Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wesebe likarhulumente eliqunjelwe kangangokuba bambalwa abayaziyo into eyenziwa ngamasuntswana alo amaninzi. Khawufane ucinge ukuba amashumi eebhiliyoni zeedola zerhafu anyamalala kuyo minyaka le, isimbo somngxuma omnyama, kuba ayinakuluphumelela uphicotho olugunyaziswe yiCongress.
Ngoku, khawufane ucinge ukuba kukho amasebe amabini, omabini makhulu, kwaye uyaqala ukubamba iparadigm yokhuseleko yaseMelika yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, iSebe lezoKhuselo lidibene nale nkcazo kwi-T. Ukususela kwi-2003, nangona kunjalo, ayizange ibe yodwa. ISebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe (i-DHS), elibhiyozela usuku lwalo lokuzalwa lwe-10 ngo-Matshi, likhule laba yiPentagon encinci. Kufanele ukuba lelona sebe "lokhuselo" - kuba iPentagon ngokusisiseko liSebe lezoKhuseleko - kwaye igcwele yonke imiba efanayo kunye neziphene abagxeki becandelo lomkhosi-mveliso baye bagxeka amashumi eminyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, “ukhuseleko lwelizwe lasekhaya” luye lwaba lolunye uhlobo olutyebileyo.
Kodwa nantsi into engaqhelekanga: ngokungafaniyo nePentagon, le monstrosity ayitsali ngqalelo - nangona, ngokubala kwethu, eli lizwe lichithe i-791 yeebhiliyoni zeedola "kukhuseleko lwelizwe" ukusukela nge-9/11. Ukukunika umbono wokuba inkulu kangakanani na, iWashington ichithe i-inflation ehlengahlengisiweyo kwiidola ezingama-500 eebhiliyoni kulo lonke. Ukwenziwa Okutsha.
Ngaphandle kokufunxa isixa semali ebenokwakha kwakhona iziseko ezidilikayo ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya elunxwemeni, le arhente intsha kunye nombono “wokhuseleko lwelizwe lasekhaya” iye yabhabha kakhulu phantsi kweradar yeendaba - ngeziphumo ezibi.
Kwaye ayimangalisi loo nto, kuba i-DHS yabakho njani.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwe-9/11, iCongress yakhupha ukhuseleko lwelizwe umbiko ukuvuma ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wokhuselo wase-US awuzange uvele ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Ingxelo iphakamise "i-arhente yelizwe yokhuseleko lwelizwe" enenkokeli enye yokulawula amanyathelo okhuseleko lwelizwe kulo lonke uluhlu olupheleleyo lukarhulumente wobumbano. Nangona ingxelo ilumkise ukuba uhlaselo lwabanqolobi lunokwenzeka kumhlaba waseMelika, lwaqokelela uthuli.
Emva koko kwafika uhlaselo, kwaye abenzi bomthetho bamaqela omabini ezopolitiko kunye noluntu lwaseMelika bafuna inyathelo elikhawulezayo neliqinisekileyo. UMongameli uGeorge W. Bush amagosa aphezulu kunye nabacebisi babone ngo-9/11 ithuba labo eliphambili loku betha awe Uzwilakhe waseIraq uSaddam Hussein kwaye useke a Pax Americana kuMbindi Mpuma oMkhulu. Abanye, ababezibiza ngokuba ziintshatsheli zorhulumente omncinane, babona ithuba lokwandisa urhulumente omkhulu ekhaya ngokwandisa inkcitho yokhuseleko.
Isigqibo sabo sokudibanisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya phantsi kwe-arhente enye siye safana nokuthumela iTitanic kwindawo ekufutshane yeentaba zomkhenkce.
UMongameli Bush waqala ukwenza iOfisi yoKhuseleko lweLizwe kwi-White House kwaye emva koko, kunye UMthetho woKhuseleko lweLizwe ka-2002, yenze izicwangciso zesebe elitsha lesigqeba. I-DHS ixhaswe ngeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwaye inabasebenzi abangama-180,000 xa ivula ishishini ngoMatshi 1, 2003. Yafaneleka njengohlengahlengiso olukhulu lorhulumente wobumbano ukusukela ngo-1947 xa, ngokufanelekileyo, iSebe lezoKhuselo lasekwa.
Ebhengeza izicwangciso zeli sebe litsha likarhulumente, uMongameli Bush wenza isibhengezo esingaziwayo “semishini ephunyeziweyo” ekudala sandulele oko. ibhanile edume kakubi waxhonywa kwinqwelo ethwala inqwelomoya ukubhiyozela “uloyiso” lwakhe e-Iraq. NgoNovemba 2002, uthe, "Isongelo esiqhubekayo sobugrogrisi, isoyikiso sokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi emhlabeni wethu, siya kuhlangabezana nempendulo edibeneyo, esebenzayo."
Umsebenzi awufezekiswanga (ixesha elikhulu).
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ujongo olusondeleyo kwi-hodge-podge yeenkqubo zokhuseleko lwasekhaya ngoku ezithatha urhulumente wase-US zibonisa ukuba akukho nto "edibeneyo" malunga nayo. Ayizizo zonke iinkqubo zokhuseleko lwelizwe ezilawulwa ngeSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe, kwaye azikho zonke iinkqubo zeSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe ezinxulumene nokukhusela ilizwe.
Amagosa Federal yenza iDHS ngokutsala kunye 22 amasebe akhoyo karhulumente, kubandakanywa ii-arhente ezizimeleyo ezifana ne-Federal Emergency Management Agency, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Acronym yayo ye-FEMA, kunye ne-Coast Guard, eza kunye neenkqubo zombini ezihambelanayo nezingahambelaniyo ukulwa nobunqolobi. Bazise kwi-DHS inkitha yeenkqubo ebezikho ngaphambili njengenxalenye yezinye ii-arhente ezifana neQela lokuPhendula ngeSihlo seNyukliya elivela kwiSebe lezaMandla kunye noLawulo loKhuseleko lwezoThutho kwiSebe lezoThutho. Ukuhlanganisa la macandelo ahlukeneyo, amagosa enza i-bureaucracy enkulu ngaphezulu kweseti esele ikhona yamaziko. Kwangaxeshanye, bashiye inkitha yeenkqubo zokulwa nobunqolobi zisasazeke kuwo wonke urhulumente wobumbano, okuthetha ukuba, kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, imisebenzi emininzi e-DHS iphindwa ngeenkqubo ezifanayo kwenye indawo.
Umzila wezonka kwi-federal amaxwebhu ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ibonisa ukuba yimalini echithwa kukhuseleko lwelizwe kunye nokuba zeziphi ii-arhente, nangona iinkcukacha malunga noko kuthengwa yiloo mali zinqabile. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-DHS lwaluzibhiliyoni ezingama-60 zeedola kunyaka ophelileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuphela iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezingama-35 eziye zamiselwa kwiinkqubo zokulwa nabanqolobi ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngeli xesha, inkxaso-mali epheleleyo yokhuselo lwelizwe (encinci-h, encinci) yayiyi-68 yeebhiliyoni zeedola - inani elo, ukongeza kwimali ye-DHS, ibandakanya i-17 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwiSebe lezoKhuselo, kunye ne-4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola nganye Isebe lezoBulungisa kunye nezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu, kunye neebhiliyoni ezimbalwa zokugqibela ezisasazeke phantse kuyo yonke enye i-arhente yomdibaniso ekhoyo.
Ukusukela ngexesha olu lawulo lutsha lwezokhuseleko lwaqala ukusebenza, iOfisi yoXanduva lukaRhulumente (GAO), umlindi wangaphakathi waseWashington, wabiza iDHS ngokuthi "umngcipheko omkhulu” isindululo. Kwaye ayizange itshintshe igama layo. Iingxelo eziqhelekileyo ze-GAO zihlolisisa isebe kwaye zichonge iingxaki ezinkulu. NgoMatshi wonyaka ophelileyo, umzekelo, ingxelo ye-GAO enye phawula ukuba iofisi yayicebise ukuba kwenziwe iinguqulelo ezili-1,600 xa zizonke. Ngelo xesha, isebe “lalithethe malunga nesiqingatha sabo” kuphela - kwaye ukujongana nako akuthethi ukuba kusonjululwe.
Ke qiniseka, kwelona lizwe libalaseleyo lokhuseleko lwelizwe, kukho imiba engama-800 kuphela engaqhelekanga, ngokutsho kwarhulumente, emva kokuba thina njengesizwe sigalele i-791 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumngxunya wokhuseleko lwelizwe. Ngenene, kusekho iingxaki ezisikhewu kwezi ndawo i-DHS ekucingelwa ukuba iyazikhusela egameni lethu:
* Qwalasela ukhuseleko lwezibuko: awuyi kuba nengxaki enkulu yokulala ngesixhobo sokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi eUnited States. Iitheminali zeCargo yindawo yokungena yezikhongozeli ezivela kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye uthotho lweengxelo zifumene ubuthathaka obuninzi-kuquka. ikhefu ekuvavanyeni izixhobo zenyukliya kunye neradiyoloji. Emva kokuchitha i-200 yezigidi zeedola kwitekhnoloji yokuhlola entsha, i-DHS yagqiba ukuba ayizuzisa uphuculo olwaneleyo kwaye yarhoxisa inkqubo (kodwa hayi iindleko kuwe, umhlawuli werhafu).
* Kuphinde kubekho iingxaki zokuhlola abantu abawelela kweli lizwe. Isabelo sengonyama soxanduva lokhuseleko lomda silele inxalenye ye-DHS, i-US Customs kunye noKhuseleko lweBorder (CBP), eyayinebhajethi ye-11.7 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka wezimali ka-2012. ikwayinto ebizwa ngokuba yiNkqubo yoKhuseleko lweBorder kwiSebe likaRhulumente, enembiza eyahlukileyo yenkxaso-mali ukuya kwi-2.2 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kunyaka ophelileyo. I ijaji iphumile malunga nokuba ezi nkqubo zenza umsebenzi wazo ngokutyhafa, nanjengoko zichaza zona ngokwazo. Njengezinye iinkqubo ezininzi ze-DHS, into enye abayenzayo ngempumelelo kukuvala kwaye ukutshixa phantsi oko kwakukade kugqalwa njengoluntu “oluvulelekileyo”.
* Malunga neebhiliyoni zeerandi ezili-14 ngonyaka, iSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe lijongana nokusabela kwentlekele kunye nokuchacha nge-FEMA, into ejolise ekubandakanyeni ukulungela ukwenziwa komntu kunye neentlekele zendalo. Kodwa uphando lwe-2012 yi-GAO fu maneka ukuba i-FEMA isebenzisa indlela yakudala yokuvavanya amandla ommandla wentlekele wokuphendula kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona ngaphandle kokungenelela komanyano - ngokuluncedo, loo ngxelo yaphuma kwinyanga nje ngaphambi koko. Iqhwithi iSandy.
* Kungekudala, kwavela ukukhanya ukuba i-DHS ichithe i-431 yezigidi zeerandi kwinkqubo kanomathotholo yonxibelelwano ngaphakathi kwisebe - kodwa omnye kuphela wabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-400 owabuzwayo malunga nenkqubo ebanga ukuba unombono omncinci wokuyisebenzisa. Ayisothusi into yokuva ukuba amagosa kwii-arhente ezahlukeneyo anengxaki yokunxibelelana, kodwa oku yayiluphawu lokuba, nokuba Ngaphakathi iDHS, abasebenzi bayasokola ngeziseko zonxibelelwano.
* Kuphando olugubungele onke amasebe federal, abasebenzi DHS ingxelo amanqanaba rock-ezantsi Nxaxheba ngomsebenzi wabo. Abasebenzi bayo bayibiza ngokuba yi-DHS kunazo arhente federal ukusebenzela.
Ezo ziingxaki ezimbalwa kwinkitha yeengxaki ezingaphakathi kweli sebe lineminyaka elishumi ubudala. Ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko lwelizwe lasekhaya aluphelelanga kwi-arhente enye, nangona kunjalo, qiniseka ukuba akukho nto idibanisayo:
* Kukho, umzekelo, i-17 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkxaso-mali yokhuseleko lwelizwe kwiSebe lezoKhuselo - intaba yemali yokukhusela kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi, ukukhusela indawo yomoya yase-US, kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko kwiziseko zomkhosi. Kodwa mhlawumbi amagosa okhuselo avakalelwa kukuba i-17 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ayanelanga, ukusukela ngo-Okthobha ka-2012 umbiko yi-GAO yafumanisa ukuba i-Pentagon yayiphelelwe lixesha kwaye ayiphelelanga izicwangciso zokuphendula kuhlaselo lwasekhaya, kuquka ukubhideka malunga nekhonkco lomyalelo ukuba isiganeko esinjalo senzeke. Oko akufanele kumangalise, nangona kunjalo: iPentagon izele kakhulu iingxaki zokongamela kwaye eziphelelwe lixesha, iinkqubo astronomically ezibizayo ukuba yenza DHS ibukeke njenge trim, umatshini ofakwe kakuhle ioli.
* Okanye qwalasela iyunithi yasekhaya yokulwa nobunqolobi kwi-Bureau of Alcohol, iCuba, iMipu, kunye neziqhushumbisi (i-ATF), eyonwabele i-461 yezigidi zeedola kwinkxaso-mali yokhuseleko lwasekhaya kunyaka ophelileyo kwaye ayihlali kwi-DHS okanye kwiPentagon kodwa kwiSebe lezoBulungisa. ATF zenziwa i ntloko ngokunika imipu ephawulweyo kubathumeli baseMexico kunye nokulahlekelwa ngumkhondo wabo - kwaye emva koko bafumanisa ukuba izixhobo zisetyenziswe kulwaphulo-mthetho olubi. Kutshanje, emva kwembubhiso yaseNewtown, i-ATF iye yatsalela ingqalelo kuba iyasilela olona vavanyo lucacileyo lokongamela kunye noxanduva: ayinaye umlawuli oqinisekisiweyo okhokela imisebenzi yayo. (Ngoku ka Hill Iphephandaba, uSen. Charles Grassley (R-IA) okwangoku ebambelele Ukuqeshwa kukaMongameli Obama ukuba abe yintloko ye-arhente.)
IWashington igalele iibhiliyoni ezimangalisayo ekukhuseleni oko kubizwa ngokuba lilizwe, kodwa kwiindawo ezininzi ekufanele zikhuselwe kukho imingxunya eqaqambileyo elingana nelo nxeba livulekileyo kwicala le-Titanic. Kwaye kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo-nazi ngxaki - uhlaselo lwabanqolobi kwilizwe lasekhaya alukhange luwenze buhlungu umphefumlo. Oko kunokunikela umkhondo wokuba yayiphosakele kangakanani na imbono yeSebe lezoKhuseleko lweLizwe kwasekuqaleni. Ekuvukeni kwe-9/11, ukugalela iipesenti ezincinci zaloo mali ye-DHS kwimiba yokhuseleko ekhanyayo, ukusuka ukufa ngokutya ukuba ukufa ngompu ukuba ukufa ngemoto, ukukhankanya nje ezintathu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba zenze abantu baseMelika bakhuseleke ngokwenene, xa kuthelekiswa, ixabiso elincinci.
Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ingaqhelekanga yemisebenzi yokhuseleko lwelizwe ingaba yile: kukho akukho nkcazelo ekuvunyelwene ngayo kuba luyintoni na ukhuseleko lwelizwe. Iimali ezithe zagalelwa yiWashington kumbono kungekudala ziya kufikelela kwitriliyoni yeedola kwaye kunjalo ngumbono ongenamida ecacileyo ekungekho mntu unokuvumelana nawo. Okubi nangakumbi, bambalwa ababuza imibuzo enzima malunga nokuba loluphi ukhuseleko esiludinga ngokwenene okanye eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuluphumeza. Endaweni yoko, iWashington yakha i-bureaucracy egcwele iingxaki kwaye yayibeka kwi-autopilot.
Kwaye oko kusizisa kunamhlanje. Ukucuthwa kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kusendleleni yeenkqubo ezininzi zomdibaniso, kodwa abaninzi abezomthetho bayakuchasa ngokuvakalayo nakuphi na ukucuthwa kwenkxaso-mali yokhuseleko. Eyona nto icace kabuhlungu yile: into yokuba inkqubo inikwe ileyibhile yokhuseleko lwelizwe okanye lwelizwe ayithethi ukuba ukuthotywa kwayo kuya kulubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko lwaseMelika. Ubungqina obuninzi be inkunkuma, kuphinda, kunye nolawulo olulambathayo lucebisa ukuba iWashington ingachitha imali encinci kukhuseleko, ijolise ngcono, kwaye ikhuseleke kakhulu.
Okwangoku, okufanayo umbiko eyalumkisa ekuqaleni kuka-2001 ngohlaselo lwabanqolobi kumhlaba wase-US ikwacebise ukuphinda-phindwe inkxaso-mali kwimfundo kwisayensi nakwithekhinoloji.
Kwi-fiva yokunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali yangoku, umnqweno wokukhusela inkxaso-mali engenamda kwiinkqubo zokhuseleko lwesizwe ngo ukudiliza utyalo-mali ebalulekileyo kubungangamsha beli lizwe - kubandakanywa nemfundo ekumgangatho wehlabathi kunye neenkqubo zeziseko zophuhliso - inyanzelekile ukuba ibe namandla. Ngoko nanini na usiva ibinzana elithi “ukhuseleko lwelizwe lasekhaya,” lumka: ukhuseleko lwakho lwexesha elide lunokuba sengozini.
UMattea Kramer ungumlawuli wophando kwi Iprojekthi ePhambili yeSizwe, apho uChris Hellman ungumhlalutyi ophezulu wophando. Zombini zinjalo TomDispatch rhoqo. Bayibhala kunye le ncwadi IsiKhokelo saBantu kwiBhajethi yeFederal.
Landela iTomDispatch on Twitter uze usijoyine Facebook. Jonga eyona ncwadi intsha yeDispatch, kaNick Turse Ukutshintsha kobuso boBukhosi: Ii-Ops eziKhethekileyo, iiDrones, i-Proxy Fighters, iziseko ezifihlakeleyo, kunye ne-Cyberwarfare.
Eli nqaku libonakala kuqala TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika, Umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Indlela yaseMelika yeMfazwe: Indlela iiMfazwe zikaBush zaba zezo zika-Obama (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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Nikela