali ezinolwazi njengoko uMongameli u-Obama esanda kunyulwa njengoMongameli u-Obama ezama ukubuyisela ukholo kwinkqubo yengeniso esilela ngendlela emangalisayo ngelixa egcina izibophelelo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nobukhosi ngaphakathi nangaphaya kwentliziyo yamandla ehlabathi kuMzantsi-ntshona weAsia. . Abemi abanenkqubela ngokwenene kunye namatsha ntliziyo kufuneka ahlukane nobudlelwane babo obubulalayo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle nababulali bethemba beDemocratic Party kube kanye. Uphando lukaLance Selfa oluphandwe kakuhle, oluxoxwe ngononophelo, kunye nomthamo oyilwe ngobuchule sisikhokelo esiyimfuneko sokuba kutheni.
Paul Street ([imeyile ikhuselwe]) ngumhlalutyi wezopolitiko kunye nombhali e-Iowa City, IA. Ungumbhali we Ubukhosi kunye nokungalingani: iMelika kunye nehlabathi ukususela ngo-9/11 (iParadigm, 2004); Izikolo ezahlukanisiweyo: Ucalucalulo lwezeMfundo kwiXesha lasemva kwamaLungelo oLuntu (URoutledge, 2005); Ingcinezelo yobuhlanga kwi-Global Metropolis: Imbali ePhilayo yaseChicago (Rowman & Littlefied, 2007), kunye UBarack Obama kunye nekamva lezoPolitiko zaseMelika (IParadigm, 2008).
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