Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amanqaku kunye neencwadi ezibhalwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ubugwenxa, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle othambekele emkhosini wase-United States ukhutshwe ngobuninzi. Iphononongwa kaninzi yimibuzo enxulumeneyo: Ngawaphi amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, ngawaphi amaqela alawulayo kunye namaqela, zeziphi iingcamango ezenza iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo zichithe iitriliyoni zeedola kwimali yabarhafi kwiimfazwe ezingekho mthethweni kunye nemisebenzi yokwanda kwenkohlakalo - iimfazwe apho imikhosi exhobileyo yaphula imigangatho efanayo neJapan kunye neJamani. isikali esikhulu ngokupheleleyo? Kunokwenzeka njani oku?
Iphulo ukuguqula abalawuli baseMelika kunye namajoni amaninzi okulwa ukuba abe ngabaphuli-mthetho abakhohlakeleyo abalwa iimfazwe ezingenamsebenzi zobundlobongela, kuqala kumaziko ezopolitiko aseMelika aneziphene kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho, inkcubeko yayo yolawulo lomkhosi, kunye nazo zonke iimbono zayo ezixhasa ubuhlanga, ububodwa be-narcissistic, kunye nobundlobongela obuhlangulayo. . Ukucamngca ngakumbi kucebisa ukuba la maziko kunye neengcinga zenza ukuziqonda kwethu kuzwelonke.
In Amandla eBhobho: UBongameli bale mihla kunye neLizwe loKhuseleko lweSizwe (2010), uGarry Wills ugxile kwibhombu yeathom kunye nendlela eyayiguqula ngayo indima yeMelika yehlabathi, yaba nefuthe kudidi lwayo lwezopolitiko, yatshintsha amandla kamongameli, kwaye “yafaka ubume boloyiko.”[1] IWill ixoxa ngelithi ukuguqulwa kwe-US ibe yindawo yokhuseleko lwesizwe engenakutshabalala, ezinikele ekugcineni i-US yobungxowankulu behlabathi, yaqala ngokuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nesibhengezo sikaMongameli Roosevelt semeko yonxunguphalo lwemfazwe. Emva koko kwafika iPearl Harbour kunye nogunyaziso lweFDR lwemfihlo, iManhattan Project engekho mthethweni yokwakha ibhombu yeathom.
Isigaba sokwakha siqhubekile phantsi kukaTruman, owandisa amandla akhe emfazwe, eqhubela phambili inkolo yomphathi oyintloko okwaziyo ukwenza isizwe kwimfazwe ekhubekisayo. I-CIA, "isifungo sokunyaniseka," kunye namagqwetha jikelele "uluhlu" lwemibutho evaliweyo yonke imihla ye-1947. Zazijoliswe ekufihleni ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ezoqoqosho kunye neqhinga lase-US ekuhlolweni kwedemokhrasi, ngelixa lithintela isazela somntu. Aba babini bokugqibela barhoxa ngokwezopolitiko kulingo lobugqwirha baseSalem. Kwalandela amanye amaziko asebenzisanayo esebe, kuquka i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe (NSA), eyasekwa emfihlekweni ngowe-1952 yaye ngoku iintlola kubemi base-US.[2] Ngeli xesha imigaqo-nkqubo yemfazwe ebandayo yokulwa neSoviet Union enje nge-NSC-68 ikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwemfazwe, imfihlo ngakumbi kunye nokungaphenduli.
Ukusekwa kokhuseleko lwesizwe ekugqibeleni kwazinzisa nzulu ngakumbi kuburhulumente, kuqoqosho, kwiidyunivesithi, nakwiCongress. Iimfazwe zikaMongameli ezikhethiweyo ukusuka eKorea ukuya eVietnam zayikhawulezisa le nkqubo. Njengoko imfazwe yaba sisiphelo ngokwayo, impiriyali yaseMelika yaya iyonakalisa ngakumbi. Ngokuwa kweSoviet Union, ekuphela kothintelo lwangaphandle kwiinkokeli zethu zokubonisa i-emperial hubris yanyamalala, yashiya abemi abachaphazelekayo kunye nabangaphandle njengabamangaleli bakawonke-wonke kulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US.
Nangona kunjalo iimpawu ezicwangcisiweyo zobume belizwe laseMelika ziyasilela ukusithatha ngokwaneleyo. Enye inkcazo yokwanda kobume bomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye nokuziphatha kwemfazwe kunokufunyanwa kutshintsho kwiingcamango zomthetho kunye nesimo sengqondo phakathi kwabaphezulu abalawulayo, okuvela (a) ukunyuka kwelizwe lokhuseleko lwesizwe, (b) isithethe se-positivism esemthethweni, ethatha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengentando yelizwe engasekelwanga ekuziphatheni, kunye (c) nombono kaMachavellian wabenzi bezigqibo abaxhasa imfazwe abasebenzisa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kwiinjongo zomkhosi nezopolitiko. Kwakudala ngaphambi kohlaselo lwe-9/11, izikhulu zezopolitiko ezisekelwe emxinwa zaziyikhabile imbono yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengothintelo ekusebenziseni amandla. Baye bajonga ulawulo lomthetho, endaweni yoko, njengendlela yokubonisa amandla ase-US kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwama impiriyali ase-US.[3]
Ikhabhinethi kaBush kunye nabacebisi bayo baye bawucekisa ngokupheleleyo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengeziko lokujonga ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, okubhalwe kwi-UN Charter kunye ne-Geneva Conventions. Ngaloo ndlela bawuxhoma umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, bethethelela (ngokwembono yabo) ubundlongondlongo, ukubulala, nokungcungcuthekiswa kwabo babebabeke ngaphandle “kwempucuko” ngokubabiza ngokuba “ngamajoni aziintshaba ezingekho mthethweni.” Kwaye iBhunga lezoKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo lazithobisa ngokukhawuleza ngokuba lihlale lisisicaka sase-US, liyinike amalungelo omsebenzi kunye nokugunyazisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.
URumsfeld noCheney bavakalise indelelo yabalawuli ngomthetho ngokugunyazisa nangokubandakanyeka ngokobuqu ekuthuthunjisweni. Usekela unobhala weRumsfeld uPaul Wolfowitz wakhupha umyalelo weSebe lezoKhuselo nge-25 kaMatshi ka-2002 othi "wakhulula imithetho echasene nokulinga abantu kumabanjwa" kwaye kamva wasetyenziswa kumabanjwa kwintolongo yaseGuantanamo Bay. ixesha elide kwakufuneka kuthotyelwe ngokungqongqo uMyalelo waseNuremberg woLingelo loLuntu. Ngeli xesha, amagqwetha "Bush Six" asebenza kwisebe lesigqeba - uAlberto Gonzales, uDavid Addington, uJohn Yoo, uJay Baybee, uWilliam S. Haynes II, noDouglas J. Feith (ongelogqwetha) - bancedise ulawulo lukaBush ukuba lubuyele kubukrwada bobabini. kwindlela yokuziphatha kwayo emfazweni nasekubonakaliseni kwayo utshaba.
Indlela yesithathu yokujonga izizathu ezisisiseko zokubuyela kwi-barbarism yaseMelika inikezelwa kuJohn W. Dower's. Iinkcubeko zeMfazwe: iPearl Harbour / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq, imbali ethelekisekayo yamaJapan kunye namaMelika amaqhinga obudenge. UDower uhlalutya iingqondo ezihambelanayo, ezivaliweyo, zephondo, ezithatha inxaxheba zabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abaphezulu bolawulo lukaBush. Ubonisa indlela i-elites kulawulo lukaBush, kunye nabo bakumajelo eendaba ahlangeneyo ababelana ngeengcinga zabo, bangabahoyi abagxeki bemfazwe kwaye baqhubela isizwe emfazweni ngokumelene ne-Iraq. UDower uqukumbela iingcinga zakhe ngokuqaphela ukuba imvelaphi yaseMelika kulwaphulo-mthetho eIraq yenzeke ngokuhambelana nokunyuka koxhatshazo lwezoqoqosho ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kunye nokuthotywa ngokubanzi kwemigangatho yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha phakathi kwezopolitiko zaseWashington kunye nabaxhasi bezimali baseWall Street. Okuqhelekileyo kubo bobabini abaphezulu emkhosini nabezoqoqosho, amajoni kunye neenkokheli zequmrhu, yayibubudlelwane babo kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuzikhohlisa. Ukucinga kwawo “olusekelwe elukholweni,” ukuwudela umthetho, nokungazicingeli kwawo kwakhokelela ekubeni enze izigqibo nakwimigwebo ephosakeleyo eye yabangela ukubandezeleka nokufa okungathethekiyo.[5]
Ingcambu yokuziphatha okungekho mthethweni kweenkokheli zezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho kunye nezomkhosi zaseMelika zilele kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko, olugxile "kumatshini wokwenza imfazwe" obizwa ngokuba yiPentagon. [6] Apha iiprojekthi zoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, kunye nezomkhosi ziyadityaniswa, amandla karhulumente kunye nabucala adityaniswa ukuze kuxhamle oosomashishini abakhulu abenza ingeniso. Kwiqela ngalinye lamagosa aphezulu - "abemi bomkhosi" -bajikeleza izikhundla, besuka kumasebe karhulumente kunye neearhente ukuya kwizikhundla zolawulo kunye neengcebiso, okanye basebenze njengabaphembeleli bemibutho eshishina norhulumente. Ukurhafiswa kunye nokulawula inkunzi enkulu kunye nabarhola imivuzo ephezulu kakhulu ukuze babe negalelo elikhulu kakhulu ngokomlinganiselo wengeniso yabo kunokuba lonke uluntu lunokuthi, okwexeshana, luguqule izinto eziphambili kuqoqosho lwaseMelika kwaye ngokungangqalanga libe negalelo kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle we-bellicose ongaphantsi. Kodwa loo nto ayinakwenzeka ukuba yenzeke kwaye, ngokwayo, ayisoze yanele ukulungisa uqoqosho lwase-US olunomkhosi.
Ingcaciso yokunyamezela kwabantu baseMelika ubugebenga bemfazwe beenkokeli zabo ifuna ukuba sijongane neminye imiba emininzi ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, ungquzulwano lukaSirayeli nePalestina lusasaza intiyo ngeUnited States. Kuba iWashington inika amandla kunye nomdlali osebenzisana naye kwiimfazwe zakwaSirayeli, ukubulawa kwabantu, kunye nokuvalelwa kwabantu basePalestine ngaphandle kwezityholo okanye amatyala. Ixhasa ubusela obuqhubekayo bakwaSirayeli bomhlaba wasePalestine kwaye ikwangumkhuseli wakwaSirayeli kulo naliphi na inqanaba lesohlwayo se-UN. Abantu baseMelika abanako ukujongana nolwaphulo-mthetho lwabo lwemfazwe ngelixa beqhubeka nokuthethelela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yakwaSirayeli.[7] Okukhathaza ngakumbi, abalandeli abaninzi baseMelika bakwa-Israyeli baxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo eyoyikisayo esekwe ekudibaneni kwezikhundla kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yemfazwe ka-Obama eyaqala ngo-2009.
Omnye umba yindima ye-propaganda ye-conglomerates ye-corporate-media efuna inzuzo ekugcineni abemi ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphakathi kwemida yokusekwa kwemvumelwano kwimiba yemfazwe noxolo. I-CNN, i-NBC, i-MSNBC, iindaba ze-NPR, iFox, kunye neendaba zabo ezivunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni kunye neepundits zigqwetha iindaba mihla le ukuze bamise kwaye baqondise umsindo woluntu, bagcine abantu bengenzi nto kwezopolitiko, kwaye babafake kwicala likarhulumente. Bakhuthaza abemi ukuba babukholelwe ubuxoki bamagosa karhulumente baze benze izinto ngenxa yoloyiko nokunganqabiseki. Ngokuthetha ngeentetho kunye neengongoma zokuthetha zabaphezulu abalawulayo, abanye abazibiza ngokuba "ziintatheli," bafumana imivuzo yezigidi zeedola.
Noko ke, inkoliso yeentatheli akuyomfuneko ukuba ithengwe ngoosomashishini abanemali. Iingcamango nemilinganiselo ekwabelwana ngayo ziyabakhokela ekuchazeni “izisongelo,” ekunikeleni ingxelo ngokutshintsha kwamagunya ehlabathi, nasekukhetheni iziganeko ezithile “njengeendaba” kungekhona ezinye. Iingcamango zabo kunye nokuba sengozini ekucingeni kweqela zibadibanisa kwilizwe lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuzijonga kunye noluhlu olumxinwa lwezimvo ezivumelekileyo luphawu lwengxelo yeendaba kumajelo eendaba ase-US. Ushicilelo olugwenxa lweendaba kunye nokuthambekela apho iintshaba zaseMelika zikhathazwa ziidemon ziyaziwa. Ihlalutywe kabukhali kwizifundo zakudala nguNoam Chomsky no-Edward S. Herman, noHoward Friel noRichard Falk. [8]
Ngokomzekelo, e-Iraq phambi kokuba Uhlaselo lwase-US olungekho mthethweni kunye nokusebenza, apho ababhali abahleli kunye neentatheli ze ENew York Times ikhuthazwe ngenkuthalo, imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US ne-Bhritane yalutshabalalisa uqoqosho lwase-Iraq kwaye yabangela ukuba izinga lokufa kwabantu base-Iraqi linyuke. Njengoko uJoy Gordon ephawula Imfazwe engabonakaliyo: I-United States kunye ne-Iraq Sanctions (2010), “uninzi lwezifundo ebudeni bolawulo lwezohlwayo lubonisa ngamandla ukuba, ukususela [ngoAprili] 1990 ukuya [kuMatshi] 2003 . . . ubuncinane abantwana abangama-500,000 babulawa kukungondleki nezifo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ngebabesaphila.”[9]
Uhlalutyo luka-Edward S. Herman kunye noDavid Petersen malunga nendlela amajelo eendaba ase-US kunye nokusekwa kweengqondi baphatha ngayo iphulo lokuqhubhisa ibhombu yangaphambili kunye nesohlwayo zorhwebo, esibizwa ngokuba yi "oyile yeprogram yokutya," inikezela ukutolika okwahlukileyo kwedatha. Bagxininise ngokufanelekileyo ukuba i-US yoshicilelo lwemithombo yeendaba mhlawumbi izichithile izityholo "zokubulawa kohlanga" njengesiphumo esithe ngqo somgaqo-nkqubo wase-US "wotshintsho lolawulo" ngezohlwayo zoqoqosho, okanye basilele ukuvuma ukufa kwabantu base-Iraq kunye nokubandezeleka. njengembubhiso kuba iWashington kunye nelinye lamazwe abaxhasi bayo babeyenza. [10] Ipropaganda yobuchule ithintele obu lwaphulo-mthetho loyikekayo ukuba lungabhaliswa kwisazela saseMelika. Yiyo loo nto izohlwayo zase-Iraq zifumana ileyibhile "imbubhiso eyakhayo" ngokuchaseneyo nezinye iindidi ezibhalwe ngokwahlukileyo ngamajelo eendaba.
Ukanti ezinye iindlela ezinethemba elincinci zikhona ezichasene noburhalarhume obukhulayo kunye nokungabi nangqiqo komkhosi wase-US. Okwangoku ibala lokulwa litshintshele kwi-intanethi. Apha i-Wikileaks exabiseke kakhulu kunye nezinye iiwebhusayithi ze-pro-demokhrasi ezilandela umzekelo wayo ziye zaphindaphinda iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe kunye norhwaphilizo lukarhulumente, ukwandisa amathuba okutshintsha kwentando yesininzi, njengaseTunisia, kunye nokutyhila inyaniso yomgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika kunye nenkxaso yayo. Ulawulo lobuzwilakhe kuMbindi Mpuma oluxhasa umdla wamashishini ase-US nakwiYurophu.
Kwelakhe icala, urhulumente ka-Obama uzama ukugcina imozulu yasemva kwe-9/11 yokoyika-ukufa, ebisebenza ngokwembali ukukhuthaza ubundlobongela. Ukanti e-Afghanistan, apho u-Obama enyanzelisa ukuba aqhubeke nemfazwe yakhe elahlekileyo, ukuhla kwi-barbarism yemikhosi exhobileyo yase-US inyanzelisa ukuchasana okuxhobileyo. Ehlabathini lonke abantu baye balahlekelwa yintlonelo ngeUnited States baza bafunda ukungazinanzi iintetho zohanahaniso zorhulumente wayo; ngelixa ekhaya abantu abaninzi baseMelika bevuka kwindalo enesiphene yelizwe labo elihlala lisilwa lokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kungumbono ongeyonyani, onegalelo ekuziqondeni kwesizwe sobuxoki, ukuqhubeka ucinga i-United States njengedemokhrasi esebenzayo xa, kwimiba ebaluleke kakhulu kubemi baseMelika, iyinto echasene norhulumente wedemokhrasi, singasathethi ke ngoku. Iriphabliki.
amaNqaku
1. UGarry Wills, Amandla eBhobho: UBongameli bale mihla kunye neLizwe loKhuseleko lweSizwe (IPenguin Press, 2010), iphe. 53.
2. UHerbert N. Foerstel, Inkululeko yoLwazi kunye neLungelo lokwazi: Imvelaphi kunye nezicelo zoMthetho wenkululeko yoLwazi (Greenwood Press, 1999), iphe. 115.
3. Anne Orford, “A Jurisprudence of the Limit,” e-Orford, ed., Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neminye yawo (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2006), iphe. 24; UDavid Kennedy, "Ukuphonononga kwakhona i-International Humanitarianism: Amacala aMnyama," e-Orford, ed., Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye neminye yawo, iphepha 145-6. Jonga kwakhona uRichard A. Falk uphononongo oluhle lwale ngqokelela yesincoko kwi Ijenali yaseMelika yoMthetho waMazwe ngaMazwe, Umqu. 104, No. 3 (Julayi 2010), iphe. 543-8.
4. UJason Leopold noJeffrey Kaye, “Ukuphatha amabanjwa njengeehagu zaseGuinea,” ithunyelwe ngo-Oct. 14, 20010 kwi-Consortiumnews.com.
5. UJohn W. Dower, Iinkcubeko zeMfazwe: iPearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq (WW Norton, 2010), iphe. 446.
6. Igama elithi Seymour Melman's. Bona eyakhe I-Pentagon capitalism: Uqoqosho lwezoPolitiko lweMfazwe (INkampani yeeNcwadi zeMcGraw-Hill, ngo-1970).
7. Umzekelo wephulo lesizwe lokunyusa umgangatho wokuqonda koluntu lwaseMelika malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho lwase-Israel, bona u-Edward Mast, “Isihlwele 'so-'Israel ulungile okanye ungalunganga' ukhuthaza ukujongwa eSeattle," Seattle Times, De. 31, 2010.
8. Kumajelo eendaba jonga, uEdward S. Herman noNoam Chomsky, Imvume yokuThengisa: Uqoqosho lwezopolitiko kwi-Media Media ( Pantheon Books, 1988) kunye nesifundo sabo sangaphambili, uNoam Chomsky noEdward S. Herman, Unxibelelwano lwaseWashington kunye neFascism yeHlabathi yesiThathu (South End Press 1979); Howard Friel kunye noRichard Falk, IiRekhodi zePhepha: Indlela iNew York Times eyichaza ngayo iPolisi yezangaphandle yase-US (Verso 2004).
9. Kuluntu lwezohlwayo bona, Joy Gordon, Imfazwe engabonakaliyo: I-United States kunye ne-Iraq Sanctions (I-Harvard University Press, i-2010). Ngesicatshulwa kunye nesishwankathelo bona, u-Anthony Gregory, "Ukuqonda iSanction yaseIraq,” ibhalwe ngoJan 19, 2010.
10. U-Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson, Ipolitiki Yembubhiso (Uphononongo lweNyanga, i-2010).
UHerbert Bix ngumbhali we Hirohito kunye nokwenziwa kweJapan yanamhlanje. Eli nqaku lithathwe kwi-a intetho yanikelwa kwinkomfa ye-American Historical Association eBoston ngoJan. 9, 2011.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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