[Intshayelelo yoMguquli: Inqaku elilandelayo likaFawwaz Traboulsi livele kwi-Beirut yonke imihla njengoko-Safir kaDisemba 2, 2009.
Inqaku likaTraboulsi luvavanyo kunye nokugxeka okushiyekileyo kwemixholo ephambili kwi Iqonga elitsha lezopolitiko leHezbollah. Eli qonga lakhutshwa nge-30 kaNovemba ekuqukunjelweni kwenkongolo kawonke-wonke eyayidibane ngamaxesha athile kwiinyanga eziliqela. Yapapashwa ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo kumaziko osasazo amaninzi ngolwimi lwesi-Arabhu, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweLebhanon, ekuqaleni kukaDisemba 2009. Iqonga ngoku liba yi-manifesto yezopolitiko ye-Hezbollah endaweni yoxwebhu lokusekwa kwayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-1985 Open Letter.
I-Hezbollah ifumene utshintsho oluninzi ukusukela phakathi koo-1980. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo mhlawumbi, ebonwa ngokwembono yaseNtshona ethanda ukugxininisa kugxininiso olumxinwa lobuSilamsi beHezbollah, kukushenxiswa kwayo kancinci kancinci kwikhwelo lokuseka ilizwe lamaSilamsi eLebhanon. Olu bizo, kunye nokuthembeka kuLawulo lweJurisprudent (Wilayat al-Faqih), zazicacile kwi-Open Letter yowe-1985. Iqonga elitsha lilahla ikhwelo lelizwe lamaSilamsi eLebhanon, lamkela ukuhlukahluka koluntu lwaseLebhanon, kwaye alikhankanyi ngoLawulo lweJurisprudent. Ngokuqinisekileyo olu luphuhliso olwamkelekileyo. Kodwa kukho eminye imiba kwiqonga elitsha elingadunyiswa kangako, uTraboulsi athetha ngalo kwinqaku lakhe. - Assaf Kfoury]
Eyona nto igqamileyo kwiqonga lezopolitiko elikhutshwe yiHezbollah ekuqukunjelweni kwenkongolo yakutshanje yindlela evavanya ngayo imbali yayo kunye nophuhliso ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980. Olu xwebhu luphonononga ikota yenkulungwane yamava anezinto ezininzi namadini. Ibonakalisa ubuninzi bezivumelwano kunye nempembelelo, ukuba ayizozisi ezohlukeneyo. Ngaxeshanye, iHezbollah inqwenela ukuba ngumbutho "wenkululeko yesizwe" phakathi kweminye imibutho enjalo ehlabathini; intshukumo "yokuchasa" kwinqanaba lengingqi, kunye nazo zonke iintsingiselo zokutyunjwa kokugqibela zivusa phakathi kwama-Arabhu ngokunxulumene nomzabalazo wasePalestine; kwaye ngokwandayo "amandla okhuselo lwelizwe" eLebhanon. Kolu bizo lwesithathu, iHezbollah ikhupha nawaphi na amathandabuzo ahlala ihleli malunga nesigqibo sayo sokuba liqabane elipheleleyo kwinkqubo yokuvuma izono yaseLebhanon, ukuba ayikuko ukwamkela iimeko zentlalo noqoqosho eziphantsi kwenkqubo enjalo.
Kulinge lwayo lokuzibeka phakathi kwemibutho yenkululeko yesizwe kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye nokuba negalelo kumzabalazo wommandla wokulwa nolawulo lwamakoloneli, iqonga elitsha lezopolitiko leHezbollah liboleka abaninzi. iifomula kunye nezimvo ezicaciswe zizithethe zasekhohlo. Phakathi kwezi kukuqonda kwayo ukuba ukufikelela kwe-impiriyalizim kwihlabathi namhlanje kufuna ukuhlanganiswa kwehlabathi ukusabela kuyo. Oku kubonakala ekunyanzeliseni kweqonga kumakhonkco phakathi kwemizabalazo yabantu base-Arab kunye neentshukumo zasekhohlo kumazwe aliqela aseLatin America.
Iqonga libonelela ngombono wehlabathi jikelele wenkqubo yama impiriyali ekhokelwa yi-United States uSirayeli eyinxalenye yayo ebalulekileyo. Ayisihoyi isiseko soqoqosho solawulo lwama impiriyali, esiyichaza โnjengongxowankulu obukhohlakeleyoโ โ sicingela ukuba ayifukami nayiphi na inkohliso yokuba enye indlela โyobungxowankulu obuthambileyoโ iya kuba bubugwenxa obungaphantsi. Nangona isalathiso saso "kwi-complex ye-military-industrial complex", endaweni ye-capitalism yezemali, iphelelwe lixesha njengeyona nto imiselayo ebumba imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US, iqonga lichonge ngokufanelekileyo inqanaba lamva nje le-impiriyalizim njengomanyano lwehlabathi lwemonopoli kunye nomanyano lomkhosi. Kolu kuqonda, umntu unokulindela ukuba iHezbollah iphinde iqwalasele indawo yayo kumzabalazo phakathi kobutyebi nentlupheko naphakathi komcinezeli nabacinezelweyo.
Ngaphandle kokukhawuleza ukuvakalisa ukutshatyalaliswa okusondeleyo kwehlabathi elingabonakaliyo kunye neprojekthi yeZionist yokuwa ngokungenakuphepheka, iqonga elitsha le-Hezbollah alibandakanyi into eninzi enokuthi ifakwe kwiingcamango zenguqu ye-Ali Shariati okanye "kwi-Islam eguquguqukayo", njengoko abanye banokuphikisana. Endaweni yoko, iqonga livelisa ezinye zeesilogeni zeRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi phantsi kuka-Ali Khamene'i, inkokeli eyongamileyo yase-Iran. Ezi slogani zingaphantsi malunga nemilinganiselo yangaphambili yeriphabliki kunye ne-revolutionary fervor kunokuba kunjalo malunga nemfuno yangoku yabalawuli baseIran yokhuseleko kunye nolawulo lweengcamango.
Kwimiba yengingqi Arab, iqonga elitsha ushiya uninzi lwale ajenda ngaphambili [ephefumlelwe izimvo Ali Shariati kaThixo], apho ikhankanya kuphela ukuphangwa yi impiriyali izibonelelo yeoli yommandla. Nangona kunjalo, olu gxininiso kwi-oyile lubalulekile kwaye alunakugqithiswa ngexesha apho kukho ingxoxo encinci yoluntu malunga nayo kunye nendima yayo ekugcineni ulawulo oluphantsi lommandla. Ezi ziimpawu ezimbalwa ezamkelekileyo zokuvula isihloko esingahoywayo ngokubanzi kwaye siphakamise imiba ebalulekileyo engekaphononongwa ngokunzulu.
Ukuguqukela kwimiba yokuchasana kunye nothethathethwano ngokunxulumene nongquzulwano lwama-Arab-Israel, iqonga elitsha le-Hezbollah liwuphephela ngokupheleleyo umbuzo welizwe lasePalestina kwaye liziqulathe ngekhwelo lokukhululwa ngokupheleleyo kwePalestine kunye nokubuyiselwa kwawo onke amalungelo asePalestina. I-Hezbollah iphinda ibango layo kurhulumente wama-Arabhu ukuba iyeke ukulandela isivumelwano sothethathethwano noSirayeli kwaye ibonelele ngamava ayo okuxhathisa ngezixhobo njengomzekelo wokulandela nokufunda kuwo.
Kwimiba yangaphakathi yaseLebhanon, iqonga elitsha leHezbollah libhengeza ukuthotyelwa kwayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yaseLebhanon. Kuyakhuthaza ukufunda olu hlobo lwesibhengezo kwabo bahlawula kakhulu ukukhusela ilizwe. Ukwanelisa ngokulinganayo iqonga intlonipho ecacileyo iyantlukwano, nangona yandisa ububanzi le yantlukwano kwizinto ngaphandle kwezopolitiko, inkcubeko kunye neengcamango, ukuquka eLebhanon emiliselwe confessional ezopolitiko.
Nangona iqonga elitsha le-Hezbollah lisithi ukuvuma izono kusisiphelo senkqubo yolawulo lwaseLebhanon kunye nomqobo oyintloko ekuphunyezweni kwedemokhrasi yokwenyani, iyashenxa nasekukhupheni ubizo lokuyisusa. Kwinkomfa yabezindaba ngosuku olulandelayo lokupapashwa kweqonga, u-Hassan Nasrallah [unobhala-jikelele we-Hezbollah] wazikhawulela kwikhwelo lokusekwa kwebhunga lesizwe lokuphelisa ukuvuma izono, kodwa ngokukhawuleza wongezelela ukuba ukusekwa kwebhunga elinjalo akuyomfuneko. kuthetha ukwamkelwa kwezikhokelo zayo ekugqibeleni. Okwangoku, iHezbollah ibhengeza intlonipho yayo yonxulumano* njengowona ubonisa umoya womgaqo-siseko. Kakade ke, oku kuyayibetha ngoyaba into yokuba, nokuba yintoni na "umoya womgaqo-siseko" othetha ngayo, ayinakuba yinkcazelo emacala omabini kwaye kufuneka kufikelelwe kuyo ngokuxoxisana nabanye abemi kunye namaqela achaphazelekayo.
Iqonga elitsha le-Hezbollah alipheleli ekubhengezeni imigaqo jikelele yedemokhrasi kunye nolawulo olululo, kodwa liqhubeleka nokucacisa iplani ethile "ukwakha urhulumente". Kulo mbandela, iqonga linegalelo kwimvumelwano yobuqhophololo, eqhelekileyo kuwo onke amasebe olawulo lweLebhanon, ngokuphinda uluhlu olude lweempawu ezinqwenelekayo zelizwe elizayo elilungileyo - ukusuka ekumiseni amaziko anamhlanje kunye nolawulo lomthetho, ukuya kutsho. ukukhathalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kunye noluhlu phakathi kwezinto ezifana nokumelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwepalamente, ukuphela korhwaphilizo, ukuzimela kwenkundla, ukunikezelwa kolawulo lukarhulumente, njl njl. isiphumo sayo.
Le nto ithethwayo apha โngokwakha umbusoโ ifana naleyo ithethwayo โngokupheliswa kokuvuma izonoโ. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, zixuba kwaye zidibanise: ithemba, elingenakwenzeka, kunye nexesha elingaphambi kwexesha - konke kukuphefumula okufanayo. Kunyanzelekile kwi-Hezbollah, njengoko ikubo bonke amaqabane ayo ekusekweni kokulawula, ukuqhekeza eli qhina: Bacinga njani "ukwakha urhulumente" ngaphakathi kwemida yenkqubo yokunxibelelana / yokuvuma izono abayibhengeza, ngaxeshanye. ixesha, ukuba ibe ngumqobo osisiseko ekuphunyezweni kwedemokhrasi yokwenene? Kunokwenziwa njani oku xa le nkqubo isesona sikhubekiso siphambili phambi kwezi mpawu zikhankanywe ngasentla zombuso olungileyo [leyo iHezbollah namahlakani ayo kurhulumente angadinwa ukuyikhankanya]?
Iqonga elitsha leHezbollah liphakamisa umbuzo ofanayo kwimiba emalunga noqoqosho. Ibala uluhlu olude lweminqweno - uphuhliso olulinganisiweyo phakathi kwemimandla, uqoqosho olusekelwe kumacandelo avelisayo, iindlela eziphuculweyo zokuvelisa kunye nokusabalalisa, iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo kwimfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kunye nezindlu, ukunikezelwa kwamathuba omsebenzi, njl njl - njengokungathi zonke zifikeleleka kwaye ngaphandle kwesidingo sotshintsho olusisiseko. Iqonga libhengeza injongo yeHezbollah yokunciphisa intlupheko, umzekelo, kodwa oku kuya kuphunyezwa njani ngokuthobela imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neo-liberal yeBhanki yeHlabathi [eyamkelwa lula ngoorhulumente baseLebhanon abalandelelanayo] kunokunciphisa iyantlukwano yemivuzo phakathi kweeklasi? Kwaye sisiphi isicwangciso esikhoyo sokunciphisa ukufuduka kunye nokubonelela ngemisebenzi ngelixa inkqubo yemfundo yaseLebanon iye yabucala ubukhulu becala, ubukhulu becala iye yaqhawula umtshato kwiimfuno zelizwe, yaza yajoliswa ngakumbi ekuboneleleni abafundi abaphumelele eyunivesithi kuqoqosho lwangaphandle? Olu luhlu lude lweminqweno luqulunqwe ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kwetyala elikhulu lesizwe kunye nemfuneko yokuphinda kuqwalaselwe inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezigqibo eziyimfuneko ukuze kukhuthazwe utyalo-mali, kukhuselwe amacandelo anemveliso, kunye nokwabelana ngokutsha ngokulinganayo kwezibonelelo neenkonzo zoluntu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iHezbollah ihambe kude kangakanani nomfanekiso wayo wangaphambili njengeqela labahluphekayo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwaye ingahoywanga idolophu yasezidolophini, nangona yayisoloko iphakathi koluntu lwamaShiite. Ngaba oku kubonisa iinguqu ezinkulu eziye zabonwa luluntu kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane? Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaShiite aseLebhanon aye aphembelela amaza amakhulu abafuduki, avelisa abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi ozithembayo, avelisa inani elikhulu labaphumelele eyunivesithi, aza aziqwebela ubutyebi obuninzi kwiindawo ezikude abafudukela kuzo. Okanye ngaba lo mfanekiso utshintshileyo uyahambelana nokuguquguquka kwentembeko olwenziwa ngabanye abantu abavumayo kwinkqubo yaseLebhanon nabo kwixesha elidlulileyo, apho icandelo loohlohlesakhe kuluntu ngalunye lithanda ukuphosa ubunzima balo ngasemva kwegunya elilawulayo phakathi koluntu lwalo? I-Hezbollah ngoku iliqela lezopolitiko elingachaswanga phakathi kwamaShiite aseLebhanon, kwaye ngakumbi ukusukela ngemfazwe kaJulayi-Agasti ka-2006.
Kuyafaneleka ukuqaphela ukuba, ngokulindela ukuxhathisa uxinzelelo lwexesha elizayo lokukhupha izixhobo, iqonga elitsha le-Hezbollah lifuna ukugcina umkhosi odumileyo (ubonakaliswa ngumkhosi we-guerilla we-Hezbollah) kunye nomkhosi wesizwe, kunye nabo bobabini ababandakanyekayo kukhuselo lwelizwe. Kuyenzeka ukufunda ukwala kweHezbollah ukuphinda amqonde uSirayeli njengesilumkiso sangaphambili sokuba akasayi kuziyeka iingalo zakhe, ukuba kunokwenzeka Ukuphinda kuqale kuthethathethwano phakathi kukaSirayeli neSyria okunokuthi kukhokhelele kwisivumelwano soxolo esiya kubandakanya zombini iLebhanon neSyria.
Okokugqibela, malunga nobudlelwane baseLebhanon nePalestine, iqonga elitsha leHezbollah alihlangani nobuhlanga obuchasayo bePalestine bomhlobo wayo, iFree Patriotic Movement ekhokelwa nguGeneral Michel Aoun. Iqonga ligxininisa endaweni yokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo oluntu asePalestina. Iyaphinda into esele igugile "yokwala ukuhlaliswa ngokusisigxina" (kweembacu zasePalestina eLebhanon) - ibinzana lamagama awo onke amasebe olawulo lwaseLebhanon - kodwa idibanisa nelungelo lokubuya lasePalestine.
Kwiphulo lakutshanje lokuququzelela ukuthuthwa kweemoto eDahiya (idolophu yaseBeirut ethe tyaba esemazantsi apho uninzi lwamaShiites), iHezbollah ibonise iibhanile ezifundeka ngolu hlobo โumyalelo uvela elukholweniโ. Ngaba olu hlobo locwangco - ukukhonza nokulawulwa ngabagcini bebhanki, abarhwebi, kunye neekontraka - luvela elukholweni okanye kukungahloneli okuthe tye?
Phawula
* Umanyano (al-tawafuqiyyah or al tawafuqiyyah al-tawa'iffiyyah) yi-euphemism yangoku yaseLebhanon ukwenzela "i-confessionalism" yemveli kodwa iya ihlaziswa.
Fawwaz Traboulsi ubhale kwimbali, ipolitiki yama-Arabhu, ukunyakaza kwezentlalo kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo kunye nemisebenzi eguqulelwe nguKarl Marx, uJohn Reed, uAntonio Gramsci, u-Isaac Deutscher, uJohn Berger, u-Etel Adnan, uSa`di Yusuf kunye no-Edward Said. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngesiNgesi yiMbali yeLebhanon yanamhlanje (Pluto Press, 2007). Umguquleli, uAssaf Kfoury, nguNjingalwazi weNzululwazi yeKhompyutha kwiYunivesithi yaseBoston.
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