[Le yinxalenye yengxoxo ye-ZNet phakathi kukaRobin Hahnel kunye noPatrick Bond malunga nokuKhohlo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu. Nceda ujonge i Iphepha lengxoxo yeZNet ukulandela utshintshiselwano.]
Iingozi ezimbini zikaloliwe eCopenhagen
Ungenzi mpazamo malunga nalo, uthethathethwano olusesikweni e-Copenhagen lwaphela kwingozi kaloliwe ekungekho gqirha we-spin onokubeka ubuso obuhle kwaye yaba ngumqobo omkhulu kumathuba okuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ngendlela elinganayo. UBill McKibben wayishwankathela kakuhle kuyo UMama Jones mhla yaphela inkomfa. "UMongameli waseUnited States wenze izinto ezininzi namhlanje:
(1) Wavuthulula iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Ingcamango yokuba kukho uluntu lwehlabathi oluthetha ukuba kukho into elahlekileyo namhlanje ebusuku.
(2) Wenza intlangano yabangcolisi ababalaseleyo, nababeya kuba ngabangcolisi abakhulu. I-China, i-US, kunye ne-Indiya azifuni nabani na olawula ukusetyenziswa kwamalahle ngayo nayiphi na indlela enentsingiselo. Lumanyano lweempungutye eziza kulawula kunye iinkukhu.
Ngelixa uBush wakhaba intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe, u-Obama wavela wathetha amazwi amnandi. Kodwa omnye ukhokela ngomzekelo, kwaye u-Obama ukhokele ngomzekelo ombi kakhulu.
Endaweni yokwamkela isisombululo samazwe amaninzi u-Obama ujongele phantsi umanyano lwamazwe amaninzi ngokuphinda acacise ukuba i-US ayizukuzibophelela ekuncipheni okubophelelayo phantsi kwe-UN njengoko onke amanye amazwe ase-Annex-1 evumile ukwenza, emva koko waqhubeka nokurhwebesha abadlali abakhulu kwiingxoxo zabucala malunga namalungiselelo okuzithandela. kubuxoki yesivumelwano esibanzi samazwe ngamazwe. Endaweni yokuvuma umgaqo "woxanduva olwahlukeneyo kunye nezakhono" ekuvunyelwene ngazo eRio de Janeiro ngo-1992 kwaye ziphunyezwe eKyoto ngo-1997, u-Obama wagxininisa ukuba i-US kunye ne-China - i-capita yayo ikhupha isinye kwisihlanu esikhulu njenge-US kunye nomntu ngamnye. I-GDP isengaphantsi kweyeshumi enkulu njenge-US - iphathwe ngokwemiqathango efanayo. Ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuba nabani na akholelwe ukuba unokufumana i-Senate ukuba ivume isivumelwano kunye nokunciphisa okubophelelayo e-US, kungekho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba unokukhusela i-bill yemozulu enentsingiselo kwi-US Congress, kungekho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuba uya kusebenzisa amandla akhe. ukuodola ukucuthwa okubalulekileyo nge-EPA ukuba iCongress iyabambisa, kunye nesiphakamiso sakhe somlomo kuphela sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-US ngomlinganiselo we-17% ukusuka kumanqanaba angama-2005 ngo-2020, akumangalisi ukuba amanye abathunywa belizwe balandela ukhokelo olubi luka-Obama kunye nokudendwa endaweni yokunikela ukwenza imibingelelo eyongezelelweyo. eCopenhagen. Kwaye ewe, amaTshayina athatha i-bait kwaye anceda i-US ukuba ipeyinte "njengomntu ombi" ngokugatya ukuhlolwa kwendawo - eyayingekho phantsi kweengxoxo eCopenhagen, kwaye iyimfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwelizwe. Nokuba ngaba igalelo lika-Obama okanye hayi kwiinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokunciphisa okubophelelayo okuhambelana โnoxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nesakhonoโ e-Copenhagen kuya kuba yingozi, kusaza kubonakala.
NgoJanuwari 31, 2010 ii-MDCs, ezichazwe njenge "Annex-1 amazwe," kufuneka zichaze ukuba zizimisele kangakanani na ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwazo, kwaye unyaka ukusuka ngoku kuya kubakho enye intlanganiso kwisiXeko saseMexico apho ngalo mzuzu nguwuphi na umntu. qikelela ukuba kuyakuvunyelwa okanye kungavunyelwana ngantoni. ERio de Janeiro ngowe-1992 amazwe avuma ukuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwakuyingxaki enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ashiya ilizwe ngalinye ukuba ligqibe ngokuzithandela ngoko lalikulungele ukukwenza. EKyoto ngowe-1997 amazwe avuma ukuba ukuncitshiswa ngokuzithandela kuye kwangqineka kungasebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Ithiyori yezoQoqosho ingqineke ichanekile kulo mba: Ngenxa ye-"free rider incentive problem" ithiyori iqikelela ukuba kukuzingca kwelizwe kuphela ukwehlisa ukukhutshwa kwalo ngexabiso elifunekayo. if ilizwe linokuqiniseka ukuba namanye amazwe aya kwenza okufanayo. U-Kyoto wavuma le nyaniso, wanikezela isiqinisekiso esiyimfuneko kuwo onke amazwe ase-Annex-1, kwaye ngokutshintshiselana nelizwe ngalinye le-Annex-1 ngaphandle kwe-US ekugqibeleni ivume isivumelwano kwaye izibophelele ekunciphiseni okubophelelayo. I-Kyoto ikwaphumeze umthetho-siseko "woxanduva olwahlukeneyo kunye nezakhono" ekuvunyelwene ngazo eRio ngokufuna ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa komsi obophelelayo kumazwe akwi-Annex-1 ngelixa evumela ii-LDCs, ezihlelwa njengamazwe "angengawo isiHlomelo-1", ukuba ziqhubeke nokujongana nokukhutshwa kwazo isiseko sokuzithandela okwangoku. Ngamanye amazwi, iProtocol yaseKyoto yasithatha amanyathelo amabini amakhulu ukuya phambili:
(1) Yaqaphela imfuneko yokuzinikela ngokufanayo kwiithagethi ezibophelelayo ukuze kuphunyezwe amanqanaba ayimfuneko okunciphisa umhlaba.
(2) Isasaze iindleko zokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ngokwahlukileyo ngokusekelwe kwiimfanelo ezahlukeneyo (ukukhutshwa kwe-cumulative per capita) kunye nezakhono ezahlukeneyo (GDP ngomntu ngamnye.)
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini kamva eCopenhagen omabini la manyathelo okuya phambili abekwe emngciphekweni omkhulu.
Noko ke, ukuqhawuka kukaloliwe kwiingxoxo ezisesikweni phakathi kwabathunywa belizwe kwagubungela enye intlekele kaloliwe ekudala isenzeka. Ukwahlula phakathi kwabathile ngasekhohlo abaxhasa ukubeka ixabiso ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco kunye nesivumelwano sorhwebo, kunye nabanye ngasekhohlo abakhanyela ukuba ukubeka ixabiso kwikhabhoni linyathelo eliyimfuneko nelibalulekileyo eliya phambili, kwaye bagxeka iimarike zekhabhoni njenge " ukwenza ngathi isisombululo" esiphambukisa ingqalelo "kwizisombululo zokwenyani" yayibonakala ngakumbi kunangaphambili eCopenhagen. Ngelixa uKhohlo kungafuneki ukuba bavumelane ngayo yonke into, xa siphikisana kangangokuba uAmy Goodman akakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba ngowuphi umyalezo anokumzisela ekhaya usuka eCopenhagen. INdemokhrasi ngoku abaphulaphuli, iNhlohlo nayo inengxaki.
Ngaba uKhohlo uphoswe sisikhephe ngotshintsho lwemozulu? Enjani yona ukuba nkulu intetho! Ngaba iNhlohlo ayizange ibe lilizwi elilodwa lobulumko ligxininisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuwohloka kwendalo, azinakuphetshwa ukuba siyasilela ukuthatha indawo yoqoqosho lokhuphiswano kunye nokubawa - aka capitalism - kunye noqoqosho lwentsebenziswano elinganayo - aka. i-eco-socialism yokwenene? Ngaba asingathi thina abalatha ukuba ubukhapitali buyindlela yobomi yezoqoqosho engenakamva kuba kungekudala buza kutshabalalisa i-biosphere? Asithi thina abasichazile ukuba kutheni nongxowankulu olawulwa ngcono kunye nolingano ngakumbi usenokuphatha kakubi okusingqongileyo kuba:
(1) Uqoqosho longxowankulu lungcolisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iimarike zigqithise imveliso yazo imveliso yazo kunye/okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuvelisa โizinto zangaphandleโ ezingalunganga njengongcoliseko.
(2) Uqoqosho longxowankulu luyasilela ukukhusela okusingqongileyo ngokwaneleyo ngenxa yokuba iimarike ziphantsi kobonelelo "lwempahla yoluntu" njengokubuyiselwa kokusingqongileyo.
(3) Uqoqosho longxowankulu lukhupha ubutyebi bendalo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuba iireyithi zengeniso kubanini babucala ziphezulu kunomlinganiselo apho uluntu kufuneka โlwehliseโ ikamva xa kuthelekiswa neenzuzo zangoku ngokusebenzisa ubutyebi bendalo.
(4) Iimarike zabasebenzi kunye neempahla zabathengi zenza "iinkuthazo ezigqwethekileyo" ezihenda abantu ukuba bathathe kakhulu kwimveliso yabo yemveliso njengento esetyenziswa ngumntu ngamnye kwaye incinci kakhulu njengosetyenziso oluhlangeneyo oluhambelana nokusingqongileyo kunye nexesha lokuzonwabisa. Kwaye ekugqibeleni,
(5) iimarike ziyasilela ukuvelisa ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuze zazi ukuba ziphezulu kangakanani na iirhafu zokulungisa imeko-bume kunye noncediso-mali, ngeli lixa zivelisa iimpembelelo zezopolitiko ezinamandla ezinomdla wokujongela phantsi ubungakanani bezilungiso eziyimfuneko. (Jonga uRobin Hahnel, "Ityala elichasene neeMarike," Ijenali yeMiba yezoQoqosho (41, 4), Disemba 2007: 1139-1159.)
Nangona kunjalo, kubo bonke ubulumko bethu malunga nokuba iimpawu ezichazayo zongxowankulu zithwala njani uxanduva oluphambili lokuguqula abantu babe yi-lemmings, ndiyakholelwa ukuba abaninzi kakhulu ngasekhohlo baye bazenza bangabalulekanga kwiimpendulo kutshintsho lwemozulu apha kwaye ngoku ngokusilela ukuqonda ukubaluleka ngokubeka ixabiso elibalulekileyo ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni, kwaye ngokugxotha umqobo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yorhwebo ngenxa yokuba, ngokwamazwi eSibhengezo saseThekwini sika-Okthobha wama-2004, "baguqula... kwimarike yehlabathi."
Ngelishwa, ukuba nje ialbatross ye-capitalism yehlabathi ihleli ezintanyeni zethu elona thuba lethu lokunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu kukusebenzisa isivumelwano sehlabathi kunye nesivumelwano sokurhweba esibeka ixabiso elibalulekileyo ekukhutshweni kwekhabhoni, kwaye elona thuba lethu lilungileyo lokwenza oku ngokulinganayo kukugcina imveliso. Isakhelo seKyoto kunye nokulungisa imarike yekhabhoni yenye yeempawu zayo eziphambili.
Yinto enye ukubonisa ubuvuvu bokugqibela bokubeka amaxabiso kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zendalo esingqongileyo, eneneni, yinkqubo ye-ecosystem enye edityanisiweyo apho bonke ubomi, kuquka ubomi bomntu, buxhomekeke kuyo. Ngenye into xa siphila kwihlabathi eliqhutywa yimikhosi yemarike ukugxeka abo basebenzela ukunyusa ixabiso lekhabhoni yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ukusuka kwixabiso layo langoku le-zero ukuya kufutshane neendleko zayo zentlalo yokwenene njengoko kunokwenzeka kwezopolitiko. Ngokufanayo, yinto enye ukunyanzelisa ukuba indalo ingabi yeyomntu namntu wonke kodwa yenye into yokuhlala ecaleni ngelixa iinkampani ezinkulu zithatha amalungelo epropathi axabisekileyo ukugcina ikhabhoni kwindawo ephezulu kobona butyebi bukhulu embalini. , ngoxa abemi abaqhelekileyo bengafumani nanye ngenxa yokuba umntu akakholelwa ukuba umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ufanele uguqulwe. Ngaphezu koko, enye into ukubonisa ukuba kuya kuba ngcono iplani indlela yokusebenzisa nokulondoloza okusingqongileyo kwendalo ngendlela yedemokhrasi, enobulungisa, nangendlela esebenzayo kunokushiya ezo zigqibo zenziwe kakubi kakhulu ziimalike zentengiso kodwa yenye into yokungayinanzi into yokuba thina bobusoshiyali soyisakala ekuthatheni indawo yobukhapitali sibeke isoshiyali. inkulungwane yamashumi amabini, oku kuthetha ukuba izigqibo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa imo engqongileyo zenziwe ngokwenene, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka zenziwe ixesha elithile, ngamandla emarike apho ixabiso eliphambili, ixabiso lokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, liphuma ngokupheleleyo. Ekugqibeleni, yinto enye ukuthi: "Andifuni ukuba izinto zigqitywe ngamashishini emarike kunye namalungelo epropathi yabucala," kodwa yinto enye ukuthi: "Nangona izinto are kugqitywe ngegunya lemarike kunye namalungelo epropathi Andikhathali ukuba athini na loo maxabiso okanye ngubani ofumana amalungelo amatsha epropathi."
Amathemba oluntu kunye nezinye izidalwa ekugqibeleni axhomekeke ekubeni ubungxowankulu behlabathi buthatyathelwโ indawo yinkqubo yezoqoqosho eyahluke ngokupheleleyoโinkqubo engenabo abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu wokubanga abantu abangoogxa babo kunye nendalo esingqongileyo, apho abavelisi kunye nabathengi abanxulumeneyo baceba kwaye balungelelanise eyabo. imisebenzi yezoqoqosho esekelwe kulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neziphumo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza oku kuyenzeka kokukhona kukhuseleke kwaye kulunge ngakumbi kubantu kunye nokusingqongileyo kuya kuba njalo. Kodwa xa ujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kukungakhathali ukunganyaniseki malunga namaxesha amisiweyo. Ukuba nengqiqo malunga namaxesha amisiweyo akuthethi ukuba simele sikulahle ukuqiniseka kwethu ukuba abantu banako ukulungisa iimpazamo zethu baze bayile amaziko amatsha ezoqoqosho ukuze asincede siphuhlise imikhwa yedemokhrasi, enobulungisa, kunye neyokugcina imeko yendalo iphela. Ngokufanayo ukuba nengqiqo malunga namaxesha amisiweyo akuthethi ukuba kufuneka sipheze okanye sibeke elinye ixesha iinzame zethu zokutshintsha inkqubo engasebenzi kakuhle erhweba yonke into kodwa elaziyo ixabiso lanto ngenkqubo yezoqoqosho eququzelela intsebenziswano elinganayo kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo. Kodwa ukuba nenyani malunga namaxesha amisiweyo kuthetha ukuqonda ukuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi luza kuqhubeka kangangexesha elithile ukuze lulawulwe ziinkampani ezinkulu ezikhokelwa luphawu lwenzuzo kunye namandla entengiso - ngelixa indalo iqhubeka ngeshedyuli yayo.
Njengomntu ozibiza ngokuthi "ukupheliswa kwemarike" Ndiyasiqonda isizathu sokuba ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni kuyipilisi ekrakra ukugwinya kubo bonke abacekisayo ukuthengiswa kwayo yonke into, kubandakanywa nokusingqongileyo kwendalo. Kodwa thina maSoshiyali kufuneka sizijonge ngokwethu. Ukuba besiwenze kakuhle umsebenzi wethu ngewuyishiyile i-capitalism kunye nenkohliso yobuxoki yokuba i-commodification sisisombululo kuzo zonke iingxaki zoqoqosho kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba sonakalise imo engqongileyo kangangokuba sisondele ngokuyingozi ukuvusa inguqu yemozulu eyintlekele. Ukuba uthatho-nxaxheba, i-socialism yedemokhrasi ithathe indawo yobukhapitali ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini - njengoko ifanele ukuba njalo - besiya kuba kwindawo yokusabela kwisoyikiso sokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokwahlukileyo: Zakuba izazinzulu zisenze sazi ngeziphumo zokungasebenzi ngesasifumene kakuhle- amaziko avavanyiweyo kunye neenkqubo esinazo zokwenza ukhetho olusebenzayo nolunobulungisa malunga nendawo kunye nendlela yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, kunye nendlela yokusasaza iindleko zokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo phakathi nangaphakathi kwamazwe ngaphandle kokubhenela kwintengiso. Kodwa ukugqibela kwam ukujonga, uthatho-nxaxheba lwe-eco-socialism bekusafuneka luthathe indawo yobungxowankulu behlabathi, kwaye ukwenza ngathi akuvezi zimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo kwihlabathi esiphila kulo.
Emva kokugxeka i-cap kunye norhwebo njengesisombululo "sokuzenzisa", i-Climate Justice Action ikhuphe "iimfuno ezingenakuxoxisana" ezilandelayo phambi kweentlanganiso zaseCopenhagen kule nyanga: (1) Shiya amafutha efosili emhlabeni. (2) Ukuqinisekisa kwakhona ulawulo lwabantu kunye noluntu kwimveliso. (3) Ukufuduswa kwemveliso yokutya. (4) Ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, ngakumbi eMntla. (5) Hlonipha amalungelo abantu bomthonyama nabasehlathini. (6) Liqonde ityala lendalo kunye nemozulu elityala abantu baseMzantsi kwaye benze imbuyekezo. Kwaye isenzo soBulungisa beMozulu siqhubekile sibongoza abantu ukuba bathembe "UkuHlaliswa" kweCopenhagen.
Jika umva usuka endleleni uye ndawo
IsiBhengezo saseThekwini sikaOktobha 2004 sithi:
"Njengabameli bemibutho yabantu kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo, siyalikhaba ibango lokuba ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni kuya kumisa imeko yemozulu. Imbali ibone iinzame zokuthengisa umhlaba, ukutya, abasebenzi, amahlathi, amanzi, imfuza kunye neengcinga. Urhwebo lwekhabhoni lulandela ekhondweni Le mbali kwaye ijika amandla omhlaba wokuhamba ngebhayisikile yekhabhoni ibe yipropathi ethengwayo okanye ithengiswe kwimarike yehlabathi Ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo yokudala into entsha yorhwebo โ ikhabhoni โ amandla oMhlaba kunye namandla okuxhasa imozulu enceda ubomi kunye noluntu ngoku Ukudlulela kwakwezo nkampani zitshabalalisa imozuluโฆ. Siyakugxeka okunye ukulibaziseka ekupheliseni ukutsalwa kwamafutha efosili okubangelwa ziinzame zamaqumrhu, urhulumente kunye neZizwe eziManyeneyo zokwakha `imarike yekhabhoni'."
Kwiingxelo zabo zeCopenhagen kwiveki ephelileyo, isenzo soBulungisa beMozulu asizange sigxeke kuphela i-cap kunye norhwebo kunye neemarike zekhabhoni njengezisombululo "zokuzenzisa" eziphambukisa ingqalelo kwizisombululo zabo "zokwenyani" endizihlalutya apha ngezantsi, babongoze abantu ukuba bathembe "Seattling" yaseCopenhagen. NgoDisemba 16.
NdandiseSeattle kwaye ndixhasa ngokupheleleyo ukuvalwa kweeNtlanganiso zabaPhathiswa beWorld Trade Organisation ezenzeka apho ngo-1999 ngenxa yokuba imigaqo-nkqubo ye-WTO yadalwa ukunyanzela amazwe ukuba amkele-ezinye zazo, ezifana ne-TRIPS kunye ne-MAI, azinanto yakwenza norhwebo e. zonke - zichasene nophuhliso loqoqosho, ubulungisa bezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Ndincedise ekuququzeleleni uqhanqalazo lokuvala iintlanganiso ze-IMF eWashington DC ngo-Epreli ka-2000 kuba i-IMF iye yanoxanduva ngakumbi lokusasaza usizi loqoqosho lwe-neoliberal - ukujija iingalo ze-LDC ukuze kuvumeleke ukukhululeka kwenkunzi kwaye emva koko yehlise i-boom xa kuvela iingxaki zemali ngokufuna iimeko ezinzima. ukutshintshiselana ngemali-mboleko yebheyile esebenzela umdla wabatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe abazizityebi ngeendleko zemfuno ezisisiseko zoqoqosho lwabemi be-LDC. Ubuncinci kwikamva elibonakalayo iinkqubo, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nemibutho elawulayo yomibini le mibutho ayinakulungiswa, kwaye uninzi lwabemi behlabathi kunye nokusingqongileyo bangcono ngakumbi xa siphazamisa i-IMF kunye ne-WTO kwaye sinciphisa amandla abo okwenza ububi. Nangona kunjalo, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neNkomfa yamaQela kwiProtocol yaseKyoto (COP) ayiyo-IMF okanye iWTO.
Ewe amaLeftists anezigxeko ezibambekayo zamanye amacandelo alawulayo e-UN, umphathi weBhunga lezoKhuseleko phakathi kwabo, kodwa ngokokwazi kwam ukuba bubuzwe, iphiko lasekunene laseMelika, hayi abaNxele, abafuna ukulahla i-UN. Abantu abasekhohlo baye baxhasa i-UN, ngakumbi ngokuchasene ne-US ekhethekileyo, kwaye bacela uhlaziyo oluya kwenza i-UN ibe yedemokhrasi ngakumbi, yomelele kwaye isebenze. Ngaphezu koko, ngokungafaniyo nokukhululwa kwemali eyinkunzi, ukukhululeka korhwebo, ushishino lwabucala, iinkqubo zohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo, iTRIPS, MAI, kunye nebheyile kubatyali-mali bamazwe ngamazwe kodwa iinkqubo ezingqongqo kubantu belizwe elibethwe, i-UN ixhase iKyoto Protocol iseka isakhelo esakhayo sokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngendlela elinganayo. INgqungquthela yeSikhokelo seZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga noTshintsho lweMozulu (UNFCCC) ibeka ithagethi efanelekileyo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi ngayo nayiphi na into ebonisa ukuba iyimfuneko ukukhusela ubushushu behlabathi ekunyukeni ngaphezu kwe-2 degrees centigrade, kwaye yamkele umgaqo "woxanduva oluqhelekileyo kodwa olwahlukileyo kunye nobuchule" njengesikhokelo sethu sendlela yokufikelela kuyo.
Oku akuthethi ukuba abantu mabangaqhankqalazi kwiintlanganiso ze-COP. Kwaye andithandabuzi amaqhinga asetyenziswa ngabaqhankqalazi. Akukho phantse ngokwaneleyo okwenziwayo kwaye iwotshi iyatsho. Ngokuya bebaninzi abantu ababonakalisayo, kwaye kokukhona bezimisele ngakumbi, abaqhankqalazi abazimiseleyo nabanobugwala, kokukhona siya kutyhalela phambili ii-ajenda zethu. Kufuneka siqhankqalaze indlela ethintela abathunywa bakarhulumente abazimasa ezi ntlanganiso. Kufuneka siqhankqalaze ukungabikho kwenkqubela phambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuzibophelela okubophelelayo kubathunywa be-US kunye noMongameli. Kufuneka siqhankqalaze ukusilela ekuqinisekiseni ukuncitshiswa okunzulu kwabanye oorhulumente be-LDC. Kufuneka siqhankqalaze iinzame zawo nawaphi na abathunywa zokurhoxa kwisithembiso sokujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngobulungisa. Ukuba oku kuthetha ukuthini i-Climate Justice Action ngokuthi "Seattling" Copenhagen, andinachasi. Kodwa nabani na ocinga ukuvala iintlanganiso ze-COP e-Copenhagen, okanye ukuthintela iintlanganiso ukuba ziqhubeke eMexico City kunyaka ozayo, okanye ukuphazamisa inkqubo yaseKyoto ngokubanzi kuya kuphucula amathuba okuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ngendlela esebenzayo kunye neyobulungisa ifile.
Kufuneka siqhubeke sichaza ngalo lonke ithuba ukuba njani kwaye kutheni ubungxowankulu ngoyena nobangela wokutshintsha kwemozulu. Hayi iteknoloji ngomntu ngamnye, kungekhona ukwanda kwabemi ngomntu ngamnye, hayi ukubawa komntu ngomntu ngamnye, kodwa iintsika ezingundoqo zobukapitali zingoyena nobangela wokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ubunini babucala beendlela zokuvelisa kunye namandla entengiso benza abo balwela ukukhusela indalo esingqongileyo baqubhe benyusa umsinga ngokuchasene nemeko yangoku kuba bavuza abo bamkela ubugcisa obutshabalalisayo kunye neendlela zokuphila kwaye bohlwaya abo bazama ukuphuhlisa imikhwa emitsha, ezinzileyo. Kodwa kufuneka sahlule phakathi oyinyaniso umyalezo wokuba i-capitalism yingcambu yomthombo wengxaki ovela kwi amanga umyalezo wokuba ukulandela imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo nefanelekileyo yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu akunamsebenzi ukuba nje ubungxowankulu busaqhubeka. Ukuphonononga iziphumo eziqikelelwayo zongenelelo lomgaqo-nkqubo ongomnye kwinkqubo yentengiso ukuchonga eyona nto ilungileyo nesebenzayo phakathi kwazo akufani nokuxhasa inkqubo yentengiso okanye ukubanga ukuba inkqubo yentengiso iyakwazi ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezisebenzayo.
Ndiye ndaxoxa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini ukuba akukho nxaxheba kwiimarike kuqoqosho olunqwenelekayo, ukuba idemokhrasi yokwenene, enobulungisa, kwaye ezinzileyo "uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba" lwentengiso lunokwenzeka ngokugqibeleleyo, kwaye kufuneka sibeke phambili phambili iinkqubo zoququzelelo olulinganayo. kunye nentsebenziswano ezinzileyo phakathi kobukapitali ngoku endaweni yokuhlehlisa ezi projekthi kude kube semva kokuba inkqubo yongxowankulu ibhukuqwe. Kwaye ndiyaqhubeka nokucinezela la manqaku ngawo onke amathuba. Kodwa uninzi lwabantu abakahlali kuqoqosho lwasemva kokuthengisa, kwaye abo bangayihoyiyo le nyaniso ilishwa yobomi bakwenza oko ngengozi yokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu ngaphambi kokuba kube lixesha. Ukuthathwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu Abasekhohlo kufuneka bayeke ukurhweba ngokungenangqondo kokurhweba ngekhabhoni kwaye bajongele phantsi ukubaluleka kokunciphisa iindleko zentlalo zokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu. Njengoko ndicacisa kwiSigaba sesi-3, ukurhweba kwehlisa iindleko zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo okwenza kube lula ukuzuza inkxaso yezopolitiko nakwezona ziphantsi; kwaye urhwebo lunokuvelisa ukuhamba okukhulu kwengeniso ukusuka eMantla ukuya eMzantsi. Ewe, utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwisivumelwano se-post-Kyoto luyimfuneko ukwenza isivumelwano kunye nesivumelwano sorhwebo sisebenze kwaye silingane, kwaye kufuneka sifune iintlobo zotshintsho endixoxa ngalo kwiSigaba sesi-3.
Singenza ntoni kwiimfuno zeNyathelo lobuLungisa beMozulu eCopenhagen?
(1) Shiya amafutha efosili emhlabeni.
Ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu kuthetha ukuguqulwa ukusuka kumafutha efosili ukuya kwizinto ezihlaziyiweyo ngokwenkcazo. Ngoko ukufuna ukushiya amafutha efosili emhlabeni akuthethi ngaphezu kokuchaza ngokucacileyo. Kodwa asiyompendulo kumbuzo othi: Nguwuphi umgaqo-nkqubo oya kuyiphumeza eyona njongo yokugcina amafutha efosili emhlabeni?
Kuba ukungxamiseka nokuzinikela kuyeyona nxalenye iphambili yezinto ezifunekayo ukuze uphumelele, amaphulo athi โGcina i-oyile emhlabeni kunye namalahle emngxunyeniโ ahlanganisa abemi ukuba bazibandakanye kuqhanqalazo olukhulu kunye nokungathobeli kwabantu emigodini nakwimithombo yeoli โ kodwa kubhetele ukuba bangenelele. ikomkhulu lenkampani ukuba ababonisi bafuna ukubonisa ulwazi lweklasi - yinto ebalulekileyo, i-catalyst eyakhayo. Kodwa uqhanqalazo lobugorha kunye nokungathobeli kwabantu yinxalenye nje enye yenkqubo esebenzayo yokugcina amafutha efosili emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kokuba oorhulumente banyanzeliswa ukuba bakhuphe izinto ezikhutshwayo ngesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba oorhulumente baphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya enciphisa imfuneko yamafutha eefosili, abaqhankqalazi ababandakanyeka ekungathobelini uluntu baya kuqokelelwa baze babanjwe ngamapolisa axhobileyo kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini ukuze bancede. Ke njengokuba kungenamveliso kwii-NGOs eziqhelekileyo zokusingqongileyo ukugxeka ababonisi abangamagorha abazinikela kwabo buqu ukuqhubela phambili unobangela, kukwayinto engenamveliso kwabo "babeka ubomi babo emgceni" ukugxeka abanye abasebenza ngokungakhathali ukukhusela isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe. eqinile kwaye enobulungisa, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekhaya enciphisa imfuno yamafutha efosili.
(2) Ukuqinisekisa kwakhona ulawulo lwabantu kunye noluntu kwimveliso.
Ukuba oku ayisomfuno yokuba yamkelwe i-eco-socialism ethatha inxaxheba, andazi ukuba ithetha ukuthini. Ngelixa indawo engqongileyo iya kuhlala isesichengeni de ilizwe lisebenzise inxaxheba kwi-eco-socialism, kwaye kufuneka sichaze ukuba kutheni ngalo lonke ithuba, i-socialism ethatha inxaxheba iya kuza kuphela xa sakha intshukumo enkulu efunwayo, ekhokelwa ligcuntswana elikhulu elinabo. sele ndiyifundile indlela yokuziqhelanisa ngempumelelo. Ukuya kwiintlanganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ngoku ukuze "bafune" lo mnyinyiva kwiinkokeli zoorhulumente bongxowankulu ezihlanganisene ukujongana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuphela kutyhila ukuba sikude kangakanani ukuphumelela into ekufuneka ithathwe ngokwendalo yayo, inganikwa.
(3) Ukufuduswa kwemveliso yokutya.
Ewe, oku kufuneka kwenziwe, kodwa njani? Yeyiphi imigaqo-nkqubo eya kuphumeza le njongo ngcono? Ewe, ewe, kufuneka kufuduswe imveliso yokutya, kodwa ukuba ukuzanelisa ngokupheleleyo ekutyeni akuyonjongo, kungakanani ukubuyisela kwindawo efanelekileyo? Ngaphezu koko, nokuba ukutshintshwa kwemveliso yokutya kukhuselwe kwindawo enye, ukungabikho kwemvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe yokuvala ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu bekungayi kuthintelwa, okanye ukungalingani okukhulu kwihlabathi jikelele.
(4) Ukunciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo, ngakumbi eMntla.
Ngubani onokuchasa ukuncitshiswa phezuukusetyenziswa? Kwaye ngubani onokukhanyela ukuba kukho ngaphezulu phezuukusetyenziswa kumntla wehlabathi kunomzantsi wehlabathi? Kodwa kwakhona, oku kuphinda kuphinde okucacileyo kwaye akuboneleli ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphumeza le njongo iyimfuneko.
(5) Hlonipha amalungelo abantu bomthonyama nabasehlathini.
Oku kuyimfuneko kuba kukunyhashwa okumasikizi kwamalungelo abantu ukusilela ukwenjenjalo. Kwaye kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ibhenefithi esecaleni yokukhusela amalungelo emveli kukuba imihlaba yemveli iya kuhlala ikhuselwe ngcono xa iphantsi kolawulo lwemveli. Ngaphezu koko, ukufuna ukuhlonelwa kwamalungelo omthonyama kwiindibano ze-UN ezihlawuliswa ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ngeendlela ezilinganayo, ezizinyaswe ngabameli boorhulumente abanyhasha amalungelo emveli, kufanelekile. Kodwa ukuthathwa komhlaba kuthathe ixesha elide kakhulu kwaye kubanzi kakhulu ekubuyiselweni kwemihlaba yemveli ukuba yanele njengonyango lokutshintsha kwemozulu ingekho eminye imigaqo-nkqubo.
(6) Liqonde ityala lendalo kunye nemozulu elityala abantu baseMzantsi kwaye benze imbuyekezo.
Le mfuno ilungile kwaye iintlanganiso ezixhaswe yi-UN ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu yindawo efanelekileyo yokwenza oko. Noko ke, oko akuthethi ukuba ukugxininisa kwigama elithi โimbuyekezoโ kulukhetho oluhle. Akukho mfuneko "yokufuna" ukuba i-UNFCCC iqonde umgaqo "woxanduva oluqhelekileyo kodwa olwahlukileyo kunye nobuchule" kuba sele yenze njalo. Ngaphezu koko, i-UNFCCC ichaze "uxanduva olwahlukileyo" ukuthetha ukuba uMzantsi wehlabathi uthwala "uxanduva" olungaphantsi kakhulu lokubangela utshintsho lwemozulu ngenxa yokuba ukukhutshwa kwayo okunyukayo ngomntu ngamnye kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa okunyukayo ngomntu ngamnye eMntla; kwaye i-UNFCCC ichaze "izakhono ezihlukeneyo" ezithetha ukuba ingeniso kunye nobutyebi ngomntu ngamnye eMzantsi bungaphantsi kakhulu kunaseMantla. Ngokwenyani i-UNFCCC ide yamisela ukuba ukufikelela kuphuhliso loqoqosho kunye nokoyisa intlupheko kufuneka kuthathe indawo yokuqala eMzantsi, kwaye nayiphi na indima edlalwa nguMzantsi ekuthinteleni ukutshintsha kwemozulu mayingaphazamisi amandla awo okuphumeza injongo yawo ephambili yophuhliso loqoqosho. Ngamanye amazwi, sinokuthi "sifune" ukuba i-UNFCCC iphile ngokwelizwi layo kwaye ingayishiyi imigaqo yayo yobulungisa, okanye "sinokufuna" ukuba i-UNFCCC izibophelele kwingcamango engazange ivume ukuyixoxa, ukuya kuthi ga ngoku. Ndiyazi. Kukwakude nokuba kucace gca ukuba ingqikelelo "yembuyekezo" yongamile ngokwemigaqo yokuziphatha okanye yeengcamango. Ngaba ukucela amatyala kubhetele kunokugxininisa kwilungelo likabani lokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo?
Kwihlabathi apho oko kuthathwa ngokuba "kunokwenzeka ngokwezopolitiko" ngokungaguquguqukiyo kusilela kakhulu koko kuyimfuneko, enobulungisa, kwaye inokwenzeka ngokwabantu, kukho indima ebalulekileyo yohlobo lweemfuno ezenziwayo nguMsebenzi woBulungisa beMozulu. Kodwa kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kweemfuno zeziphi iimali kwiinguqu zenkqubo ezingayi kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo elingekude, kunye namabango anokuthi aphunyezwe ngaphandle kotshintsho lwenkqubo. Kwaye kubalulekile ukumisela ukuba ngaba kukho iimfuno ezinokufezekiswa ngoku ezinokuthi ziphucule kakhulu iziphumo.
Indlela eya Phambili
Kufuneka benze ntoni abaNxele phakathi kwangoku kunye neentlanganiso zeNkomfa yamaQela kwiProtokholi yaseKyoto eMexico kulo nyaka uzayo ukufumana uloliwe wethu kunye nothethathethwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lubuyele endleleni? Kufuneka siqale ngokuqinisekisa indlela uKyoto asibeke ngayo kwindlela elungileyo, kwaye sinyanzelise ukuba uthethathethwano olusesikweni lubuyele kumzila owaqala eRio wadlula eKyoto.
(1) Utshintsho lwemozulu aluyi kuthintelwa ngaphandle kokuba amazwe avumelana ngokufanayo ukuncitshiswa okubophelelayo kwisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe. Nawuphi na ubuxoki bokuba izenzo zokuzithandela kwicala lamazwe, okanye amaqela amancinane amazwe ngamaqabane, ziya kukhusela ukuncipha okwaneleyo ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu yintelekelelo emsulwa. Ithiyori iqikelela ukuba indlela yokuzithandela ayiyi kusebenza kwaye irekhodi lembali phakathi kweRio neKyoto liyaqinisekisa.
(2) Amazwe athwele uxanduva olwahlukileyo lokubangela utshintsho lwemozulu, amazwe anezakhono ezahlukeneyo zokuthwala iindleko zokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu, kunye iinzame zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu kufuneka lubonise olu "xanduva kunye nobuchule obahlukeneyo. "Amazwe apho uninzi lwabemi bengekaxhamli kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho akufuneki kulindeleke ukuba athwale imithwalo efanayo namazwe ahambele phambili ekuthinteleni ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukuba kukho into entle eyaphuma eCopenhagen kukuba amazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako enze. icace kakhulu abayi kuvuma kuso nasiphi na isivumelwano esifuna ukuba balahle ithemba lokuphuhlisa.
Kodwa iKyoto yayineziphene ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo, kwaye kufuneka sifune utshintsho oluphambili kwisivumelwano saseKyoto. Ngamafutshane, ukusebenzisa i-Copenhagen njengefowuni yokuvuka ukuze i-Kyoto ilungiswe kwaye ibuyele endleleni lelona thuba lethu lokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kwikamva elibonakalayo.
(1) Misela i-cap kwi-global emissions kulo naliphi na inqanaba uluntu lwezenzululwazi olusixelela ukuba luyimfuneko ukuzinzisa ukugxila kwekhabhoni kwi-350 ppm.
U-Kyoto ubeke i-cap ku-aggregate emissions ngo-2012 ukusuka ku-Annex-1 signatories kwi-5.5% ngaphantsi kwe-aggregate emissions ngo-1990. Ubungqina obutsha besayensi bubonisa ukuba i-global caps ku-2020 kunye no-2050 kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kakhulu ukuba sifuna ukuzinzisa i-CO2 concentrations kwi-atmospheric CO350 inqanaba elinciphisa umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu yentlekele ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo. Kodwa kutheni uphikisela umnqwazi wehlabathi ngokusekwe kumacandelo angama-XNUMX ngesigidi ekujoliswe kuko kunerhafu yekhabhoni yehlabathi?
Kwithiyori irhafu yekhabhoni yeyona ndlela ilungileyo kuba ayidali into entsha enokurhweba kunye nentengiso enokunyamekela ngaphandle kolawulo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphembeleli bemozulu abazange bakwazi ukuphumelela ukuqwalaselwa kwerhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ebalulekileyo ngexesha le-1990s, kwaye amazwe e-Annex-1 avumelana ne-cap ku-aggregate Annex-1 emissions ngo-2012 ukuba, nangona nganelanga, yayilinyathelo elibalulekileyo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ngeli xesha kubonakala ngakumbi ukuba sinokuphumelela ukuncitshiswa okukhulu kwihlabathi ngee-caps kunokuba siphumelele ngerhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe. Kutshanje i-80% yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi - okanye ngaphezulu - ngo-2050 kuye kwaqwalaselwa ngokunzulu. Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba irhafu yekhabhoni yehlabathi iphezulu kangakanani na ukuze kuthotywe obu bunzulu, kodwa wonke umntu uyazi ukuba irhafu elolo hlobo ingaphandle kombuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, kuye kwavela ukuba singaphumelela izivumelwano ezingcono kakhulu ngendlela yee-caps kuneerhafu zekhabhoni.
Kwinqanaba elinye oku akukho ngqiqweni ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokuba i-80% yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi kuya kubeka ixabiso kwikhabhoni phezulu nje ngokuba irhafu yekhabhoni ephezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa i-80% yokunciphisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi akukho ngqiqweni ukuba umntu uyeka ukuqwalasela ukuba kutheni abantu abaninzi, kwaye ngoko ke kunye neenkokheli zabo ezinyuliweyo, baye bafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba baxhasa ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwe-80% okanye ngaphezulu. Uluntu lwezobuNzululwazi, kumboniso omangalisayo wobunye obubonakalayo, busixelela ukuba ngaphandle kokuba sinciphise izinto ezikhutshwayo ngama-80% okanye ngaphezulu ngo-2050 sibeka umngcipheko omkhulu wokutshintsha kwemozulu eyintlekele. Uluntu lwezenzululwazi alufanelekanga ukucebisa ukuba kuya kufuneka sibeke kangakanani irhafu yekhabhoni ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu yentlekele, kwaye akenzi mzamo wokwenza oko. Kodwa abantu abanengqiqo ngoku bakulungele ukwamkela iingcebiso ukuba uluntu lwezenzululwazi olumanyeneyo lunokunikela ngalo malunga nesixa kunye nesantya sokunciphisa okuyimfuneko kwehlabathi ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutshintsha kwemozulu yentlekele ukuya kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo. Inyani yeyokuba abaphembeleli bemozulu bebengafumani ndawo logama nje oosoqoqosho kunye nabezopolitiko belawula impikiswano yemozulu, kwaye abaphembeleli bemozulu baqala ukuqhubela phambili xa uluntu lwezenzululwazi lubamba imakrofoni. Ukuze wamkele into engakholelekiyo ubukuqo-mbuso uluntu lwezenzululwazi uye warhola kufuneka samkele inkqubo esekelwe caps kunokuba iirhafu.
(2) Imveliso ekhutshwayo ekhutshwayo kuwo onke amazwe kodwa inike amazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako imilinganiselo ephezulu kakhulu, kubandakanywa nemithamo engaphezulu kokhupho olukhutshwayo lwangoku kwiminyaka ethile ezayo, kwaye ibeke imiqobo engqongqo ngakumbi kumazwe aphuhlileyo nangaso nasiphi na isixa esiyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe umhlaba. Ukukhutshwa kwe-cap emiselweyo #1.
Uninzi lweencwadi ezigxeka ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni zibandakanya ukuvezwa kwamatyala apho isatifikethi kunye nokuthengiswa kuye kwenzeka xa iikhredithi zanikezelwa ngenxa yokunciphisa kwakungekho semthethweni ngenxa yokuba ukukhutshwa kokukhutshwa kwakungekho "kongeziweyo" kwinto eyayiza kwenzeka kuyo nayiphi na imeko, okanye ukunciphisa. ukukhutshwa okuvunyelweyo ngokungathanga ngqo ukuba kunyuke kwenye indawo elizweni, ingxaki ekubhekiselwa kuyo "njengokuvuza."
Kodwa yintoni abagxeki abaninzi abasilelayo ukuyiqonda kukuba ukuba umthengisi we-"certified emission reduction" (CER) ukwilizwe elinokukhutshwa kwelizwe okukhutshiweyo, oku akuchithisi ukuncitshiswa kokukhupha konke okoko nje ilizwe lomthengisi linyanzeliswa ukuba lithobele. kunye nezibophelelo zayo zesizwe phantsi kweKyoto. Masithi ii-CERs zokunciphisa iitoni ezili-100 ezithengiswa yinkampani yamandla yaseKhanada kwinkampani yamandla yaseJapan iyinkohliso ngokupheleleyo - inkohliso emsulwa. Ngaphantsi kweKyoto, iJapan ngoku inokukhupha iitoni ezili-100 ngaphezulu kunokuba ibinokuvunyelwa ngenye indlela. Inkampani yamandla yaseKhanada, ngokucinga, ayizukukhupha nayiphi na into engaphantsi kunokuba inokuba nayo nayiphi na imeko. Nangona kunjalo, ilizwe laseCanada ngoku kuya kufuneka likhuphe iitoni ezili-100 ngaphantsi kunokuba bekuya kufuneka ngenye indlela kuba umthombo ongaphakathi eCanada uthengise iiCERs ngeetoni ezili-100 kumthombo ongaphandle kweCanada, kwaye ke abo banoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba iCanada idibene nayo. Izibophelelo zesivumelwano saseKyoto ziya kongeza iitoni ezili-100 ekunciphiseni iCanada ekufuneka yenze. Ngoko ke ukuncitshiswa kwehlabathi kuya kufana ncakasana nokwehliswa kwehlabathi ekuvunyelwene ngalo yiKhanada neJapan nokuba iCER iyinkohliso ngokupheleleyo, okoko nje urhulumente waseKhanada enyanzelwa ukuba ahlangabezane nezibophelelo zakhe phantsi kweKyoto.
Ngamanye amazwi, xa imithombo kumazwe ezikhutshwayo zelizwe zivaliwe thengisa ii-CER zobuxoki kwimithombo kwamanye amazwe umzamo wokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu "akukhohlisi." Kodwa ukuba ayisiyiyo imeko engqongileyo, ngubani ke oye waqhatha inkampani yethu yamandla yaseKhanada ngokwamkela intlawulo entle engenzanga nto? Xa umthengisi wama-apile eqhatha ngokuthengisa iapile elibolileyo ngumthengi wama-apile oqhathwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko ye-CERs inkampani yamandla yaseJapan yafumana kanye le nto yayiyifuna-ityala lokunciphisa iitoni ezili-100 ezivumela ukuba zikhuphe iitoni ezili-100 ngaphezulu kunokuba zinokwenza ngenye indlela. Kodwa ukuba indawo esingqongileyo okanye umthengi wee-CER zomgunyathi akakhohliswanga bubuqhophololo benkampani yamandla yaseKhanada, ngubani owaqhathwayo? Ngaba oku kusenokuba lolunye lwezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kwamaxhoba? Ngelishwa akunjalo. Inkampani yamandla yaseKhanada iye yaqhatha abantu baseCanada. Ngokuthengisa ii-CER zomgunyathi inyanzelise iKhanada ukuba yehlise ukukhutshwa kwayo ngeetoni ezili-100 ngaphezulu kunokuba bekuya kufuneka ngenye indlela. Omnye umntu eKhanada kuya kufuneka ehlise ukukhutshwa kwazo ngeetoni ezili-100 ngaphezulu kunokuba bekufanele. Ngabanye abantu baseKhanada abangamaxhoba xa umthombo eCanada uthengisa ii-CER zobuxoki kumntu okwelinye ilizwe.
Apho abagxeki bokuthengiswa kwekhabhoni banengongoma echanekileyo xa bethetha ukuba umthengisi we-CER yobuxoki uhlala kwilizwe elikhutshwayo likazwelonke lingabanjwanga oku kunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwehlabathi kunye nenjongo yokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu luqhathiwe. Ukuba ikhredithi isemthethweni - oko kukuthi "eyongeziweyo" kwaye ngaphandle "kokuvuza" - ke injongo yokunciphisa umhlaba wonke ayijongelwa phantsi kwaye akukho ngxaki. Kodwa ukuba ikhredithi ethengiswe kwilizwe elingenamali ayikho semthethweni sinengxaki. Ngaphezu koko, kukho yonke inkuthazo kumthengisi wetyala ukuba azame ukukopela, akukho nto inkuthazo kumthengi wetyala ukuba anyanzelise ukuba semthethweni kwayo, akukho nto inkuthazo kwilizwe apho umthengi ekhoyo ukuba akhathalele ukuba ikhredithi kuthengiwe kusemthethweni, kwaye kwimeko yelizwe ekukhutshwe kuzo kuzwelonke kungakhange kuthintelwe, akukho nkuthazo kurhulumente apho umthengisi akhoyo ukuba aqinisekise ukuba ikhredithi isemthethweni nokuba.
Ngokuqinisekileyo kungenxa yoko le nto uKyoto wanika amandla okuqinisekisa iikhredithi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kokukhutshwa kwiBhodi eLawulayo ye-Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) kwaye akazange athembele koorhulumente abaphetheyo bamazwe angekho kwi-Annex-1 ukubeka esweni ukufaneleka kwezicelo zeekhredithi ngemithombo. kwimimandla yabo yelizwe. Kodwa akukho lula ukuseka imeko esisiseko yengqikelelo kwaye ufumanise ukuba iprojekthi icuthe kangakanani na ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunokuba bekuya kuwa ngayo, ungaqinisekanga ukuba iprojekthi ayizange ivumele ngokungathanga ngqo ukonyuka kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwenye indawo elizweni. Ngokuvala ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuwo onke amazwe, siqinisekisa ukuba nokuba iiprojekthi zomgunyathi zivunyiwe, okanye nokuba iiprojekthi zinikwe ii-CERs ezingaphezulu kunokuba zifanelekile, injongo yokukhutshwa kwehlabathi ayijongelwa phantsi nangayiphi na imeko. Ngokwenyani, ngokuvala izinto ezikhutshwayo kuwo onke amazwe sikhusela imfezeko yenjongo yesivumelwano ngokubanzi kwiimpazamo zezatifikethi ezinokuqikelelwa.
Abagxeki ngokungathandabuzekiyo baya kuphikisa ngelithi oku akulunganga. Baza kuthi akulunganga ukukhutshwa kwe-cap yamazwe ahlwempuzekileyo anoxanduva oluncinci lokubangela utshintsho lwemozulu kwaye luncinci lukwazi ukuthwala iindleko zokunciphisa utshintsho lwemozulu. Abagxeki bayakuxoxa ukuba oku kuthintela ngokufanelekileyo amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ekuphuhliseni nasekufumaneni uqoqosho oluphuhlileyo. Ezi mpikiswano ezichasene nokukhutshwa kwe-caping kwilizwe ngalinye zichanekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba ii-caps zilingana nawo onke amazwe. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi mpikiswano ezichasene nokukhutshwa kwe-capping kuyo yonke indawo enenyani ukuba amazwe anee-caps ezahlukeneyo ezibekwe "ngokweembopheleleko kunye nobuchule babo."
Ngokuqinisekileyo iminqwazi ethintela ngokulinganayo kubo bonke ayilunganga. Kodwa abantu abanengqiqo, kwanoorhulumente abanengqiqo, bayakuqonda oku. IManyano yaseYurophu yabele amazwe angamalungu asele ephuhlile ngakumbi njengeJamani neFransi kwaye iphezulu kumalungu aphuhlileyo anjengePortugal ne-Ireland. Nje ukuba iqondwe loo nto ukuvala wonke umntu akuthethi ikepusi efanayo kumntu wonke Kucacile ukuba ulingano lunokufikelelwa kwangaxeshanye kuthintelwe ukhukuliseko lokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwa kwihlabathi liphela okubangelwa kukungaphumeleli kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuwo onke amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, akukho sizathu sokuba singakwazi ukuvumela amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ukuba andise ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kangangexesha elithile, ukuba nje ukonyuka kuphelile.
Esinye isindululo esigqwesileyo sokumisela i-equitable caps kumazwe aphuhlileyo nasaphuhlayo ngokufanayo siSikhokelo samaLungelo oPhuhliso lweGreenhouse esindululwe nguPaul Baer, โโuTom Athanasiou, noSivan Kartha. (ILungelo loPhuhliso kwiLizwe elineNgxaki yeMozulu: Isakhelo samaLungelo oPhuhliso lweGreenhouse. EBerlin: iHeinrich Boll Foundation, iChristian Aid, EcoEquity, neStockholm Environmental Institute, 2007.) Bathetha ngesikhalazo sokuba nangona abantu abaninzi kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako baye basilela ukuxhamla kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho, nangona kunjalo kukho abantu abahlwempuzekileyo. abantu abahlala kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu nabo kufuneka babe nelungelo lokuxhamla kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho kwaye bangathwali iindleko zokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngaphezu koko, kukho abantu abazizityebi kumazwe angaphuhlisi kangako abaye banandipha uphuhliso kwaye banokukwazi ukuthwala inxalenye yeendleko zokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Aba babhali bacebisa indlela esebenzayo yokulinganisa umyinge wabahlali belizwe ngalinye abasele bexhamla iinzuzo zophuhliso loqoqosho, kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka kulindeleke ukuba bathwale ezinye zeendleko zokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ezinokuthi ke zisetyenziswe ukubala iseti iminqwazi elinganayo kuwo onke amazwe. Umthetho-siseko woxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nezakhono waphunyezwa e-Kyoto kusetyenziswa ukuguquguquka okucacileyo ukwahlula amazwe abe ngamaqela amabini kwaye kufuna ukucuthwa okusisinyanzelo kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngelixa ushiya ukukhutshwa kwamazwe aphuhlileyo kancinci kungafezeki. Oku kunokuba yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuzibophelela okungagungqiyo kwi-equity ekuqaleni. Kodwa ifomula yeGreenhouse Development Rights Framework iphumeza umgaqo ofanayo ngcono ngokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo okunenzuzo enkulu yokusivumela ukuba sikhuphe izinto ezikhutshwayo kuwo onke amazwe, isiqinisekiso sokuba naluphi na urhwebo lobuxoki alunakujongela phantsi ukucutha okucwangcisiweyo kwehlabathi, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kususe nayiphi na imiqobo ekwandiseni. ukuhamba kwengeniso ukusuka eMantla ukuya eMzantsi ukuba isivuno esipheleleyo sorhwebo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo okukhona sivumela amazwe asaphuhlayo ukuba andise izinto ezikhutshwayo ngaphambi kokuba afikelele kumda wawo, imiqathango engqongqo ifanele ibe kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nenqanaba elithile lokunciphisa ihlabathi. Akukho mntu ucebisa ukuba ukufikelela kwisivumelwano kwii-different caps kuya kuba lula. Kodwa ukuvumelana ngokwahlukana kwamazwe e-Annex-1 kwakungekho lula eKyoto, kodwa kwafikelelwa kwisivumelwano. Nakweyiphi na imeko, impendulo ilula nokuba zinzima kangakanani na uthethathethwano: Ukubeka onke amazwe kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba siya kuhlangabezana nenjongo yethu yokunciphisa i-emissions yehlabathi. Ukubeka onke amazwe kukuphela kwendlela yokuvuna inzuzo epheleleyo enokwenzeka ngokuthengisa i-carbon kunye nokwandisa ukuhamba kweentlawulo ukusuka kuMntla ukuya eMzantsi ngaphandle kokubeka umngcipheko wokujongela phantsi konke ekujoliswe kuko kokunciphisa. Kwaye ngokuguqula i-caps kumazwe anoxanduva olwahlukeneyo kunye nezakhono ngokwaneleyo - kubandakanywa nokuvumela ukwanda kwe-emissions ixesha elithile kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo - ukulingana kunokugcinwa.
(3) Umyinge wezinto ezikhutshwayo zelizwe lonke endaweni yelizwe elikhutshwayo.
Ukuba isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sibambe oorhulumente abanoxanduva lokukhutshwa kwe-net yelizwe, oorhulumente baya kuba nenkuthazo yokutyhafisa imisebenzi ekhupha ikhabhoni kwaye babe nenkuthazo yokukhuthaza imisebenzi eyandisa ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni. Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe akufuneki siyalele koorhulumente ukuba bakwenza njani oku. Ekubeni ulondolozo ngokuqhelekileyo luvelisa imisi embalwa kunokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi okulandelwa kukutyalwa ngokutsha, oorhulumente bezizwe baya kuba bubudenge ngokungaqinisekanga ukuba ulondolozo nalo lunomtsalane ngokwemali.
(4) Ukunika oorhulumente belizwe amandla okuqinisekisa okanye ukwala ukuqinisekiswa kweekhredithi zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezithengiswa ngamaqela asebenza kwimimandla yabo.
Logama nje izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumazwe angengawo e-Annex-1 zingekathintelwa akukho nto yimbi ngaphandle kokunika iarhente yezizwe ngezizwe igunya lokuphonononga izicelo zee-CER ezivela kubafaki-zicelo abakuloo mazwe kuba akukho nkuthazo koorhulumente bamazwe angengo-Annex-1 vuthela impempe kwizindululo zomgunyathi zeeCERs ngabafaki-zicelo belizwe lasekhaya. Ngesi sizathu u-Kyoto wayengenakwenza nto ngaphandle kokudala i-bureaucracy yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze adlale indima yesherifu.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenza nzima, ukunyaniseka, kunye nobuchule bobuchule njenge indlela yophuhliso ecocekileyo (CDM) IBhodi yesiGqeba kunye namaQumrhu aMiselweyo aMiselweyo (DOEs) abasebenza nawo anokuba, i I-CDM iselulawulo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluphantsi koxinzelelo zonke iiofisi zamazwe ngamazwe ezisabela kulo. Ekugqibeleni akukho nto isengozini ngaphandle kwemivuzo kunye nodumo lwabo. Okwangoku baphantsi koxinzelelo lwezopolitiko oluvela kumacala ahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe yokusingqongileyo ejongene nokugcina imfezeko yokuncitshiswa kwehlabathi isebenzisa uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko I-CDM ukuqinisa imigangatho kunye nokwala isiqinisekiso kwiiprojekthi ezithandabuzekayo. Kwelinye icala, abo banqwenela ukuthengisa okanye ukuthenga ii-CERs, nabaphi na oorhulumente abaphembelela imicimbi yoshishino esebenza kwindawo yabo, kunye nabo bathanda ingeniso evela kumazwe aphuhlileyo ukuya kumazwe aphuhlileyo asezantsi eziveliswa yi-CER bafaka uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko I-CDM ukuphumeza iiprojekthi ezininzi kunye nokunyusa umthamo worhwebo lwe-CER. Isiphumo sibe sisezantsi ngeendlela ezimbini. Ngelixa uninzi lweeprojekthi ezivunyiweyo bezisemthethweni, inani elikhathazayo leeprojekthi zomgunyathi nazo zamkelwe eziye zajongela phantsi okucwangcisiweyo kokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwihlabathi. Ngeli xesha abo baxhalabileyo malunga neziphumo ezibi zeeprojekthi zomgunyathi baye baphumelela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yeCDM ngokufuna amazwe e-Annex-1 ukuba ahlangabezane nezabelo zabo zokunciphisa "ubukhulu becala" ukusuka kunciphiso lwangaphakathi, kwaye ngokungabandakanyi iindidi ezithile zeeprojekthi ezibonwa zinzima kakhulu ukuba zivavanywe kwaye esweni. Oku kukhokelele ekusileleni ekucutheni iindleko zehlabathi zokufumana unciphiso kwaye kwakhona kuthintelwe ukhutshelo lwengeniso evela. Ii-MCDs kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako.
Nangona kunjalo, nje ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-net kuthintelwe kuwo onke amazwe, akupheleli nje ekuphosiseni kwamabhaso e-CERs akusajongeli phantsi usukelo lokuncitshiswa kwehlabathi, kukwakho nepolisa elifumanekayo elinokulahlekelwa kakhulu ngamabhaso empazamo, kubandakanywa amabhaso eeprojekthi ezonyusa ukuthinjwa. Kusemdleni koorhulumente belizwe ukugcina amaqela abucala asebenza ngaphakathi kwemimandla yawo ekuthengiseni ii-CERs ezininzi kwimarike yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe kunesixa iprojekthi ecutha ngayo ukukhutshwa okanye ukonyusa ukuthinjwa ngentla nangaphaya koko bekuya kwenzeka ukuba iprojekthi ibingekho. kwenziwa kuba, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla, ukuba oorhulumente bamazwe ezikhutshwayo zivaliwe Ukungaphumeleli ukukuthintela oku, iya kuba ngabo rhulumente okanye abemi babo abaya kubandezeleka kwiziphumo ezibi zokuhlawula ukusilela ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-net ngaphezu kokuba bekuya kufuneka ngenye indlela.
(5) Gxininisa ingqwalasela kumsebenzi olula noko wokulinganisa ukukhutshwa kwentsalela yelizwe kunye nomsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuseka izohlwayo ezisebenzayo zokungathobeli.
Ukulinganisa izinto ezikhutshwayo zonyaka kuzwelonke kulula noko kusekwe kulwazi olufumaneka lula malunga namanqanaba emveliso kunye nobuchwepheshe obusetyenziswayo. Kwaye ewe, oku kuthetha ukuba impikiswano e-Copenhagen ngenxa yokwala kwamaTshayina ukuvumela abantu bangaphandle ukuba bazibandakanye ekuhloleni indawo yayibubudenge. Ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yesizwe akufani konke konke nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwesivumelwano senyukliya esinganandeliyo apho uhlolo lweenkqubo zamandla enyukliya ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zolwazi lwehlabathi (i-GIS), ubushushu bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokufundwa kwemvula, kunye neemephu zebhayoloji zamazwe ngamazwe ngoku zenza kube lula ukulinganisa ukuba ingakanani ikhabhoni egcinwe kummandla wesizwe welizwe enyakeni. Kwelinye icala, ukulinganisa ukuba iprojekthi nganye inciphise kangakanani na ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kubomi bayo bonke xa kuthelekiswa noko ngekwenzeke ukuba iprojekthi ibingenziwanga kunzima kakhulu kuba ifuna ukuseka isiseko soqikelelo kunye nokuvavanya izinto ezikhutshwayo ezishiyekileyo kumaxesha amaninzi. Iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nokulinganisa kunye nokukopela ziyawubhida lo mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi koko kulula ukukulinganisa kunye noko kunzima ukukumeta.
Imvumelwano yamazwe ngamazwe idinga kuphela ukulinganisa ukukhutshwa konyaka, kuzwelonke, kwintsalela kuba yiloo nto abasayinileyo bazibophelela kuyo kwaye kufuneka bathwaliswe uxanduva ngayo. Loo msebenzi ulula ngokwentelekiso kwaye oorhulumente baya kuba nexesha elinzima lokubanga ukuba abahloli besivumelwano benze iimpazamo ezibalulekileyo. Yintoni ekufuneka umbutho womnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe ukhathazeke ngayo endaweni yeengxaki zokulinganisa, eziye zincinci kwintlangano yesivumelwano, indlela yokukhusela isivumelwano phakathi kwabasayinileyo kwiseti esebenzayo yezohlwayo zokungathobeli, ngaphandle kwayo yonke into engenamsebenzi. Ukuqhubeka nokuhlehlisa ingxoxo ngendlela yokunyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa kuqinisekisa ukuba uthetha-thethwano aluyi kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Inyaniso yokuba uninzi lwabatyikityi beSihlomelo-1 bayakusilela ukuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zabo phantsi kweKyoto ngo-2012 ingqina ngokulusizi ukuba umba wonyanzeliso awusenakuhoywa.
Ukuba ukuncitshiswa okanye ukuhluthwa kweekhredithi kuza kuthengiswa phakathi kwamaqela abucala asebenza kumazwe ahlukeneyo njengoko ndicebisayo, isixa-mali ekuye kwacuthwa ngaso ukukhutshwa kwentsalela ngeenzame zomthengisi kufuneka kulinganiswe. Ewe, kufuneka zilinganiswe, kwaye ziqinisekiswe, kwaye izigwebo malunga nokongezwa, ukuvuza, kunye nokusisigxina oku kufunayo kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Kodwa nje ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-net kuthintelwe kuwo onke amazwe naziphi na iimpazamo kule milinganiso kunye neziqinisekiso azikwazi ukuthintela isivumelwano ekufezekiseni ithagethi yalo yehlabathi jikelele, i-net ekhutshwayo - ngaphandle kokuba ukukhutshwa kwe-net yonyaka kulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye abatyikityi besivumelwano baye banyanzelwa ukuba baphile ngokwezibophelelo zabo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba isivumelwano silungisiwe njengoko ndikhankanyile ngasentla, into yokuba kunzima ukumisela ukuba zingaphi iikhredithi ezifanele umthengisi anikezelwe ngazo ayinamsebenzi kwindlela abagxeki abakholelwa ngayo. Iimpazamo ekunikeni iikhredithi ezincitshisiweyo kwiiprojekthi zomntu ngamnye zinceda nje umthengisi ngeendleko zabanye abemi bomthengisi ukuba umthengisi unikwa iikhredithi ezingaphezulu ebezimfanele, okanye kuxhamle abantu basekhaya ngeendleko zomthengisi ukuba kunikezelwe iikhredithi ezimbalwa kunoko bezifanele.
Ngelixa oorhulumente bamazwe aphuhlileyo ngakumbi banokuluxabisa uncedo kunye neengcebiso ekunikezeni ii-CERs kubafaki-zicelo abasebenza ngaphakathi kummandla wabo kubasebenzi babasebenzi abanamava abamivuzo yabo ihlawulwa ngumbutho wesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe, oorhulumente belizwe kufuneka babe nelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela kuphela. abemi babo, kwaye nje ukuba ukukhutshwa kwe-net kuzwelonke, ngonyaka, kuthintelwe, oorhulumente baya kuba nayo yonke inkuthazo yokwenza amabhaso achanekileyo.
(6) Emva kokuba olu tshintsho luntlanu lwenziwe eKyoto sinokubamba iimpumlo zethu kwaye sixhase ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni epheleleyo ngezizathu ezithathu.
Okokuqala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imarike yekhabhoni isebenza kakubi kangakanani, kungakhathaliseki ukuba icandelo lezemali elingalawulwayo lifaka iimvume zekhabhoni kwi-soup yayo emdaka, enetyhefu, yemali, kungakhathaliseki ukuba akunakwenzeka kangakanani ukuqinisekisa ukuba oko kunqunyulwe kwaye kwahlulwa, kuthengiwe kwaye. ithengiswe, ithengwe ngokutsha yaza yathengiswa, yaza yapakishwa ngentaphane yeefomu ezahlukeneyo kwaye idityaniswe nentaphane yezinye ii-asethi ezithandabuzekayo enyanisweni kukucutha ukukhutshwa kokwenene kunezomgunyathi; unciphiso oluyimfuneko lwehlabathi jikelele oluqinisekiswe ngu #1, kunye nolwabiwo olufanelekileyo lweendleko zokuphumeza ezo nciphiso ziqinisekiswe ngu #2 ngeke hayi sijongelwe phantsi okanye sibekwe esichengeni nangayiphi na imeko.
Okwesibini, ukurhweba okupheleleyo kweekhredithi ezikhutshwayo kuya kuvelisa ukuhamba kwengeniso esuka kuMantla ukuya eMzantsi edlula kakhulu ukuhamba koncedo lwangoku okanye nayiphi na intlawulo yokubuyisela ekunokuthi kuvunyelwene ngayo. Abagxeki abaninzi basekhohlo bayasilela ukuqonda ukuba ukurhweba kwekhabhoni yee-CER ezisemthethweni akunciphisi nje kuphela iindleko zokuthotyelwa kwemithombo yelizwe ephuhlileyo kunye noorhulumente-okulungileyo kungalunganga kuba kwenza kube lula ukuthoba ii-caps zabo nangakumbi - ikwabonelela ngenzuzo enkulu. kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako. Abathengisi belizwe abaphuhlileyo abancinci bee-CER kunye nabathengi bamazwe aphuhlileyo bee-CERs bahlula ingeniso esebenzayo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwilizwe eliphuhlileyo elincinci kunakwilizwe eliphuhlileyo phakathi kwabo. Okukhona liphezulu ixabiso elihlawulwe ii-CER kokukhona ingeniso esebenzayo isiya kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako, kokukhona ixabiso lee-CER lisezantsi kokukhona ingeniso yobuchule isiya kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Kodwa kuyo nayiphi na imeko i-CDM ivelisa ukuhamba kwengeniso ukusuka eMantla ukuya eMazantsi eya kuyeka ukuba i-CDM iyavalwa, njengoko abaninzi eKhohlo baye babiza.
Kwaye okwesithathu, ukurhweba ngezinto ezikhutshwayo kuya kuthoba ixabiso lehlabathi jikelele lokufikelela kunciphiso olumandla kwaye ngokwenza njalo kube lula ukufumana imvume yabavoti kumazwe aphuhlileyo ngakumbi ngenqanaba elinzulu lonciphiso oluyimfuneko.
Ngamafutshane, kungenxa yoko le nto iKhohlo kufuneka lixhase isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe kunye neminqwazi enyanzelekileyo kunokuba sichithe ixesha asinakuzama ukutshintsha ikhosi kwakhona sibiza irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe engayi kuba phezulu ngokwaneleyo. Yiyo loo nto kungenamveliso ukuncama izibonelelo eziziswa ngamatyala orhwebo kwihlabathi eliqhutywa ngamandla emarike. Kwaye olu lutshintsho kwiProthokholi yaseKyoto enokwenza ukuba isebenze, ilunge, kwaye ifanele ukulwela njengoko siqhuba sisebenzela ukukholisa abantu abaninzi ngakumbi ukuba bayilahle ialbatross yongxowankulu ngokulusizi isajinga ezintanyeni zethu.
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