UHarry Truman wathetha kwi-Senate yase-US ngoJuni 23, 1941: "Ukuba sibona ukuba iJamani iyaphumelela," watsho, "kufuneka sincede iRashiya, kwaye ukuba iRashiya iyaphumelela kufuneka sincede iJamani, kwaye ngaloo ndlela mababulale. abaninzi kangangoko.โ
Ngaba uTruman wayebuxabisa ubomi baseJapan ngaphezu kwesiRashiya nesiJamani? Akukho nanye indawo ebonisa ukuba wenza. Nangona kunjalo siyaxoxa, rhoqo nge-6 ka-Agastith okanye ke, ingaba uTruman wayezimisele ukuncama ubomi baseJapan ngokungeyomfuneko ukuze oyikise abantu baseRussia ngeebhombu zakhe zenyukliya. Wayethanda; wayengathandi; wayezimisele. Ishiywe ngaphandle kule ngxoxo yinto ecacileyo yokuba ukubulala amaJapan amaninzi kangangoko kwakuphakathi kweenjongo zikaTruman.
Uvavanyo lomkhosi waseMelika ngowe-1943 lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha sazo zonke iiGIs sikholelwa ukuba kuya kufuneka kubulawe wonke umntu waseJapan osemhlabeni. UWilliam Halsey, owayalela imikhosi yasemanzini yaseUnited States kuMzantsi Pasifiki ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, wacinga ngothumo lwakhe ngokuthi โBulala iJaps, bulala iJaps, ubulale iiJaps ezingakumbi,โ yaye wafunga ukuba xa imfazwe iphelile, ulwimi lwaseJapan lwaluthetha ulwimi lwaseJapan. kuya kuthethwa esihogweni kuphela. Umbhaleli wemfazwe uEdgar L. Jones wabhala ngoFebruwari 1946 Ngenyanga yeAtlantiki, Abemi bacinga ukuba besilwa imfazwe enjani nangona kunjalo? Sadubula amabanjwa ngegazi elibandayo, satshabalalisa izibhedlele, satyhoboza izikhephe zokuhlangula, sabulala okanye saphatha kakubi abantu abalutshaba, sagqiba utshaba olungxwelerhekileyo, saphosa abafayo emngxunyeni kunye nabafi iPasifiki ibilisa inyama kukhakhayi lweentshaba ukwenza imihombiso yetafile yee-sweethearts, okanye ikrole amathambo abo kwizivula iileta.
NgoAgasti 6, 1945, uMongameli Truman wathi: โKwiiyure ezilishumi elinesithandathu ezidluleyo inqwelo-moya yaseMerika yaphosa ibhombu enye eHiroshima, indawo ebalulekileyo yoMkhosi waseJapan. Loo bhombu yayinamandla angaphezu kwama-20,000 XNUMX eetoni zeTNT. i-'Grand Slam' yaseBritani eyeyona bhombu inkulu kwezakha zasetyenziswa kwimbali yemfazwe.โ โKakade, iHiroshima yayisisixeko esizele ngabantu, ingesiso isiseko soMkhosi. Kodwa abo bantu yayingamaJapan nje kuphela. UNjengele waseOstreliya uMhlekazi uThomas Blamey wayexelele ENew York Times: "Ukulwa neeJaps akufani nokulwa nabantu abaqhelekileyo. IJap ingumntu ongaqhelekanga .... Asijongani nabantu njengoko sibazi. Sijongene nento yamandulo. Amajoni ethu anembono efanelekileyo ngeeJaps. njengezinambuzane."
Abanye bazama ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokuba ezi bhombu zayenza mfutshane imfazwe yaza yasindisa ubomi babantu abamalunga nama-200,000 13 abathabathileyo. Ukanti, kwiiveki ngaphambi kokuba kuwiswe ibhombu yokuqala, ngoJulayi 1945, XNUMX, iJapan yathumela ucingo kwiSoviet Union ivakalisa umnqweno wayo wokunikezela nokuphelisa imfazwe. IUnited States yayizaphulile iikhowudi zaseJapan yaza yayifunda itelegram. UTruman wabhekisa kwidayari yakhe "kwitelegram evela kuMlawuli waseJap ecela uxolo." UTruman wayexelelwe ngeetshaneli zaseSwitzerland kunye nesiPhuthukezi zoxolo lwaseJapan kwangoko kwiinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kweHiroshima. IJapan yayichasa kuphela ukunikezela ngaphandle kwemiqathango kwaye inikezele umlawuli wayo, kodwa iUnited States yagxininisa kuloo migaqo de kwasemva kokuwa kweebhombu, apho yavumela iJapan ukuba igcine umlawuli wayo.
Umcebisi kaMongameli uJames Byrnes uxelele uTruman ukuba ukuwisa iibhombu kuya kuvumela iUnited States ukuba "imisele imiqathango yokuphelisa imfazwe." Unobhala womkhosi wamanzi uJames Forrestal wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba uByrnes "wayenexhala kakhulu lokuphelisa umcimbi waseJapan ngaphambi kokuba amaRussia angene." UTruman wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba iiSoviets zazilungiselela ukumatsha ngokuchasene neJapan kunye ne "Fini Japs xa oko kusenzeka." UTruman wayalela ukuba ibhombu iphoswe eHiroshima nge-6 ka-Agastith kunye nolunye uhlobo lwebhombu, ibhombu yeplutonium, apho umkhosi wawufuna ukuvavanya nokubonisa, eNagasaki ngo-9 Agasti. Kwakhona ngo-Agasti 9, iiSoviets zahlasela amaJapan. Kwiiveki ezimbini ezilandelayo, iiSoviets zabulala i-84,000 yaseJapan ngelixa ilahlekelwa yi-12,000 yamajoni abo, kwaye iUnited States yaqhubeka iqhumisa iJapan ngezixhobo ezingezo zenyukliya. Emva koko amaJapan anikezela.
I-United States Strategic Bombing Survey yafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba,"... ngokuqinisekileyo ngaphambi kwe-31 kaDisemba, 1945, kwaye konke okunokwenzeka ngaphambi komhla woku-1 kuNovemba, 1945, iJapan yayiza kunikezela nokuba iibhombu zeathom zazingazange ziwiswe, nokuba iRussia yayingangenanga. imfazwe, kwaye nokuba akukho luhlaselo lucetywayo okanye lucingwe. " Omnye umchasi owathi wavakalisa lo mbono kuNobhala weMfazwe ngaphambi koqhushumbo nguGeneral Dwight Eisenhower. USihlalo weeNkosana eziManyeneyo zaBasebenzi uAdmiral uWilliam D. Leahy wavuma: โUkusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo sikhohlakeleyo eHiroshima naseNagasaki kwakungekho ncedo luphathekayo kumlo wethu nxamnye neJapan.
Nokuba yeyiphi na into yokuwisa iibhombu ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibe negalelo ekupheliseni imfazwe, iyamangalisa into yokuba indlela yokoyikisa ngokuyiwisa, indlela eyasetyenziswa kwisiqingatha senkulungwane yeMfazwe Yomlomo, ayizange izame. Ingcaciso mhlawumbi inokufunyanwa kwizimvo zikaTruman ezibonisa injongo yokuziphindezela:
โEmva kokuba siyifumene ibhombu siyisebenzisile. Siyisebenzisile ngokuchasene nabo basihlasela ngaphandle kwesilumkiso ePearl Harbor, ngokuchasene nabo babulawa yindlala kwaye babetha kwaye babulala amabanjwa emfazwe aseMelika, nakwabo balahle konke ukuzenza ukuthobela amazwe ngamazwe. umthetho wemfazwe."
UTruman akatsho ukuba wasebenzisa ibhombu ukunciphisa imfazwe okanye ukusindisa ubomi. Uthi wasebenzisa ibhombu kuba ekwazi. "Emva kokuba siyifumene ibhombu siye sayisebenzisa." Kwaye ubonelela njengezizathu zokusebenzisa iimpawu ezintathu zabantu ababuleweyo: bona (okanye urhulumente wabo) bahlasela imikhosi yase-US, bona (okanye urhulumente wabo) baphatha kakubi amabanjwa ase-US, kwaye bona (okanye urhulumente wabo) - kwaye oku akukho nakuphi na ukuphoxa. injongo - ukuchasa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
UTruman wayengenakukhetha, ngengozi, ukuba akhethe iTokyo njengendawo ekujoliswe kuyo - hayi ngenxa yokuba yayisisixeko, kodwa ngenxa yokuba thina (okanye urhulumente wethu) sasisele siyiguqulile.
Iintlekele zenyukliya zisenokuba, yayingekokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, kodwa yaba kukuvulwa kweqonga leMfazwe Yomlomo, elalijoliswe ekuthumeleni isigidimi kwiiSoviet. Amagosa amaninzi aphantsi naphezulu kumkhosi wase-US, kubandakanywa abalawuli abaziintloko, baye bahendelwa ukuba basebenzise izixeko ezininzi ukususela ngelo xesha, ukuqala ngeTruman esongela i-nuke yaseChina ngo-1950. Intsomi yaphuhliswa, enyanisweni, ukuba inzondelelo ka-Eisenhower ye-nuking yase-China ikhokele. ukuya kwisiphelo esikhawulezileyo seMfazwe yaseKorea. Ukukholelwa kuloo ntsomi kwakhokelela uMongameli uRichard Nixon, kumashumi eminyaka kamva, ukuba acinge ukuba angayiphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam ngokuzenza ngathi uphambene ngokwaneleyo ukusebenzisa iibhombu zenyukliya. Okona kukhathaza ngakumbi kukuba wayephambene ngokwaneleyo. "Ibhombu yenyukliya, iyakukhathaza loo nto? ... Ndifuna nje ukuba ucinge nzulu, Henry, ngeChristsakes," uNixon wathi kuHenry Kissinger ekuxoxeni ngeenketho zaseVietnam.
Ndifuna nje ukuba ucinge, endaweni yoko, ngalo mbongo:
Hiroshima
nguSherwood Ross
NdinguMfundisi uKiyoshi Tanimoto
Uphumelele kwiKholeji yase-Emory, e-Atlanta,
Umfundisi weCawa yaseWesile yaseHiroshima
Ndandikwihlomela-dolophu elingasentshona xa kwaqhambuka ibhombu
Njengeshiti lokukhanya kwelanga.
Ukoyika umfazi wam nosapho lwam
Ndabaleka ndabuyela edolophini
Apho ndabona amakhulu namakhulu ebaleka
Ngamnye kubo wenzakala ngandlelโ ithile.
Amashiya abanye atshe aphela
Ulusu lwalujinga ebusweni nasezandleni zabo
Abanye bebegabha xa behamba
Kweminye imizimba yeze ukutsha kwakwenziwe iipateni
Ngeemilo zeentyatyambo ezidluliselweyo
Ukusuka kwiikimono zabo ukuya kulusu lomntu.
Phantse bonke babezithobile iintloko zabo
Bajonga phambili, bathi cwaka
Kwaye akazange abonise nantoni na.
Phantsi kwezindlu ezininzi ndeva abantu abavalelekileyo bekhala
Bekhalela uncedo kodwa bekungekho mncedi
Kwaye kwafika umlilo.
Ndifike kukho umfazi osemtsha ephethe umntwana wakhe ofileyo
Owandicenga ukuba ndimfunele indoda yakhe
Ngoko wayenokumbona okokugqibela umntwana.
Kwakungekho nto ndinokuyenza ngaphandle kokuhlekisa ngaye.
Ngengozi ndagilana nomfazi wam
Bobabini nomntwana wethu babesaphila.
Zaqengqeleka iintsuku ndihambisa amanzi nokutya kubantu abangxwelerhekileyo nabafayo.
Ndacela uxolo kubo: "Ndixoleleni," ndathi, "ngokungabelani ngomthwalo wenu."
NdinguMfundisi uKiyoshi Tanimoto
Umfundisi weCawa yaseWesile yaseHiroshima
Ndandikwihlomela-dolophu elingasentshona xa kwaqhambuka ibhombu
Njengeshiti lokukhanya kwelanga.
Iincwadi zikaDavid Swanson ziquka "Imfazwe Lixoki. " Ubhala iiblogi http://davidswanson.org kwaye http://warisacrime.org kwaye isebenzela umbutho wamatshantliziyo we-intanethi http://rootsaction.org. Uyabamba Intetho yeRadio yeSizwe. Mlandele kwi-Twitter: @davidcnswanson kwaye FaceBook.
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