Uguqulo oluthe cwaka lwerhasi yerhasi yomhlaba wonke (kunye ne-oyile yelitye) ibiqhubeka ukusukela ngo-2001, ingakumbi eMntla Melika. Nangona iYurophu ithatha i-5% kuphela yogcino lwerhasi eqikelelweyo yehlabathi, iYurophu iye yavuselela umdla weenkampani ze-oyile negesi, emva kwe-United States neKhanada, naphambi kweTshayina namanye amazwe. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anike imvume yokuphonononga ecinga ukuba ilizwe labo linokuba yinxalenye yale oli nerhasi iEldorado. EYurophu, iidiphozithi zerhasi ye-shale yasePoland zinokuqulatha i-5.3 yeetriliyoni zee-cubic metres kuzo zonke, ngokwesebe laseMelika lamandla1. IFransi lilizwe lesibini laseYurophu ngokukwazi ukuphuhlisa igesi ye-shale. Kodwa izicwangciso zeenkampani zegesi azikhange ziphume njengoko bekucwangcisiwe. Iidiphozithi zerhasi yasePoland zincinci kunoqikelelo lwe2 kwaye ezinye iiprojekthi zokomba sele zilahliwe3. Ngaphezu koko, ngoJulayi ka-2011, iFransi yaba lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ukuvalwa kwe-fracking, indlela yokomba eyingozi esetyenziselwa ukukhupha igesi neoli kwi-shale, ilandelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kweBulgaria, ngoJanuwari 2012. Nantsi i-X-reyi emfutshane, ngabom ayiphelelanga, yedabi laseFransi phakathi kweenkampani ezixhasayo kunye neelobi kunye nentshukumo enkulu yabemi elwa ngokuchasene nokuqhekeka.
Abemi bavukele ukudiliza indlela yokuqhafaza
Ekwindla ka-2010, bambalwa kakhulu abantu baseFransi ababekwazi oko abanye bakubiza ngokuba โyi-shale gas revolutionโ. Kwisithuba esingaphezu konyaka kamva, bambalwa abantu baseFransi abanokuthi abazange beve ngayo. NgoMatshi ka-2010, iLe Monde yabhengeza ukuba urhulumente kaNicolas Sarkozy unikezele iilayisenisi ezintathu zokuphonononga "i-hydrocarbons elulwelo okanye igesi yegesi" kuMazantsi eFransi kwiinkampani ezipheleleyo (imvume yaseMontelimar) kunye neSchuepbach (iimvume zeVilleneuve de Berg kunye neNant) . Ifumaneka kwingingqi engenarhasi yesiqhelo kunye neoyile eqhelekileyo, ezi mvume zibizwa ngokuba "ziimvume zerhasi ye-shale" ngelixa umthetho waseFransi uvuma kuphela iimvume zokuhlola "ulwelo okanye igesi yehydrocarbon". Ngeli xesha kwaye kude kube sekupheleni kwekwindla ka-2010, ambalwa kakhulu amanqaku apapashiweyo ngalo mbandela kwaye bambalwa abakhweli abazamile ukulumkisa abemi, imibutho, abezopolitiko, njl.
Kwakungekho kude kube sekupheleni kuka-2010 - ekuqaleni kuka-2011 apho intshukumo enkulu yabemi ngokuchasene nerhasi ye-shale / i-oyile kunye nokuchasana nokuqhekeka yaqala ukuvela eFransi. Ukuza kuthi ga kuqhanqalazo lwabantu abangaphezu kwe-15,000 e-Villeneuve de Berg4 ngoFebruwari ka-2011, olwavakala njengesilumkiso sokuqala sokuchasa okuzayo, ukhuthazo lwalubandakanya ukusekwa kwamaqela abemi abancinci abaququzelela iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kwaye bapapasha izixhobo zolwazi. Kungekudala, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu kuluntu oluchaphazelekileyo ziye zaphuphuma, kwaye rhoqo, bekukho abathabathi nxaxheba abaninzi kwezi ntlanganiso kunabemi basezilalini, ngakumbi e-Ardรจche, eGard, Aveyron, njl. uphando lokusingqongileyo kwiziphumo zeendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo, iimvume ezintathu ziye zaxhalabisa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngaphaya kweengcali zokusingqongileyo: abazingeli, abaloli, ama-cavers kunye "nabemi abaqhelekileyo" babeyinxalenye yesi sigaba sokuqala sokulumkisa.
Umboniso bhanyabhanya othi Gasland nguJosh Fox5, echaza ifuthe lokuqhekeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yase-United States, isasazwe amawakawaka ngamaxesha kwiinguqulelo ezinde, ezimfutshane okanye ezilungisiweyo. Njengakwezinye iindawo, imifanekiso enyanisekileyo nenamandla yalo mboniso bhanyabhanya ivelise iimvakalelo ezinzulu kunye nomnqweno wokungavumeli ukukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-shale kwenzeke kwimimandla yendawo. Umboniso okwifilimu apho umnini-mhlaba uMike Markham etshisa igesi esuka kumbhobho wamanzi omthombo ekhayeni lakhe ngesibane somdiza ngenxa yokuphononongwa kwerhasi yendalo kule ndawo yingxoxo esebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-fracking kunayo nayiphi na ingxelo okanye intetho.
Iinyaniso zezoqoqosho, ezobuchwephesha kunye nezejoloji zengxoxo-mpikiswano zasasazwa kwaye ulwazi lwasasazeka ngesantya esimangalisayo, kwinkqubo efana naleyo malunga neSivumelwano sokuseka uMgaqo-siseko waseYurophu (TCE) ngo-2005. itekhnoloji, ngaphandle kokungabikho kwemvelaphi okanye uqeqesho kuloo ndawo. Bayazi ngentloko zonke iingxabano ezivela kwizifundo zesayensi ezichaza imiphumo yokusetyenziswa kwegesi ye-shale. Njengoko imizekelo emininzi ibonisa eUnited States, eKhanada, eNgilani nakwezinye iindawo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegesi ephuma ematyeni kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho iimeko ezininzi zongcoliseko lwemichiza netyhefu, imiphumo yempilo kubemi, ukonakaliswa kwamanzi okusela, ukutshabalalisa imihlaba, iinyikima zomhlaba, nokutshabalalisa umhlaba. ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse.
Njengoko iilayisensi ezintathu esele zikhankanyiwe zikwiindawo ezinqongopheleyo zamanzi, ezimbini zezona zigxeko ziphambili ezichasene nezi projekthi zinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kongcoliseko lwamanzi namanzi. I-Fracking isebenzisa amanzi amaninzi axinanisiweyo, isanti kunye neekhemikhali ukukhulula igesi yendalo kwimithombo yayo ye-geophysical. I-Fracking isenokubangela ukungcoliseka kwamanzi angaphezulu kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba (kuquka amanzi okusela) ngeekhemikhali eziyityhefu ezisetyenziswa kulwelo oluqhekekileyo, kunye nokwandisa ukuxinana kumanzi anjalo e-methane kunye nezinto ezinobungozi kunye ne-radioactive ezenzeka ngokwendalo kwi-shale. Ngenxa yokuba ubuninzi bamanzi amatsha bufuneka xa kusenziwa ifracking, ukuqhekeka kubandakanya ukumpompa amanzi amaninzi acocekileyo ngaphantsi komhlaba, uninzi lwawo oluye lungafumaneki kwaye/okanye lungcoliseke.
Umthetho wokuqala emhlabeni othintela ukukhwabanisa
Izivumelwano zokuqala ezibanzi kakhulu ezakhayo eFransi ziye zanyanzela abezopolitiko abaninzi abavela macala onke, kwaye bevela kumanqanaba asekuhlaleni kunye nakazwelonke, ukuba bathathe izikhundla ezicacileyo kakhulu ngokuchasene ne-fracking kunye negesi ye-shale, ngaphandle kokulinda imiyalelo okanye izigqibo ezivela kwikomkhulu labo eliseParis. Ezi zikhundla zithathwa ngamagosa asekuhlaleni anyuliweyo kaninzi aguqulwa abe zizibhambathiso ngoogunyaziwe bengingqi. Ukusekwa kweParis, eburhulumenteni nakwishishini, kwamangaliswa kwaye koyiswa. Babonakala bengakwazi ukumelana nentshukumo eyandayo kunye neemfuno zayo. Xa abefundisi baqalisa ukuhlaba ikhwelo lokuba kunqunyanyiswe okanye kunqunyanyiswe ukukhutshwa kwamaphepha-mvume, amaqela asekuhlaleni, awayehlanganisene kwiBhunga lawo Lokunxibelelanisa leSizwe, ayesele efuna kucinywe onke amaphepha-mvume awayekho.
Ngelixa bephucula ulwazi lwabo ngalo mbandela kwaye befumanisa ubucukubhede bemithetho yemigodi, amaqela asekuhlaleni akhawuleza aqonda ukuba kwakungekho zimvume zintathu kodwa iimvume ezingama-64 zokuphonononga โiihydrocarbon ezinolwelo okanye ezinegesi,โ uninzi lwazo ezikummandla waseParis. kunye nokukhupha ioli ye-shale, kwaye ibanjwe ziinkampani ezifana neVermilion kunye neToreador. Ayikwazanga ukumelana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo zombutho, abaphathiswa kunye norhulumente beza neengxelo ezilahlekisayo (ezifana ne "French-style fracking"), okanye babhenele kwii-rhetorical dodges ("moratorium" eyayingeyonyani), ngeenzame zokuphepha ukulungisa eyona meko.
Kwelawo icala, amalungu epalamente, ebanjwe yingxoxo-mpikiswano ebengayibonanga isiza kwaye ebengenasiphatho, agqibe ekubeni angenise imithetho emine eyahlukeneyo ePalamente. Emva kokuba ezi zidlulile kwi-mill yowiso-mthetho, isiphakamiso esaphuma sancitshiswa kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nokulindela kunye neemfuno zentshukumo (uMthetho we-13 kaJulayi 2011). Nangona i-hydraulic fracking iye yavalwa, ayichazwanga ngokuchanekileyo, nto leyo enika inkululeko ekutolikweni nasekuqulunqweni okutsha. Umthetho ushiya ithuba elinokwenzeka lokulingwa phantsi kwengubo yophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokuphuculwa kolwazi. Oku kusetyenziswa kakubi kwesayensi kukwaphulwa apho iilebhu zophando kunye neenkampani ezibotshelelwe kumashishini e-oyile kunye negesi ziya kuhamba. Nangona iimvume ezininzi bekufanele ukuba zibe ngamaxhoba alo mthetho kwaye zirhoxisiwe, zi-6 kuphela-kwiingingqi ezinokhuthazo olukhulu - ziye zarhoxiswa ekuqaleni kuka-Oktobha ka-2011.
Ukuba uqwalaselo lwemikhosi lwanele ukuba lubangele ukucinywa kwezi mvume zintathu, oko kwakuyinxalenye ngenxa yokuba ukukhuthazana kwabemi kwancediswa ngamanyathelo asemthethweni acela umngeni kwiindlela zokukhutshwa kwelayisensi, okanye izizathu zabo zomthetho, njl. , kwaye zingalungelelaniswa, okanye ngeenjongo ezinqamlezileyo, ezinye zezi zenzo zomthetho ziye zanegalelo ngokucacileyo ekucinyweni kweemvume ezintathu, kunye neefayile ezidityanisiweyo zihambelana kakhulu ukuba urhulumente abeke umngcipheko wokugcinwa kweemvume. Lo msebenzi wezomthetho uyaqhubeka ngokubhekiselele kwiimvume eziseleyo, ngokukodwa ezijoliswe ekufumaneni zonke iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ukuze ube nemephu ebanzi yeemvume ezikhoyo kunye nobuthathaka bazo.
Ukuya kutshintsho lwamandla? Eyiphi kwaye nabani?
Kakade ke, abantu abaninzi ekuqaleni bahlanganiswa ukuze bakhusele intsimi yabo. Hayi njenge-NIMBY- "hayi kwiyadi yam engasemva" - kodwa ngendlela ebuza ulongamo kwintsimi yendawo kunye nocwangciso lokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Indlela enjalo ilingana nokuphinda kufakwe ipolitiki kwisicwangciso sesithuba ngokuyila enye indlela edibanisa ngokungenakuhluzwa kunye nelizwe jikelele, ummandla kunye nento esinokuyibiza, ngokwembono yesiFrentshi, jikelele, okanye "izinto eziqhelekileyo". Intshukumo yaseFransi echasene nerhasi ye-shale kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-oyile iquke inqanaba lehlabathi kwasekuqaleni. Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba isixhobo esiyintloko sokuhlanganisa, ifilimu ethi Gasland, yadutyulwa e-US. Kodwa nangenxa yokuba ukuhlanganisana eQuebec, okuye kwafikelela kwi-semi-moratorium, kwasetyenziswa njengendawo yokubhekisela. Ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwenza kube lula kubantu baseFrentshi kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni amaFrentshi ukuba afunde iindaba ezivela eQuebec kwaye enze unxibelelwano namaqela asekuhlaleni aseQuebec. Kungekudala, intetho ethi โApha nakwenye indawoโ yasasazeka ngokubanzi. Ukulandela impumelelo yomthetho ovala i-fracking, umdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemeko kwamanye amazwe uye wanda ngokuthe ngcembe. Amakhonkco amaninzi enziwe, aqala asebenzisana nabantu, emva koko kwavela elinye iqela, ngakumbi phakathi kwamaqela amaFrentshi kunye neQuebecois. Ngoku, inyathelo elitsha liqalisiwe: ukuqulunqa la makhonkco kunye nokwakhiwa kweYurophu, okanye ulungelelwaniso lwezizwe ngezizwe, lweentshukumo zengca. Emva kweentlanganiso esiziququzelele eMarseilles (eFransi) ngexesha leForam yeHlabathi yezaManzi eNgelinye i-FAME (ngoMatshi 2012) naseRio (eBrazil) ngexesha leNtlanganiso yabantu (ngoJuni 2012), ngalinye linabathathi-nxaxheba abavela kumazwe aliqela, inyathelo elilandelayo yiGlobal Usuku lweFrackdown oluza kubanjwa ngomhla wama-22 kuSeptemba.
Inyaniso yokuba le ntshukumo ayimiliselwanga ekuhlaleni kuphela ekukhuseleni imimandla yengingqi ibibalulekile ekwandiseni ukuhlanganiswa okusingise kwinguqu yamandla eyimfuneko esiyidingayo. Kodwa eli nyathelo lalingelula okanye lingabonakali. Oku kwandiswa kwengxoxo-mpikiswano, okuthe kwatshintsha imigca emininzi yokucandwa kwemida, kubangele iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa nezopolitiko. Umgca omnye oshiyeke ugxile kakhulu kwirhasi ye-shale kunye nokuqhekezwa kwe-oli ye-shale, ukwenza nzulu ukuhlanganisa kunye nokuyiqinisa ngokunzulu ngokusasazwa, imfundo, ukomelezwa kwamaqela, kunye nokwandiswa kobukho bommandla, njl. njl. ukuhlanganisa ukuxhasa imiba yamandla ehlabathi. Phakathi kokunzulu kunye nokwandisa, njengoko wonke umntu uyazi, iingxaki, kunye nokuxhatshazwa, kunokuvela. Ezi ngxaki nokungavisisani kuye kwandiswa kukungabi naxesha lengxoxo. Ngokuhlanganisana okuye kwakhula ngokukhawuleza ukuya kubukhulu obukhulu kwaye kwafumana iziphumo ngokukhawuleza, kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthatha ixesha lokuququzelela umsebenzi kunye nengxoxo phakathi nangaphakathi kwamaqela, naphakathi kwamaqela kunye nemibutho yesizwe.
Kungekudala, ingcamango yokuququzelela i-rally enkulu ehlobo lika-2011 yaxoxwa. Ekuqaleni yabonwa njengomboniso wamandla - iLarzac7 enkulu echasene nokuqhekeka - inyathelo layekwa ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yobunzima obuphathekayo, obufana nokunqongophala kwexesha kunye nezixhobo, iingxaki zendawo, njl., kunye neengxaki zezopolitiko, ezinje ukuba kufuneka zithini. thatha xa umthetho owalela ukuqhekezwa kwefracking uphunyeziwe. Ingcamango yendibano enjalo yathatyathwa ngamanye amaqela asekuhlaleni aye anikezela ukusingatha intlanganiso ye-Lezan "ngenguqu yamandla", apho i-ATTAC yaseFransi, i-Friends of the Earth, iGreenpeace kunye nabanye babandakanyekayo. Amanye amaqela, iqela le-Ardรจche8 coordination, umzekelo, alizange lifune ukujoyina eli nyathelo, ekubeni baqwalasela umba obanzi kakhulu malunga neenjongo zokuhlanganiswa kwerhasi ye-shale. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagqugquzeli bale ntlanganiso babefuna ukubandakanya lonke uluhlu lwemiba yamandla, nangona umngcipheko wokuba, emva kweLezan, inkqubo ecothayo kunye neyokunciphisa "yokudibanisa" iya kubangela9.
Kodwa ekugqibeleni, intlanganiso ye-Lezan yayingundoqo ngokwenene ukuxuba imiba emininzi kunye neengxoxo ezichasene ne-fracking ezifana nemiba yemozulu ngokomzekelo. Abantu abaninzi baseFransi abakhoyo baye bafumanisa isibhengezo saseCochabamba10 malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye namalungelo kaMama woMhlaba ngelo xesha. Ukudibanisa i-fracking kunye nemozulu kufuna ukuba sichaze into esiyifunayo njengenguqu yamandla. Ukuze kuthintelwe ubushushu behlabathi bungaphantsi kwe-1,5 degrees celsius, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe utshintsho lwemozulu oluyingozi, amafutha efosili kufuneka apheliswe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukunyaniseka kwamandla, ukonga amandla, amandla avuselelekayo kunye nokunciphisa okuphawulekayo kokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kuya kunika indlela ekuphela kwayo esebenzayo kwikamva elizinzileyo kunye nenempilo. Isibhengezo seLezan sicebisa ukubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokulibaziseka, oku kuthetha ukuqhubela phambili ekuhlaziyeni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle, ukumisa ugqatso lwamafutha e-fossil kunye nokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouses ukuya kwiimfuno ezichazwe kwisivumelwano sabantu baseCochabamba. Ukusebenzisa amafutha efosili angaqhelekanga afana nerhasi ye-shale, i-oyile ye-shale kunye ne-coal bed methane kuya kwandisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse epheleleyo kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Kunyaka omnye emva koko, ukruthakruthwano phakathi kokwandiswa nokunzulu kusenobungqina, kodwa iyoyiswa, kuba ukujongana nenyani, wonke umntu ngokuthe ngcembe uyayiqonda into yokuba ukwanda kunye nokwenza nzulu kunokwenziwa kuphela kunye. Emva konyaka kunye nesiqingatha sokuhlanganiswa ngokuchasene nerhasi ye-shale kunye ne-oyile fracking, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa umba. Ngenxa yokuba ukuqonda ngcono itekhnoloji kunye nezenzo zeshishini kubandakanya ukwandisa ugxininiso ukusuka "kwirhasi ye-shale kunye nokuqhekezwa kwe-oyile" ukubandakanya imiba efana nokugrumba nzulu elunxwemeni kwiBhayi yaseMarseille (uLwandle lweMeditera) okanye eFrench Guyana. Kodwa kwakhona ngenxa yokuba xa uchasa imithombo yamandla angcolileyo, impikiswano yamandla ihlelwe ngendlela efunekayo ukuba ikwazi ukubonisa enye indlela, zombini iteknoloji, apho imida ibonakala ngokukhawuleza, kunye nezopolitiko, ngombono obhekiselele kwinguqu yamandla. , kunye nokuguqulwa koluntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuthe ngcembe kuya kucaca ukuba ukwandiswa kunokusebenza kuphela xa kuqhutyelwa ngobuninzi kwaye, ngokukodwa, ngokuqinisa iziseko zentshukumo kunye neengcambu zayo zendawo. Ngokukodwa kuba idabi alikapheli kwaye iilobi zeoyile kunye negesi ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kubuya zihlawule.
Imiceli mngeni ekhoyo: ukuphelisa iilobi ze-oyile nerhasi ukuze kuphunyezwe utshintsho lwamandla abemi
Amaqumrhu, afana neTotal, akawulahlanga umzabalazo wawo, okanye amaphepha-mvume abenawo okanye asenawo. Baye benyusa amaphulo abo kunye nemisebenzi yonxibelelwano ukuze baphinde babe nefuthe lezopolitiko, bexhaswa ziingcali eziluncedo kakhulu kunye neengcali zosasazo. Amanqaku e-Pro-fracking aphuphuma kumajelo eendaba. I-Le Monde, elinye lawona maphephandaba adumileyo eFransi, yade yanesibindi sokupapasha ingxelo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwerhasi ye-shale eTexas ngokusekwe kuhambo loonondaba olwaluququzelelwe yiTotal11, emva kokupapasha abahleli ababini becela ukuba baphinde bavule ingxoxo-mpikiswano ngerhasi ye-shale ngokubhengeza ukuba bangaququzelela. Ukuzimela kwamandla aseFransi. I-UFIP, intlangano emele yonke imisebenzi yeoli eyenziwa kwi-metropolitan territory yaseFransi iyamenywa ngokukhawuleza ukuba ibonakale kumabonwakude nakwimiboniso yerediyo. Kwaye kwangaxeshanye urhulumente omtsha waseNxele uyathandabuza. U-Hollande uphinde wakuphinda ukuchasa kwakhe ukuqhekeka ngelixa eshiya ucango luvuliwe ukuze lutsalwe ngezinye iindlela kunye novavanyo lwesayensi olunokwenzeka. Ngawaphi amaqhinga asukelwa ziilobi kunye neenkampani zeoyile negesi? Phinda uvule ingxoxo-mpikiswano, ubangele amathandabuzo, ngelixa usebenzisa ubuthathaka bomthetho okhoyo ukuze ufumane imvume yokugrumba nokwenza uvavanyo lokulinga. Oku kunokubizwa ngokuba sisicwangciso se-โfait accompliโ.
Amagama omthetho angayichaziyo into eqhekezayo kunye ne-ambivalence yolawulo lwaseFransi iye yabeka isiseko somdlalo olandelayo. Iinkampani ezininzi azitsho ukuba ziza kusebenzisa i-fracking, kodwa zithi ziza kuvuselela i-bedrock okanye ezinye ii-circumlocutions, ngoko ke amaphepha-mvume ebekufanele ukuba arhoxisiwe ngenxa yomthetho asalindile. Kwelinye icala, ulawulo lwaseFransi lupapashe ngoMatshi ka-2012 ingxelo ecebisa ukuba kuvavanywe imithombo โyerhasi ye-shaleโ eFransi kunye nokuphuhlisa iimvavanyo zenzululwazi kusetyenziswa i-fracking ukuphucula ubuchule. Bafuna ukugrumba kwaye bajikele umthetho phantsi kwesizathu sophando lwezenzululwazi. Ngelixa izifundo ezininzi ezizimeleyo eUnited States ziya kwanela ukubonisa iingxaki ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwerhasi ye-shale.
Xa sijongene nesi sicwangciso-qhinga sobudlelwane boluntu se-oyile nerhasi, ukuhlanganisana kwabemi kuyaqhubeka kwaye kuphuhla apho bekulindelwe kancinci. Njengoko kukho inani elikhulu leemvume zokuphonononga kunye nokugrumba zisasebenza, kodwa zingaphantsi kokupapashwa kunezi zintathu zikhankanywe ngasentla, ezinye zazo zinike uqhanqalazo lwabemi abatsha ngo-2012, kufutshane neFrench Riviera (isebe laseVar, Bouches-du-Rhรดne). ), kunye namasebe aseSavoy, njl. imbonakalo yezopolitiko. Bafumene uloyiso lwabo lokuqala xa owayesakuba nguMongameli uSarkozy wagqiba ekubeni angayandisi imvume yeNoble Energy ukuze abonwe kwindawo enerhasi engaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-50 kude namanxweme ahlala izigidi zabantu abahlamba umzimba, nakwindawo yokugcina indalo exabisekileyo iCamargues. Amawakawaka abantu abacwangcise ukubonisa ngokuchasene nokuhlaziywa kwemvume ngo-Epreli 8 babhiyozele olu loyiso luncinci, olungekaqinisekiswa12.
Kutshanje, ilayisenisi ephethwe ngabakwaShell, iTotal kunye neTullow Oil yokujonga i-oyile enzulu kunxweme lwaseGuyana ibangele impikiswano. Urhulumente omtsha wobuSoshiyali uye wadamba, evala ukomba ngaphambi kokuba atshintshe ingqondo yakhe phantsi koxinzelelo olusuka kwindawo yokusebenzela i-oyile ukuba ibagunyazise. Ngeli xesha, ukuxutywa kweNkulumbuso kumphathiswa wezendalo kubonwa njengophawu olucacileyo lokuququzelela ukusebenza kweenkampani zeoyile negesi. Ezi ngxoxo-mpikiswano zintsha zinokuba linyathelo lokusuka kumbandela omnye wokuqhekeka - okubonakaliswe ukuba kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye sele kuvaliwe - ukuya kwiphulo elibanzi 'lokushiya igesi neoli emhlabeni'. Mhlawumbi amanyathelo ambalwa phakathi aya kufuneka, njengokufumana ukumiswa kwerhasi ye-shale okanye i-oyile yaseYurophu, mhlawumbi ukuvalwa kwe-fracking kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nokuthintela ukombiwa kwe-off-shore kwiindawo ezibuthathaka, akukhathaliseki nokuba bubuphi na ubuchule obusetyenziswayo.
NguMaxime Combes
I-Membre d'Attac France, de l'Aitec, kunye ne-engegรฉ dans le projet Echo des Alternatives (www.alter-echos.org)
Eli nqaku libonisa okubhalwe kwingxelo ezayo ye-EJOLT#6 ebonisa amalinge kwihlabathi jikelele ukushiya i-oyile emhlabeni kunye negesi phantsi kwengca, eya kukhutshwa ngoNovemba ka-2012.
1 Ingxelo yesebe lamandla laseMelika : http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/fullreport.pdf
2Ngokutsho kwePolish National Institute of energy, iidiphozithi ezisebenzisekayo azidluli kwi-346 ukuya kwi-768 yezigidi ze-cubic metres, i-7 ukuya kwi-15 amaxesha angaphantsi kunokuba bekulindelwe ekuqaleni.
I-3ExxonMobil iphelisa uvavanyo lwerhasi ye-shale ePoland, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5e883fdc-b94c-11e1-b4d6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz21Zr373dp
4http://www.bastamag.net/article1451.html
5http://www.gaslandthemovie.com/
6Iimvume zisiwe kwiTotal naseSchuepbach
7Indawo eyaziwa kangangeminyaka emininzi yokuzabalaza nxamnye nenkampu yomkhosi
8Isebe laseFransi eliye lafumana ukhuthazo olukhulu
9 Nantsi ingxelo yokugqibela yale ntlanganiso: http://www.convergenceenergetique.org/Declaration-de-Lezan-Gard-le-28
I-10Isibhengezo sabhalwa kwaye samkelwa ngexesha leNkomfa yeHlabathi yabantu malunga noTshintsho lweMozulu kunye namaLungelo oMama woMhlaba owawubanjelwe e-Cochabamba ngo-Marc 2009, phambi kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-30 000 kumazwe angaphezu kwe-140. http://pwccc.wordpress.com/
11http://www.arretsurimages.net/TMP-B63A1CAA45-5134-30773
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Nikela