Ixela ukuba ngoFebruwari 2008 ndabhala i-op-ed yephephandaba lase-Illinois elinesihloko, "Yintoni eyenza umntu abe ngumbulali wekhampasi?" Inkcazo emva koko yabangelwa kukubulawa kokudubula kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthern Illinois (NIU) yabantu abahlanu kunye ne-21 yenzakele ezandleni zomfundi wangaphambili.
Ngelo xesha, ndakhumbula utyelelo lwam kwikhampasi yaseDeKalb, eIllinois kwiintsuku zasemva kogonyamelo. Njengomfundi apho kwiminyaka engaphambili, ndandiyazi iCole Hall apho udubulo lwenzeka kakuhle. Ndikhumbula imozulu eqhaqhazelisโ amazinyo yasebusika ngaloo mini njengoko ndandihamba ngenqwelo-mafutha ndisiya edolophini. Yavakala imfiliba, kwaye ifaneleka ngokufanelekileyo kwikhephu elikhenkcezayo lentlungu emva koko litshayela kuloo khampasi yakuMbindi-ntshona.
Nangona isiganeko se-NIU yayingesosehlo sokuqala sokudutyulwa kwesikolo, kwakukho ingqiqo yokuba kwenzeke into engaqhelekanga. Bekunokuba njalo njani? Njengoko udushe lwemipu luqhelekile kweli lizwe, kukho into eyoyikisayo ngakumbi malunga nomnqweno womntu othile ozibulalayo wokudubula abantu abamsulwa ngokungakhethiyo, eqhutywa zezo naziphi na izikhalazo ezimfiliba ezibangela iingqondo zabo ezaphukileyo.
Iingcambu zoBundlobongela
Ukusukela ngo-2008 kuye kwakho ezinye iindyikitya zokufa ezimanyumnyezi ngokulinganayo. Ngelishwa, eyona nto yothusayo ngoku asikokunqaba koku kubulawa kwabantu abaninzi, kodwa yinto eqhelekileyo. Uyintoni unobangela womsindo onjalo wogonyamelo olubulalayo lwasesidlangalaleni? Ngaphandle kokuba sikholelwa ukuba ububi obunjalo, isimilo esitshabalalisayo ngandlelโ ithile asinakucaciswa, njengoko ezinye iinkokeli zonqulo zinokugqiba kwelokuba, kusoloko kukho ingcaciso.
Ukulala kumabali ababulali abaninzi, njengoko ugqirha wemithambo-luvo uJonathan Pincus, MD, ebhala kwincwadi yakhe, "Base Instincts: Yintoni eyenza ababulali babulale," kuqikelelwa ukuba yindibaniselwano ethile yesigulo sengqondo, ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo, nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana. Enyanisweni, intlupheko okanye ukuphelelwa ngumsebenzi okanye ezinye iingcinezelo zokuphila ehlabathini aziyi kubangela ukuba umntu abe ngumbulali, ngaphandle kokubaโkwaye oku kubalulekileโimbewu yengqondo eyingozi sele ikhona kuloo mntu. Umbhali wezengqondo U-Alice Miller kunye nabanye babhale kakhulu malunga nemiphumo yentlalontle yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana bokuqala, ukuchonga amanxeba angokweemvakalelo ahlala ehlala engasonjululwanga kwi-pathology yabantu abadala abanobundlobongela.
Njengoko uMiller echaza kwisincoko sakhe, โIingcambu zoBundlobongela,โ imfuno okanye impembelelo yokuyibulala ayibangelwa "kwindalo yomntu" ethambileyo ngokwe-se, kodwa isiphumo somonakalo owenziwe kwingqondo ekhulayo. UMiller ubhala athi: โAbantu abagcina ingqibelelo yabonakaliswa kwasebuntwaneni, ababekhuselwe, bahlonelwa baza baphathwa ngokunyaniseka ngabazali babo, baya kubaโebutsheni babo nasebudaleniโbabekrelekrele, besabela kakuhle, babe novelwano yaye babe novelwano kakhulu. โBaya kubuyolisa ubomi yaye abayi kuva nayiphi na imfuneko yokubulala okanye ukwenzakalisa abanye okanye bona ngokwabo. Baza kusebenzisa amandla abo ukuzikhusela, kungekhona ukuhlasela abanye. "
Ngamanye amazwi, ababulali benziwa, abazalwa.
Kodwa ababulali nabo abenziwa kwindawo engenanto. Ubundlobongela obukhulu bemipu bumele into ethile ekuqondeni kwayo kufuna imeko yentlalo. Ukongeza kwimbali yokuphathwa gadalala kwabantwana, ukuziphatha okunobundlobongela nokubulala kubantu abadala kukwanxulunyaniswa rhoqo nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kunye nokuvezwa okungapheliyo kwindawo enobundlobongela, njengoko uJeffrey Swanson, isazinzulu sokuziphatha seDuke University siphawula mva nje. show udliwano ndlebe.
Ngokucacileyo, utsho uSwanson, izinga lolwaphulo-mthetho e-United States alahlukanga kangako kwamanye amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, eUnited Kingdom, eJapan naseOstreliya. Kodwa izinga lokubulawa kwabantu liphezulu kakhulu. Esinye isizathu esicacileyo kukufumaneka lula kwemipu. Qwalasela yakutshanje siganeko kwisiXeko saseNew York apho amabhinqa aselula amabini enzakalayo kwaye omnye wabulawa ngaphandle kweklabhu yasebusuku yaseManhattan. Ingxwabangxwaba ezinzulwini zobusuku kwiklabhu yabangela ukuba oonogada bagxothe omnye umfana kwindawo leyo. Ecaphukile, lo mntu ukhuphe umpu emotweni yakhe, emva koko wazama ukuphinda angene kwiklabhu. Wathintelwa ekwenzeni oko. Endaweni yoko, kwithuba elifutshane kamva waqhuba ngakwiklabhu, edubula emnyango kwaye wabulala umntu omsulwa owayebukele. Kuvakala ukuba umdubuli wayejolise koonogada awayexabene nabo.
Iziganeko ezilolo hlobo kumazwe apho imipu ixhaphake kakhulu kunaseUnited States ayinakufane iphele kuphalazo-gazi olubangelwa yimipu. Kodwa eUnited States esinye isiganeko esingento yanto sisenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba sinyuke sibe lugonyamelo lompu okanye lokubulala. Ngaba oku akulindelwanga kwaphela? Ngokutsho kukarhulumente idata, iUnited States inesi-4.4 ekhulwini sabemi behlabathi, kodwa ngaphezu kwama-40 ekhulwini ayo yonke imipu yabemi. Ngo-2013 bekukho malunga nezigidi ezingama-357 zemipu kwesi sizwe esinabantu abazizigidi ezingama-319.
Kukho ilungelo loMgaqo-siseko lokuthwala izixhobo eUnited States. Kodwa kukwakho nolunye uhlobo lobundlobongela obungalawulekiyo, olonakalisayo kwingcambu yoluntu lwaseMelika, lowo usikhuzo sakhe ngoku kukufikelela ngokubanzi kwizixhobo ezibulalayo. Enyanisweni, iziganeko eziyintloko zokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi zizincam nje zogonyamelo lwemipu eUnited States. Njengoko KwiPosi yaseWashington Ingxelo ithi, bamalunga ne-10,000 XNUMX abantu abaye babulawa kwiziganeko zogonyamelo lwemipu eUnited States ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulo nyaka.
Abanye abantu bafuna ukubeka uxanduva lwamanqanaba amabi obundlobongela bompu ikakhulu kumaqela emigulukudu edolophini. Kodwa inyaniso inzima ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, imipu iye yanda kuluntu oluninzi oluhlwempuzekileyo, oluphakathi kwezixeko ngenxa yezobupolitika โImfazwe Yokulwa Neziyobisi.โ Sisiphumo samashumi eminyaka yomthetho kunye nomyalelo wokugqwesa kwabo bobabini iiDemocrats kunye namaRiphabhlikhi.
Njengoko umbhali-mbali weYunivesithi yaseTempile uHeather Ann Thompson echaza kwisincoko sika-2014 kwi the Atlantic, โLe mfazwe intsha yeziyobisi idale intengiso entsha kraca yokuthengisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweniโindawo yentengiso efihlakeleyo ebiya kuba yingozi ngokwemvelo nebiya kulawulwa yimipu nogonyamelo.โ
Kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala ezidolophini, iMfazwe yeZiyobisi iguqulela kwinyani yemihla ngemihla yokuxhatshazwa kwamapolisa okuqhutywa lubuhlanga, ukubekw' esweni, kunye nokubulawa. Endaweni yokuphatha ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi njengomba wezempilo yoluntu, utshilo uThompson, sele iyinto yokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba baphathe ngenkohlakalo uluntu oluphakathi kwedolophu.
Umntu Oyedwa Ulahlekile
Ngandlela ithile, ubundlobongela obuxhaphakileyo bemipu kuluntu bumele ubuntu obudumileyo bobomi baseMelika obuguqukele kubo. Kuluntu apho amaqhina oluntu, isiseko seziseko zentlalo, kubandakanywa izixhobo zempilo yengqondo yoluntu, zikhona kumanqanaba amancinci kwabaninzi, ngaba kufuneka simangaliswe kukuba abantu abaninzi bawela kumda wolu hlobo lokukholelwa loluntu olulungileyo?
Kutshanje uHenry A. Giroux weYunivesithi yaseMcMaster ubhala athi: โXa ugonyamelo lusiba ngumgaqo olungelelanisayo eluntwini, inkqubo yedemokhrasi iqalisa ukutyhileka icebisa ukuba iMelika isilwa nayo ngokwayo. Uluhlu lwezahlulo isincoko. U-Giroux ulungile. Siphila kuluntu oluchazwayo nolugcinwe lugonyamelo. Kwangaloo veki inye njengoko i-Oregon idubula umkhosi wase-US ujolise ekubetheni umoya kwisibhedlele saseKunduz, e-Afghanistan ebulele ubuncinci abantu abangama-22 kwaye yenzakalisa inqwaba yabantu.
Kuyabonakala ukuba, siye saxakeke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwemfazwe esisigxina-ukuya emkhosini womgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle-ukuba iimfazwe ngoku zinokubhengezwa ngaphezulu naxa zingekapheli. Ngohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomkhosi olulingana nesiqingatha sayo yonke inkcitho yomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela lidityanisiwe, ubukho bethu bomkhosi behlabathi buthumela umyalezo wokuba ubundlobongela sesona sisombululo kuyo nayiphi na ingxabano. Lo ngumyalezo ongena rhoqo kwi-subsoil ye-psyche yaseMelika kunye nenkcubeko.
Ngokuqinisekileyo isiHlomelo seSibini ilungelo lokuthwala izixhobo aliyithinteli imimiselo yezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Kodwa, ngokuqinisekileyo, izibhamu sele ziphantsi kwemimiselo emininzi. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-boilerplate paranoia ye-National Rifle Association (NRA), amanyathelo okuthintela ukuthengiswa kompu kubantu abaneembali ezinobundlobongela ayiyomiba yendalo โyamalungelo ompuโ, nangaphezu kokuba izinto ezintsha zobugcisa โezihlakaniphileyoโ zisenokungabi njalo. thintela izixhobo ekugxothweni ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kwesazisi.
โUmpu sisixhobo kuphela, esilungileyo okanye esibi njengendoda esisebenzisayo,โ watsho umlingisi u-Alan Ladd njengendoda ephethe umpu u-Shane kwifilimu yamandulo ye-1950s yasentshona. Kukwanjalo ke nomlinganiselo woluntu oluzibhuqa kugxobhozo lobundlobongela obungenasiphelo, olwahlulwe bubutyebi obugqithileyo nobuhlwempu, noluyilelwe ngokusisiseko ukutyebisa ipesenti enye okanye ngaphantsi abangabanini bemizi mveliso kunye nezixhobo zesizwe. Ngokwenene, le nyaniso yamva ibandakanya uhlobo lobundlobongela kwezoqoqosho kuninzi lwabasebenzi belizwe, abahlwempuzekileyo bokhuseleko loluntu kunye neemeko zentlalo zoqoqosho eziwohlokayo zisebenza njengemvelaphi exhokonxayo kubhubhani waseMelika wodushe lwemipu.
Kuya kuqatshelwa ukuba nangeminyaka yee-1930, ekuphakameni koxinzelelo olukhulu, izitrato zahlala zikhuselekile kubundlobongela basekuhlaleni, ubuncinci ngakumbi kunanamhlanje. Kwanangeminyaka yee-1940, ihlabathi lalivutha kugonyamelo lwemfazwe, ukungavisisani kwabantu ababengaqhelananga nako kwakungahambi ezikolweni ukuze badubule ngokungenankathalo abantu abamsulwa. Kodwa uthelekiso olunjalo luthetha kuphela ngemiphumo eyonakalisayo, eyonakalisa umphefumlo ngokuhamba kwexesha kwi-archaic capitalist yentlalontle kwimeko yomntu. Ikhulu leminyaka edlulileyo iyenye yezona nkulungwane zobundlobongela kwimbali yoluntu. Ngaba le nyaniso ayihambelani nayo nayiphi na ingxoxo yobundlobongela bemipu njengomba wezempilo yoluntu?
Ngandlela ithile, umbono wodushe lwemipu e-United States luphawu loluntu olune-atom, olunomkhosi oluphila kwintuthu yedemokhrasi, olungenamdla kubundlobongela kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu, kwaye ngoku lukhohlela i-phlegm yokuhlukaniswa kunye nobukrakra obubulalayo ngamanye amaxesha phakathi. abona bantu bahlelelekileyo.
Ukuba kukho i-antidote kule nyaniso eyityhefu, iya kuthi ekugqibeleni ifumaneke ngaphantsi kwemithetho emitsha okanye imimiselo emitsha, kodwa kumbono ocacileyo wohlobo olutsha loluntu. Lo ngumbono wedemokhrasi yenyambalala yenyambalala yedemokhrasi njengoko iqulathwe ngcono kwiimbono zembali zombutho wobusoshiyali. Iyeza njengoko lihlala lihlala lingumoya omtsha womanyano loluntu, wobudlelwane babantu obusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yentsebenziswano nenkathalo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zomntwana ngamnye zezentlalo nezokukhula ziyahlangatyezwa kwasekuqaleni kobomi.
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