Ukwaphulwa kwedemokhrasi yonyulo ngokugqithisileyo kwenzeka kumazwe aliqela ngoJuni ka-2009. Amatyala amabini aye aphawuleka ngakumbi: unyulo lukamongameli lwe-12 kaJuni e-Iran apho obambeleyo uMahmoud Ahmadinejad wayetyholwa ngokubanzi ngobuqhetseba bonyulo, kunye nomkhosi we-28 kaJuni wokubhukuqa kukaMongameli waseHonduran uManuel Zelaya. Kanye into eyenzekileyo kwimeko ye-Iran-oko kukuthi, ubungakanani bobuqhophololo kunye nokuba yayisigqibo okanye akunjalo-mhlawumbi ayicacanga njengemeko yaseHonduras, apho iinkokeli zomkhosi zayikhupha ngokungenantloni inkokeli enyuliweyo yelizwe. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithini na izibakala eziphathelele isiganeko ngasinye, kwilizwe ngalinye kwakukho umkhwa ocacileyo wengcinezelo karhulumente emva kweso siganeko. Kuzo zombini ezi meko ucinezelo lwathatha uhlobo lokubulala, lokungcungcuthekisa, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezenzo ezinobundlobongela obunganeno ezinje ngokuhlolwa kwabeendaba, ixesha lokufika ekhaya, kunye nokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi ngokungenasizathu.

 

E-Iran, njenge-Amnesty International umbiko kuDisemba odluleyo, “amawaka abantu abanjwa ngokungekho sikweni, abaninzi babulawa ezitratweni okanye bafela eluvalelweni, yaye abaninzi bathi bathuthunjiswa okanye baphathwa kakubi ngandlel’ ithile. I-AI ikukhalimele “ukuvuma kwabasemagunyeni ukubhenela kubundlobongela nakwimilinganiselo engqongqo yokuthintela uqhanqalazo nokuchasa.” Imibutho yamalungelo oluntu yaseIran yapeyinta okufanayo picture. Elona nani lokufa lisaxambulisana, kwaye lisenokungaze laziwe, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo lalimalunga namashumi amaninzi [1].

 

EHonduras, iComité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras (COFADEH) iye yaqulunqa awona maxwebhu acokisekileyo okunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu okuye kwalandela ubhukuqo-mbuso lwe-28 kaJuni. I-COFADEH inakho qi nisiwe ishumi lokubulala eliphenjelelwa ziipolitiki kwiinyanga ezimbini ezilandela ubhukuqo-mbuso, kuquka ezine kwiiveki ezimbini zokuqala; ngoFebruwari 2010 iyonke yaba ngamashumi amane. Uninzi lwamaxhoba aye aqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nobhukuqo-mbuso, kwaye omnye wayeyintatheli eyayibhala ngoqhanqalazo lwamaphephandaba eHonduran. Imibutho yamazwe angaphandle yamalungelo oluntu yaqinisekisa eli bali elisisiseko, nangona ngaphandle kwenzuzo yobukho obuqhubekayo emhlabeni. Utyelelo lweAmnesty International eHonduras kwinyanga emva kobhukuqo-mbuso fu maneka ukuba [e]kunyanzeliswa ngamandla kwamapolisa namajoni ibiyinto yesiqhelo kwaye amakhulu abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo baye bavalelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. I-AI ikwaqinisekisile ukuba ubuncinane ababini abaqhankqalazi abanoxolo babulewe zizithonga zompu. UMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu wakhupha okufanayo ziphumo ngoMatshi walo nyaka. Ukusukela ngoMatshi, iintatheli ezisixhenxe ziye zabulawa. Kwisikhumbuzo sonyaka omnye wobhukuqo-mbuso, isithethi seAmnesty International gwetywanga “ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokunzulu” okuye kwaqhubeka ukususela oko kwamiselwa urhulumente wasePorfirio Lobo ngoJanuwari, iphawula ukuba iLobo “iye yasilela ukuthatha inyathelo lokukhusela” amalungelo abantu Honduras [2].

 

Ukuzama "ukubeka isikhundla" okanye ukulinganisa ukubandezeleka kwabantu ngumzamo onzima kwaye mhlawumbi ongcolileyo, kodwa sinokugqiba ukuba ingcinezelo karhulumente kula mazwe mabini ubuncinane yayinokuthelekiswa. Amajelo eendaba angaguquguqukiyo kwaye anyanisekile ke ngoko anokulindeleka ukuba anikele ubuncinci amanqanaba athelekisekayo engqalelo kunye nokucaphuka kwezi meko zimbini. Endaweni yoko, iindaba ezibhalwe ngoondaba zala matyala mabini ngumzekelo wencwadi ka-Edward Herman kunye noNoam Chomsky "wemodeli yepropaganda," eqikelela ukuba iindaba zase-US ziya kuhlala zijongela phantsi abachasi bakarhulumente wase-US kunye nabaxhasi bakhe beshishini ngelixa bebonisa ububele obukhulu ngakumbi kumahlakani asemthethweni. Enye inkalo ephambili yemodeli iqikelela ukuba i-press iya kubonisa uvelwano olukhulu kumaxhoba eentshaba zase-US- "amaxhoba afanelekileyo" -ngelixa etyeshela okanye ejongela phantsi ukubandezeleka "kwamaxhoba angafanelekanga," abo babandezeleka ezandleni zabahlobo base-US [ 3]. I-Iran, ihamba ngaphandle kokutsho, lutshaba lwaseMelika. Ngelixa isikhundla solawulo luka-Obama ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lukaMicheletti noLobo eHonduras khange sicace gca—u-Obama uqale wakhupha amazwi athethisayo ngobhukuqo-mbuso kwaye walunqamla uncedo lwase-US—uninzi lwezenzo zolawulo kulo nyaka uphelileyo zibonisa ukuba iHonduras umlingane owomeleleyo wase-US [4].

 

UNeda noIsis: Amaxhoba afanelekileyo nangafanelekanga

 

Kwimeko ye-Iran, i ENew York Times kwaye Washington Post bobabini banikele ngokufanelekileyo indawo ebanzi kwiziphumo zengcinezelo zonyulo. Ukukhangela kwedatha yeLexis-Nexis "kwe-Iran + unyulo" kwiinyanga ezimbini ezilandela unyulo kuye kwavelisa iziphumo ezingama-234. Maxesha kunye nama-178 kwi isikhundla. Amaphepha ezimvo ngelo xesha avuza ngumsindo: i isikhundla yapapasha iceba uluvo enikelwe ukugweba amanyathelo ingcinezelo karhulumente Iranian malunga 3-4 amaxesha ngeveki [5].

 

Elinye ixhoba laseIran lasizelwa ngokukhethekileyo. Umfazi oneminyaka engama-26 ubudala uNeda Agha Soltan wadutyulwa kuqhanqalazo nge-20 kaJuni, kwaye ukubulawa kwakhe kwabanjwa kwiteyiphu kwaye kwasasazwa kwi-Intanethi. I isikhundla wakhankanya Neda iyonke izihlandlo ezilishumi elinesithoba kwiinyanga ezimbini; kwiveki nje yokuqala emva kokubhubha kwakhe, yashicilela amahlelo amabini, ii-op-eds ezimbini, ileta enye, kunye nenqaku elikwiphepha lokuqala elizinikele ekugwebeni ukufa kwakhe. I Maxesha ipapashe ii-op-ed ezimbini ukuya kwisiphumo esifanayo. 

 

Umzobo 1:

 

UHlelo kunye nee-Op-eds ezigxile ekugwebeni ingcinezelo e-Iran,

 

Nge-13 kaJuni – nge-13 ka-Agasti, ngo-2009

 

*Amanani awabandakanyi abahleli kunye nee-op-eds ezibhekisa kuphela ngokufutshane okanye ngokungxamisekileyo kuxinzelelo, okanye apho i-Iran ibingeyiyo eyona ngqwalasela iphambili.

 

 

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukugubungela ingcinezelo yolawulo lukaMicheletti eHonduras phantse kwakungekho. Iyonke ukugubungela iHonduras ibinqabile kakhulu kunokugubungela iIran. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphakathi kumzimba wamanqaku anikelwe kubhukuqo-mbuso (69), kuphela iipesenti ezingama-28 (19) zade zakhankanya nawaphi na amanyathelo engcinezelo karhulumente waseMicheletti. Uninzi lubhekiselwa kuphela kuvavanyo lukarhulumente, ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi, kunye nezenzo ezingabulali ngokufanayo; asixhenxe kuphela kula manqaku alishumi elinesithoba akhankanya ukusweleka kwabaqhankqalazi baseHonduran. Ke ngoko, ucinezelo lwaseHonduras lufanele ukukhankanywa okumbalwa kakhulu kuzo zonke iindaba kunenani lezimvo (50) ezibangelwe luxinzelelo oluthelekisekayo eIran, umlinganiselo umalunga ne-2:5. Akukho nalinye icandelo lomhleli okanye icandelo elinye eligxeka ingcinezelo eHonduras; abaninzi ngokwenene benza okuchaseneyo, befuna ukuthethelela ukukhwabanisa nokugxeka uZelaya (jonga ngezantsi).

 

Umzobo 2:

 

Ushicilelo lweendaba zoNyanzelo lweMicheletti eHonduras,

 

Nge-29 kaJuni – nge-29 ka-Agasti, ngo-2009

 

 

I-Honduran esondelene neNeda yayineminyaka eyi-19 ubudala u-Isis Obed Murillo, wabulawa ngompu entloko ngoJuni 5 ngelixa elindele ukufika kukaZelaya (akaphumelelanga) kwisikhululo sezindiza saseToncontín. Igama likaIsis liye laziwa kakhulu phakathi kwabaphembeleli bomanyano kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye ulwazi malunga nokufa kwakhe lwalufumaneka ngokubanzi kwi-Intanethi kwiiveki ezalandelayo. Kodwa uIsis wakhankanywa ngegama kabini kuphela kwiPosi (enegama lakhe lipelwe kakubi), kwaye akazange abe ngamaxesha. Akukho nanye into eyanikelwa ekufeni kwakhe; bobabini bakhankanya ukubulawa kwakhe njengobungqina "boluntu oluhlukeneyo lwaseHonduran" [6]. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, injongo ecacileyo yokunika ingxelo ngokufa kukaNeda yayikukubonisa inkohlakalo yolawulo lwaseIran. Iingxelo ezingoNeda zamenza wangumntu kakhulu, exelela abafundi ukuba wayefunda njani umculo kunye nefilosofi kwaye walile ngenkalipho ukunxiba isambatho sabasetyhini abangamaSilamsi [7].

 

Inkcazo eyahlukileyo yokusweleka kukaNeda noIsis iqinisekisa ingqikelelo kaHerman noChomsky malunga "namaxhoba afanelekileyo nangafanelekanga." Ukubandezeleka kwabantu kufanelwe uvelwano kuphela ukuba umenzi wobubi ngomnye weentshaba zaseWashington.

 

Ulonyulo olusemthethweni ngokuchasene nobuqhophololo

 

I-US press coverage ye-12 kaJuni yonyulo lomongameli e-Iran kunye nonyulo lwe-29 kaNovemba eHonduras lulandele ipateni efanayo: ukuthandabuza kunye nezityholo ezicacileyo zobuqhetseba kwimeko ye-Iran, indumiso kwimeko yaseHonduras.

 

Njengombhali weendaba kunye nomgxeki weendaba uMichael Corcoran uye phawula, amaphephandaba ase-US asebenzise "umgangatho ophindwe kabini ongacacanga" ekuchazeni unyulo olubini. I Maxesha, isikhundla, kunye nezinye iindawo ezithengisa ngokukhawuleza zalugweba unyulo lwase-Iranian ngoJuni 12, besithi "ngokuqinisekileyo kubonakala ngathi bubuqhophololo.” Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i Maxesha layiqhwabela izandla imo “yokucoceka nobulungisa” yonyulo lwangoNovemba 29 lwaseHonduran, ngoxa iPosi yathi “belunoxolo ubukhulu becala.” Kwaezo ndawo zinye azizange zinike ngqalelo kwizityholo ezinzulu zobuqhetseba okanye iingxelo zemibutho yamalungelo abantu ezibhala ukoyikiswa kwabavoti okuxhaphakileyo nokucinezelwa kukarhulumente kwabo baphikisayo. Kwakungekho ngqalelo inikwayo kukwaywa kweqela eliphikisayo laseHonduran, kwaye akukhankanywa konke konke malunga nolonyulo. nyaniso ukuba umgqatswa ophambili wenkcaso, inkokeli yombutho uCarlos Reyes, wayehlaselwe yimikhosi karhulumente ngoJulayi 30, isihlahla sakhe saphuka, kwaye uReyes waye warhoxisa ugqatso lwakhe ukuze aphephe ukwenza unyulo lube semthethweni. Kwaye ngelixa phantse bonke oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle kunye nemibutho yokubeka esweni unyulo ilugwebe unyulo njengolungekho mthethweni, i-US press, njengorhulumente wase-US, yamkele [8].

 

I-Corcoran ikwabonelela ngobungqina bobungakanani bokuthambekela kwicala le ENew York Times:

 

The Maxesha uqhube amanqaku eendaba angama-37 kulo mbandela-ngaphezu kwamagama angama-38,000 ewonke, kubandakanywa amanqaku akwiphepha eliphambili le-15-kwiintsuku ze-10 ezilandela unyulo lwaseIran. Eli phepha likwapapashe ii-op-eds ezili-12, iziqwenga zohlalutyo lweendaba ezintandathu, ii-editorials ezimbini, kunye namagama angaphezu kwama-2,600 kwiileta eziya kumhleli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwiintsuku ezili-10 ezilandela unyulo lwaseHonduran, i Maxesha kusetyenziswe amabali amathandathu kuphela, kuquka amanqaku eendaba amane, umhleli omnye (othe, njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, wabiza unyulo ngokuthi “lucocekile” kwaye “lunobulungisa”) kunye nenqaku elinye leendaba. Akukho nalinye kumanqaku apapashiweyo kwiphepha elingaphambili, kwaye akukho zileta ezipapashiweyo eziya kumhleli okanye kwi-op-eds. Ngamafutshane, i Maxesha ipapashe kuphela malunga namagama angama-3,000 ngengxaki yaseHonduran, malunga ne-35,000 engaphantsi kunokuba inikezelwe kunyulo lwaseIran oluneziphene. [9]

 

 

Ezi ziphumo, ziqwalaselwe kunye neengxelo zabakhi-mkhanyo bamalungelo abantu, zenza kube nzima ukungavumelani nesigqibo sikaCorcoran sokuba amaphephandaba ase-US “ayenenxaxheba ekuthinteleni idemokhrasi yaseHonduran.”

 

Njengoko kwimeko yamaxhoba afanelekileyo nangafanelekanga, izibikezelo ezisisiseko zepropaganda ziqinisekisiwe. Lo mkhwa uye wahambelana amashumi amaninzi eminyaka [10]. Ingqiqo yobukhosi icacile, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ivunywa ngamagosa ase-US kunye neepundits ngamaxesha okunyaniseka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, ekuphenduleni isigxeko sokuba urhulumente wase-US wayesebenzisa umgangatho ophindwe kabini ekugwebeni unyulo lweSandinista eNicaragua ngelixa ephakamisa ukuba semthethweni konyulo olucacileyo e-El Salvador (ihlakani lase-US), unozakuzaku wase-US wathi [. t]i-United States ayinyanzelwanga ukuba isebenzise umgangatho ofanayo wesigwebo kwilizwe elinobutshaba obucacileyo kwi-US njengelizwe, njenge-El Salvador, apho ingekho khona" [11]. Ngokufanelekileyo, unyaka wawungowe-1984.

 

“Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseHonduras lityala likaMongameli uZelaya”: Ithisisi yokuXhasa

 

Ukongeza ekubambeleleni ngokusondeleyo kwimodeli ye-propaganda, i-media coverage yaseHonduras iphinde yasebenzisa kwakhona iitrope ezininzi ezineengcambu ezinzulu kwi-imperial kunye ne-Orientalist discourse [12]. Abafundi be Maxesha kwaye isikhundla ziboniswa rhoqo ngemifanekiso "yamadoda anamandla" alambele amandla akhohlisa inkitha yeentsana, "abangaboniyo kakhulu kwiziphumo" [13]. Okwangoku, ukuchasana okudumileyo kwi-empire kunye ne-oligarchy kuyisiphumo se-agitators yangaphandle njengoHugo Chávez kunokuba naziphi na izikhalazo okanye iminqweno esemthethweni. UChávez, onqwenela “umlawuli wobusoshiyali,” umela abantu baseLatin ababi: abo baguqulela amazwe abo kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lomntu omnye kwaye bekhokelela uqoqosho lwabo ekonakalisweni, “ngokwahlukileyo kulo lonke ilizwe laseLatin America,” amaLatin amahle. "abamkela umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe" [14]. Ezona nyaniso zisisiseko azinamsebenzi ngaphandle kokuba zixhasa amabali asele efashini.

 

Ngelixa indawo ithintela uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo, ipateni enye iphawuleka ngakumbi. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sawo onke amanqaku kunye neekholamu zezimvo ngeHonduras kwiinyanga ezimbini ezilandela ubhukuqo-mbuso lwakhokelela abafundi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba uZelaya wayenembopheleleko yobuncinane—kwezinye iimeko, ngokuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba “ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseHonduras lityala likaMongameli uZelaya” ( 1. isihloko se-XNUMX kaJulayi isikhundla op-ed by ilungelo-iphiko Peruvian-American umbhali Alvaro Vargas Llosa) [15]. Esona siseko siphambili seli bango sisityholo sokuba uZelaya ebefuna ukwandisa okanye ukususa imida yamaxesha kamongameli, ngokwenza oko echasene noMgaqo-siseko waseHonduran wowe-1982. Ngokwenyani, njengoko abakhi-mkhanyo abathe gqolo betshilo, uvoto olungabopheleliyo lwabemi uZelaya ebelucwangcisele i-28 kaJuni nje ngebacele abavoti ukuba bangathanda ukubeka umbuzo kunyulo lukaNovemba ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba babize okanye bangahlangani. indibano entsha yomgaqo-siseko. I-NACLA umbhali uRobert Naiman, kwi-a kakhulu Ukupapashwa kweendaba zobhukuqo-mbuso, uphawula ukuba "umbuzo awukhange ujongane nemida yexesha konke konke" [16].

 

Abahleli kwi Maxesha kwaye isikhundla usenokuba wayeyazi le nyaniso. Abazange nje abafundi baxelelwe ukubabhalela iileta ukubafundisa ngobunyani bemeko, kodwa inqaku le-30 kaJuni Maxesha yacaphula igosa laseUnited States elingachazwanga igama lalo elavuma ukuba olu hlolisiso lwaluza kuba “luhlolisiso nje olungabopheleliyo” kubemi. Kodwa le tidbit yakhawuleza yalityalwa phantse kuzo zonke ezalandelayo, kwaye enye yeentatheli ezibhale inqaku akazange abhale amanye amanqaku kwiHonduras lonke ihlobo [17]. Endaweni yoko, izimvo kunye namabali eendaba ngokufanayo ahlala echaza okanye echaza ngokucacileyo ukuba uZelaya wayexhokonxa ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokufuna ukubhala ngokutsha uMgaqo-siseko kunye/okanye andise ixesha lakhe eofisini. Iingxelo zeendaba ezingumzekelo zathi “uZelaya wagxothwa ngenxa yokuba wayesenza uvoto olwalunokumvumela ukuba athabathe isihlandlo sesibini eofisini” nokuba “[iindlebe] zokuba [uZelaya] wayezama ukubhukuqa uMgaqo-siseko nokwandisa ixesha lakhe lokuba sesikhundleni. amandla aqhuba emva kokugxothwa kwakhe” [18]. Abahleli kunye neekholamu ezihlaziyiweyo zikwachaze njengenyani umnqweno kaZelaya wokoyisa imida enokuthi imnyanzele ukuba ashiye isikhundla, "kwaye abaninzi bamgxeka ngokuphandle uZelaya ngobhukuqo-mbuso [19]. Awona manqaku “angenazandla” achaza isityholo seqela eliphikisayo ngakuZelaya kodwa wasichaza njengebango labachasi bakhe kunenyaniso yevangeli. Nangona kunjalo, amanqaku ambalwa kuphela aquka impendulo ethe ngqo evela kuZelaya okanye abaxhasi bakhe-ethetha ukuba eso sityholo sasinokuthembeka-kwaye akukho namnye owaphikisayo ngokuthe ngqo ukunyaniseka kwesityholo.  

 

Umzobo 3:

 

Cinezela i-Coverage egxeka uZelaya, eYonke okanye ngokuyinxalenye, ngokubhukuqa kwakhe,

 

Nge-29 kaJuni – nge-29 ka-Agasti, ngo-2009

 

 

*Amanani abandakanya amanqaku eendaba abhalwe ngomgca, abahleli, kunye nee-op-eds; amanqaku angabhalwanga kunye neeleta ezikhutshiweyo

 

 

Ingcamango yokuba amaxhoba athwele uxanduva lokuxhokonxa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye nawo—maxa wambi okubhekiselwa kuwo “njengethisisi yokuxhokonxa”—ibe yinto eqhelekileyo kwiingxoxo zale mihla zama impiriyali. Okongeziweyo! umbhali wemihlathi uMark Cook amanqaku ukuba emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi waseBrazil ngowe-1964, i ENew York Times kwaye abanye batyhola uMongameli ogxothiweyo João Goulart, ngubani na Maxesha umbhali otyholwa ngokuzama “Ukwandisa [ixesha lakhe] ngokususa isithintelo somgaqo-siseko ngokuchasene nokulandelelana komongameli” [20]. Kwaye emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini oluxhaswa yi-US ngokuchasene noMongameli waseChile uSalvador Allende ngoSeptemba 1973 i-Times yaphinda yatyhola umongameli osusiweyo “ngokutyhala inkqubo yesoshiyali egqubayo awayengenagunya lidumileyo” [21]. Kwanababhali-mbali ababekhululekile ngokwentelekiso baye batyhola abavukeli basekhohlo kunye neenkokeli zelizwe ezinenkqubela ngolawulo lobuzwilakhe olukhohlakeleyo lwasemkhosini olwagquba ilizwekazi ngeminyaka yee-1960, 1970, no-1980. “Imvukelo,” ubhala esitsho omnye umakhi-mkhanya owaziwayo waseGuatemala, “yayixhasa ingqiqo yelona phiko lokubulala lamapolisa kwilizwe ngalinye emva kwelinye” [22].

 

* * *

 

Kwakhona, awona majelo eendaba anenkululeko engakumbi kumajelo eendaba axhaswa yinkampani abonakala engakwazi okanye engazimiselanga ukugubungela iziganeko zaseLatin America ngendlela enyanisekileyo—oko kukuthi, ngokuzimeleyo kurhulumente wase-US okanye amalungelo oshishino. Ukufundisa nokucinezela iintatheli kunye noombudspersons kupapasho olunjalo ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba nesiphumo esihle, kwaye kuwufanele umzamo [23]. Kodwa ngoku, kunanini na ngaphambili, ukufumana ufikelelo kulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nehlabathi kunye nendima yase-US kulo kufuna ukuba soyise ukuthembela kwethu kumajelo eendaba aphethwe yinkampani kunye nabaxhasi bamashishini, siguqukele kwiindawo ezizimeleyo ezifana neZ, NACLA, UpsideDownWorld.org , kunye neDemokhrasi Ngoku! ngeendaba zethu malunga neLatin America. 

 

amanqaku:

 

[1] Ewe, I-Iran: Unyulo luyakhutshiswana, ingcinezelo idityanisiwe, 10 Disemba 2009; AbaKhuseli beZiko lamaLungelo oLuntu, INgxelo yeKota yamaLungelo oLuntu ngabaKhuseli beZiko lamaLungelo oLuntu (Spring-Summer 1388 [2009]).

 

[2] COFADEH, “Ubhaliso lokufa kwabantu ngoBundlobongela ngokwePolitiko, ngoJuni 2009 ukuya kuFebruwari 2010” (Inguqulelo yeQuixote Centre yeTercer informe situación de derechos humanos en Honduras en el marco del golpe de Estado: Octubre 2009-Enero 2010 [Resumen ejecutivo]); AI, IHonduras: Ingxaki yamaLungelo oLuntu Isoyikisa njengoko Ingcinezelo Isanda, 19 Agasti 2009, iphepha 6-7; I-Ofisi yoMkomishinala oPhezulu weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu, Ingxelo yoMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu malunga nokunyhashwa kwamaLungelo oLuntu eHonduras ukusukela kwiCoup d'état ngomhla wama-28 kuJuni ka-2009., 3 Matshi 2010; AI, "IHonduras iyasilela ukujongana nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo," UpsideDownWorld.org, 28 Juni 2010. Bona kwakhona uBill Quigley kunye noLaura Raymond, "Kunyaka omnye kamva: Ukumelana neHonduras komelele nangona i-US ixhaswa yi-Coup, " ¡Nxibelela! 28 Juni 2010, kwaye, ukusuka kwi-UpsideDownWorld.org, UBelén Fernandez, “IHonduras Emva konyaka omnye,” 27 Juni 2010, kunye noJoseph Shansky, "I-Coup ayiphelanga: Ukuphawula unyaka wokuchasa eHonduras, " Ngomhla wama-28 kuJuni ka-2010—eyokugqibela nangona ichazwa ngendlela ephosakeleyo iHonduras njenge “twaba ngowokuqala ukuphumelela ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi waseLatin America kumashumi eminyaka” (ukuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini luchazwa njengokubhukuqa komongameli nokubekwa komnye umntu, eminye imizekelo yakutshanje ifanele ukukhankanywa, njengeVenezuela ngowama-2002 neHaiti ngowe-1991 nangowama-2004. ).

 

[3] Ingxelo yakudala ithi U-Edward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume yokuThengisa: Uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwi-Media Media (ENew York: Pantheon, 2002 [1988]). Iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zemodeli zifumaneka kwi Noam Chomsky, Iinkohliso eziyimfuneko: Ulawulo lweengcinga kwimibutho yeDemokhrasi (Boston: South End Press, 1989). Imodeli intsonkothe ​​ngakumbi kunentshayelelo emfutshane; enye into, ayimiseli ulawulo oluthe ngqo lukarhulumente kumajelo eendaba, endaweni yoko ukuba usasazo losasazo ludla ngokubonisa ukuvumelana okuguquguqukayo korhulumente kunye nabaphezulu bequmrhu. Kwaye ayilo “qhinga”—eneneni, iingcaciso zikaHerman noChomsky zigxininisa iindlela “zentengiso yasimahla” kakhulu kunalo naliphi na “iyelenqe” elithe ngqo lomntu ngamnye. Jonga intshayelelo yohlelo luka-2002 lwe IMvume yokuVeliswa kunye nempendulo kaChomsky kubagxeki kwi IiIllusions eziyimfuneko.

 

[4] Iimpawu ziquka i-US ngavumi ukwenza uxinzelelo olukhulu kuMicheletti; ukuthi cwaka kwayo malunga nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu ukususela kubhukuqo-mbuso; ukusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo kwe Soto Cano isiseko somkhosi eHonduras; uqeqesho lwayo oluqhubekayo lweHondurans kwindawo edume kakubi Isikolo seMerika; ukugqalwa kwayo ngokukhawuleza “konyulo” lukaLobo ngexesha apho oorhulumente abambalwa babekwenza oko; Unamandla kaHillary Clinton phulo kuqwalaselo lommandla lolawulo lweLobo; kunye nokubuyiselwa kwamva nje kwe-US uncedo lomkhosi kulawulo lwamaLobo. Ngolwazi olusisiseko lwesikhundla solawulo luka-Obama ukusukela ngoDisemba ophelileyo bona uMark Weisbrot, "Iindlela ezilishumi eziPhezulu onokuthi uxele ukuba leliphi icala uRhulumente wase-United States aqhubayo malunga noBukhosi baseHonduras," CommonDreams.org, 16 December 2009, kunye nemithombo ecatshulwe kumbhalo osemazantsi wesi-2 ngasentla.

 

[5] Ukuze ufumane ukugxekwa kwangaphambili koku mahluko, kugxile kwi-Times, bona uMichael Corcoran kunye noStephen Maher, "I-Iran vs. Honduras: Ukukhuthazwa okuKhethekileyo kweXesha leDemokhrasi," Yongezelelweyo! (Agasti 2009).

 

[6] UMary Beth Sheridan kunye noJuan Forero, "UClinton uyavuma ukudibana noZelaya; Iinzame ziqinisiwe zokusombulula ingxaki,” Washington Post, 7 Julayi 2009, icandelo. A, p. 8; UJuan Forero, "Kukwahlulahlulwe ngokunzulu kuMbutho waseHonduran, iMeko enokutsha,” isikhundla, 15 Julayi 2009, icandelo. A, p. 8.

 

[7] Umzekelo, uKathleen Parker,The Amazwi Neda; Imbumbulu yeSniper inika intshukumo uphawu lwayo” (op-ed), isikhundla, 24 Juni 2009, icandelo. A, p. 27.

 

[8] Zonke izicatshulwa ezisuka, okanye ezicatshulwe kwi, Corcoran, "Ibali lonyulo olubini: iIran kunye neHonduras," Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 43, hayi. 1 (Matshi/Aprili 2010): 46-48. Ulwazi malunga neReyes lufumaneka ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwe-US eqhelekileyo; Ndiyambulela uJesse Freeston weReal News Network ngokuzisa kwingqwalasela yam into yokuba abeendaba benqabile ukugubungela ubundlobongela obunxamnye noReyes malunga nexesha elinye lokuba bagubungela isiganeko esithelekisekayo (kwaye mhlawumbi esinobundlobongela obungaphantsi) sokucinezelwa kwezopolitiko. UMohamad Khatami eIran ngobusuku bangaphambi kweholide ka-Ashura ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba (umzekelo, uNazila Fathi, “Abaqhankqalazi eTehran bayasichasa isithintelo kunye nokungqubana namapolisa kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi, " ENew York Times, 27 December 2009, icandelo. A, p. 6).

 

[9] Corcoran, "Ibali lonyulo olubini," 48.

 

[10] Ukufumana ubungqina obupheleleyo obuvela koo-1980 bona UHerman kunye noChomsky, IMvume yokuVeliswa, yaye Chomsky, IiIllusions eziyimfuneko.

 

[11] Icatshulwe kuThomas W. Walker, INicaragua: Ukuhlala Emthunzini Wokhozi, uhlelo lwesine (iBoulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), i-158.

 

[12] Kwezinye zezi ndlela jonga yam "Ukuvavanya iModeli ye-Propaganda: i-US Press Coverage yaseVenezuela naseColombia, ngo-1998-2008," ZNet, 19 Disemba 2008; emfutshane Inguqulelo uvele ngaphakathi Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 41, hayi. 6 (Novemba/Disemba 2008): 50-52.

 

[13] “Mnu. Izixhobo zikaChávez: Ngelixa uQoqosho luqhubela phambili, iStrongman Splurges yaseVenezuela” (umhleli), isikhundla, 8 April 2010, icandelo. A, p. 20; UJackson Diehl, "inkxaso yokuthenga kwiLatin America" ​​(op-ed), isikhundla, 26 Septemba 2005, icandelo. A, p. 23.

 

[14] URoger Cohen, “Ukuvala iChavez [sic] yaseVenezuela” (op-ed), NGOKU, 29 Novemba 2007, icandelo. A, p. 31; UJuan Forero, "IVenezuela Etyebileyo ngeOyile Ibanjwe yiNgxaki yezoQoqosho," isikhundla, 29 April 2010, icandelo. A, p. 7.

 

[15] Vargas Llosa naye wanikwa isithuba op-ed kwi Maxesha ngoJuni 30: “Ophumeleleyo eHonduras: Chavez” [sic], isiqendu. A, p. 21.

 

[16] uNayiman, "Imithombo yeendaba yase-US iyasilela kwiNgxelo yeCoup yaseHonduras," Ingxelo ye-NACLA kumazwe aseMelika 42, hayi. 6 (Novemba/Disemba 2009).

 

[17] U-Helene Cooper kunye noMarc Lacey, "Kwi-Honduras Coup, iziporho zePolisi zaseMelika ezidlulileyo," NGOKU, 30 Juni 2009, icandelo. A, p. 1. UCooper akazange abhale amanye amanqaku kwiHonduras ngeli xesha liphantsi koqwalaselo.

 

[18] UWilliam Booth, “UbuNkokheli baseHonduran Buma bunentiyo; Urhulumente omtsha uzijongela phantsi iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokubuyisela esikhundleni uMongameli ogxothiweyo,” isikhundla, 3 kaJulayi 2009, icandelo. A, p. 10; Ginger Thompson, “Eminye iMigaqo ekufikelelwe kuyo Honduras Ingxabano,” NGOKU, 17 Julayi 2009, icandelo. A, p. 9.

 

[19] "Khusela iDemokhrasi: eHonduras, Oko kuya kuthetha ngaphezulu kunokubuyisela uMongameli eOfisini," isikhundla, 30 Juni 2009, icandelo. A, p. 12.

 

[20] Umbhali wemihlathi uArthur Krock, ucatshulwe kuMark Cook, "Phinda ubuyele eHonduras: I-coup pretext ihlaziywe eBrazil '64," Yongezelelweyo! (ngoSeptemba 2009).

 

[21] "Intlekele eChile" (umhleli), NGOKU, 12 Septemba 1973, iphe. 46; cf. UCharles Eisendrath, "Ukuphela kwegazi kwephupha likaMarxist," ixesha (24 Septemba 1973), iphe. 45. Zombini ezicatshulwe kuDevon Bancroft, "I-Chilean Coup kunye neFailings of the US Media" (umbhalo wesandla ongashicilelwanga ofunyenwe kumbhali).

 

[22] UDavid Stoll, ucatshulwe kwaye wagxekwa kuGreg Grandin noFrancisco Goldman, "Isiqhamo esikrakra kuRigoberta," Wesizwe (8 February 1999).

 

[23] Iingxelo ezininzi zentwasahlobo ka-2010 kwiWashington Post, umzekelo, ziye zanikela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba iHonduras ibe lelona lizwe libulalayo kwiintatheli ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulo nyaka, ubuncinane abasixhenxe babulawa ngoMatshi nangoAprili; iileta rhoqo, ii-imeyile, kunye neefowuni ezisuka kumatsha-ntliziyo obumbano ukuya ombudsman@washpost.com ekuphenduleni ingxelo embi kuba ubhukuqo-mbuso lunokuba nenxaxheba. Jonga, umzekelo, uAnne-Marie O'Connor, “Abasasazi abasixhenxe baseHonduran ababuleweyo ukusukela nge-1 kaMatshi,” isikhundla, 24 April 2010, icandelo. A, p. 7; I-AP, "Iqela leMedia: Iintatheli ze-17 zabulawa ngo-Epreli," i-Post (uguqulelo lwe-intanethi), i-28 April 2010. Ngokutsho kwe-Amnesty International, iintatheli ezisixhenxe ziye zabulawa ukususela ngo-Matshi ("IHonduras iyasilela ukujongana nokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo," UpsideDownWorld.org, 28 June 2010).

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