UGeorge Monbiot kunye ne Guardian yaseLondon
"Ukukhanyela ukubulawa kwabantu" kunye "nokuhlaziya"
Edward S. Herman noDavid Peterson
NgoLwesibini, ngoJuni 14, i Guardian of
Ukuphendula, ngamnye wethu ungenise imibhalo-ngqangi eyahlukileyo kwi Guardian ungadlulanga impelaveki elandelayo (ngoJuni 17-19). Kodwa Guardian ifumene ukufakwa kwethu kuyingxaki, kwaye yalibazisa isigqibo sayo malunga nemo yabo ngelixa ifuna ukujonga ukuchaneka kwento esiyibhalileyo-into engazange yenziwe ngokucacileyo kwi-Monbiot egcwele iimpazamo kunye nentsusa eyalahlekisayo.
NgoJulayi 5, i Guardian yayiyigatye yomibini imibhalo-ngqangi yethu.2] Kodwa, ikwasimeme ukuba siphinde singenise impendulo enye edibeneyo, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokupapashwa, kwaye yacela ukuba sigcine umda ongqongqo wamagama angama-550-okanye isiqingatha sobude bemvelaphi kaMonbiot.
Kungekudala emva koko sazisa umbhalo-ngqangi odityanisiweyo Guardian ngqo 550-amagama; kunye ne-20 kaJulayi, iiveki ezintlanu kunye nosuku emva kokuba ipapashe i-Monbiot yokuqala, Guardian ipapashe impendulo emfutshane nangakumbi, inamagama angama-524 phantsi kwamagama ethu. Kodwa kunokuba siyinike isihloko esibonakalisa amabango ethu malunga neempazamo zikaMonbiot, ukungazi, kunye nokubiza amagama, Guardian wayinika isihloko esasikhalaza kwaye sikhusela: "Asingobantu abakhanyelayo imbubhiso."[3]
Ubuncinci izimvo ezimbini zithunyelwe kwi Guardian Iphepha lewebhu lempendulo elingezantsi kwenxalenye yethu ngumtshayeli weendaba waseCanada uJoe Emersberger unikeze amakhonkco kwiimpendulo zethu zantlandlolo, esizithumele kwi-ZNet. Kodwa izimvo zikaEmersberger zasuswa yi Guardianamapolisa engqondo, awasayi kubuyiselwa; Izimvo zomnye wethu (uPeterson) ezinxibelelene nezi mpendulo zikwanye zaye zasuswa. Ekugqibeleni, le nkcazo yokugqibela yabuyiselwa, "ekunokwenzeka ukuba iphendule izikhalazo zoluntu," iMedia Lens ikholelwa.4]
Kwelinye icala, izimvo zokuqala ezibhalwe ngu Guardian emva kokuba ivule ikholamu yeempendulo zayo nge-20 kaJulayi yasibuza: "Ukuba uthi unjalo hayi ukukhanyela i-genocide kwi
Ukuqhubela phambili ukhuseleko lwayo lweMonbiot kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwayo kwengxoxo ecalanye, i Umgcini (I Guardian's iphepha, elivela ngeeCawe ukuncedisana ne GuardianNgoMvulo ukuya kwishedyuli yangoMgqibelo) epapashiweyo kaNick Cohen "Ukuhla kunye nokuwa kwee-puppetmasters"[7] kwiintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele impendulo yethu. Le yayiyi-diatribe echasene neenkcuba-buchopho โezithiye intshonaโ (uNoam Chomsky, uTariq Ali, uHarold Pinter, uArundhati Roy, kunye โnombhali okrelekrele obizwa ngokuba nguDiana Johnstoneโ) abathi ngamazwi kaCohen โbakholelwa ukuba ii-lackeys zama impiriyali aseMelika zaziyila amabali kaCohen. Izenzo zenkohlakalo zaseSerb zithethelela ukwandiswa kwamandla asentshona. " Emva kweentsuku ezintandathu emva kokuba ipapashe impendulo yethu, i Guardian ipapashiwe "Ukubanga amaTutsi kubangele Rwanda's genocide yi revisionism emsulwa," nguJames Wizeye, ochongiweyo "njengonobhala wokuqala kwikhomishini ephakamileyo yaseRwanda" okanye i-ambassy yaseLondon.8] Akukho mpendulo yokulinganisa sele ipapashwe yi Guardian ecel' umngeni le nxalenye yepropaganda evela kwisithethi sorhulumente esathi, saxoxa, yaba ngumbulali ophambili eRwanda naseDemocratic Republic of Congo kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo.9]
ezinye Umlondolozi โ Umjongi imbali[10]
The Guardian kwaye i Umgcini kudala abakwazanga ukukhululeka kumgangatho, olungele ngokwezopolitiko, amabali eqela laseNtshona kuzo zombini
Ukuthambekela kukaVulliamy, kwaye ngokungathandabuzekiyo "ijenali yakhe yokuncamathela"-yavela kukunganyaniseki kule midlalo yeqonga yongquzulwano,15] iye yabonakaliswa kwiminyaka emininzi ngokuthetha kakubi kwakhe kwimeko kaFikret Alic, lowo uVulliamy wamchaza โnjengomntu oselula waseBosnia onomzimba wakhe obhityileyo, emva kocingo oluhlabayo lwenkampu yoxinaniso yaseTrnopolje, waba luphawu lokubulawa kwabantu ngokungafanelekanga eBosnia โ Herzegovina. ;[16] ngokwala kwakhe ukuvuma inkokeli yamaSilamsi yaseBosnia kunye noMongameli wexesha lemfazwe u-Alija Izetbegovic ngokuchasa ilizwe lezizwe ngezizwe, elinyamezelayo, nelingenabuzwe kunye nokuthanda ipolitiki yamaSilamsi evaliweyo;[17] kunye nokuzibophelela kwakhe ixesha elide ekubulaweni kwabantu bamaSilamsi aseBosnia kwangethuba ejongene nohlaziyo oluhla kakhulu yimithombo yokuseka.18] Kwalo mkhethe nokunganyaniseki kukwabonakaliswe kubundlobongela bukaVulliamy ngo-2009 kwisimemo se-Amnesty International UNoam Chomsky ukuhambisa intetho yakhe yonyaka ye-Stand Up For Justice, etyhola u-Chomsky ongachazwanga ngokuxolisa ngenkohlakalo yaseSerbia kwiimfazwe zaseBalkan, kuquka "ukutshicela kumangcwaba abafileyo."19]
Le mbono kaVulliamy kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-disinformation ngokungathandabuzekiyo yondla kudliwanondlebe olubi luka-Emma Brockes ngo-2005 kunye noChomsky Guardian,[20] umcimbi ukuba Guardian Umhleli we-Reader's (ombudsman) ugqibe ekubeni wazimela kakubi iinkolelo ezivakaliswe nguChomsky kangangokuba Guardian yacima udliwano-ndlebe kwiwebhusayithi yayo.21] Nangona u-Brockes wayenokubuza imibuzo ye-Chomsky malunga nemibandela emininzi apho ayazi kakuhle khona, wagxininisa kwiYugoslavia kunye ne-Srebrenica, kunye nomhlalutyi u-Diana Johnstone, umsebenzi wakhe eYugoslavia Vulliamy wayebizwa ngokuba yi "poison."[22] Enye i-smear ekhumbulekayo kwi GuardianUkuphathwa kodliwano ndlebe kuvele kwangoko ngezantsi kwesihloko salo ("Esona Singqondi Sibalaseleyo?"), apho indlela yokuyazisa, abafundi bafumana ezi zivakalisi zilandelayo:
Q: Ngaba uyazisola ngokuxhasa abo bathi imbubhiso yaseSrebrenica yayibaxiwe?
A: Ekuphela kwento endizisola ngayo kukuba andizange ndiyenze ngamandla ngokwaneleyo.
Olu landelelwano lwemibuzo neempendulo aluzange lufumaneke kudliwano-ndlebe olupapashiweyo. Ngapha koko, impendulo ecatshulwe apha yanikelwa kumbuzo owahluke ngokupheleleyo, apho uBrockes wabuza uChomsky ukuba uyazisola na ngokusayina ileta evulekileyo eyayichasa isigqibo sompapashi waseSweden sokungayikhuphi inguqulelo yencwadi kaJohnstone ka-2002. I-Crusade yezidenge: iYugoslavia, i-NATO kunye ne-Western Delusions (Ushicilelo loPhononongo lweNyanga); le leta kubhekiswa kuyo I-Crusade yezidenge "njengebalaseleyo," kwaye wongeza ngelithi "kukho imiba esisiseko esesichengeni, eyile, inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nelungelo lokuvakalisa iimbono eziphikisanayo."[23] Brocks kunye ne Guardian's language-substitution yasusa ugqaliselo lweleta evulekileyo kwimiba yenkululeko-yokuvakalisa kunye nokhuselo lwayo olubanzi lomsebenzi kaJohnstone, kwaye wabhala kwakhona amagama angawo kaChomsky ekuxhaseni "abo bathi ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica kwabaxwa." Ngaloo ndlela ke yayiyincwadi kaJohnstone entsonkothileyo nenentsingiselo entsonkothileyo ngenxa yokutyholwa ngokubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica, umbuzo kaBrockes owawucalucalulo kunye nomthwalo wakhe wenziwa lula kakhulu ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lobubudenge.
Enye i-smear engalibalekiyo yayiyingxabano ka-Brockes yokuba uChomsky usebenzisa i-scare-quotes "ukujongela phantsi izinto angavumelaniyo nazo," kwaye wazisebenzisa malunga negama elithi "ukubulawa kwabantu" ukucebisa ukuba "ngemfazwe yaseBosnia 'ukubulawa kwabantu' eSrebrenica mhlawumbi kwakugqithisiwe. " Konke oku kwavumela u-Brockes ukuba enze ukongezwa kokunganyaniseki kunye nokuthukisa ukuba, "ngokushicilelweyo ubuncinci, kunokufikelela ngaphantsi njengemfundo kunomntwana ofikisayo; njengokuba, i-Srebrenica yayingeyiyo imbubhiso." Kodwa xa uphando lwezomthetho lwangaphandle lucinezela uBrockes ukuba abonise ukuba uChomsky wayeyithethile le nto uBrockes athi uyenzile, ukurekhodwa okurekhodiweyo kutshintshiselwano ngamazwi akhe noBrockes kwafunyaniswa ukuba "ishicilelwe ngokuyinxenye" โโ(okt, icinyiwe) ixesha elithile phakathi kokupapashwa kwencwadi. udliwano-ndlebe kunye ne Guardianuphando olusemthethweni ngalo mba.24]
Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ezi ntlobo zamaqhinga zikuVulliamy "intatheli yokuncamathelisa" isiko, kwaye kuyahlekisa ukubona ukuba kwiprofayile yakhe kaChomsky, uBrockes walibhala kakubi igama likaJohnstone njengo "Dian".e" ngaphandle kwe Diana, kanye njengokuba uVulliamy wayengayipelanga kakuhle kwiinyanga ezisibhozo ezidlulileyo kwinkcazo ye Ingxelo yeNgxaki ye-IWPR yeBalkan.[25] Kubonakala ngathi mhlawumbi u-Brockes kunye/okanye abahleli bakhe basebenze ukusuka kwesi sicatshulwa sineenyanga ezisibhozo ubudala ngelixa belungiselela uyilo lokugqibela lodliwano-ndlebe, okanye uVulliamy ngokwakhe wadlala isandla ekulungiseleleni olu yilo. Ngapha koko, akukho mntu Guardian ubambe ukupelwa kakubi kwegama lokuqala likaJohnstone ngaphambi kokupapashwa kodliwanondlebe lukaBrockes.
Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba ka-2005, u-Ed Vulliamy wajoyina abanye ababhali abangama-23 kunye namatsha ntliziyo akudala exhasa inguqulelo yaseNtshona yeSrebrenica-kunye "nokulunga" ngokuchasene "nobubi" bokubonakaliswa kweemfazwe zaseYugoslavia-ekuqhankqalazeni. GuardianIsigqibo sika-Brockes sokurhoxisa udliwano-ndlebe oluhlekisayo luka-Brockes kunye noChomsky kunye nokukhupha "ukulungiswa" kweyokuqala. "IGuardian ungcolise igama lika-Brockes ngokungekho sikweni," la manani angama-24 achazwe kwileta evulekileyo, kwaye "anike isitampu sokusemthethweni kwiinzame zokuhlaziya ukukhanyela ukubulawa kwabantu baseBosnia kunye nokunciphisa ukubulawa kwabantu eSrebrenica." Phakathi kwabatyikitye kunye noVulliamy kwakukho uDavid Rohde, uDavid Rieff, uMarko Attila Hoare, u-Oliver Kamm, uNick Cohen, kunye noNerma Jelacic-bonke abagqwesileyo be-Serb perfidy kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamaSilamsi aseBosnia.26]
Okuqhelekileyo kubuntatheli bexesha elide likaVulliamy lokuncamathela kunye nokubiza "ukulwela inkumbulo yeenkampu zaseBosnia," ubuqhetseba kudliwanondlebe lukaBrockes kunye noChomsky, kunye nohlaselo lukaMonbiot "kwizibhengezo zembubhiso," ibe yinto engachazwanga yokuba nawuphi na umngeni ekusekweni kwengxelo malunga. I-Srebrenica ingaphaya kwemida yobuntatheli obuhloniphekileyo. Ukungavunyelwa njengokuxolisa okanye ukujongelwa phantsi okanye ukutshicela emangcwabeni yiyo nantoni na evuselela umxholo wembali rhoqo icinezelwa zii-akhawunti zokusekwa okanye imibuzo ngamabango asemthethweni malunga nenani labantu ababulawa apho.27] Ubuntatheli bokuncamathela bubuntatheli obungqongqo bomgca weqela.
Kwaye nje njengoko kudala kukho umgca weqela laseNtshona malunga nokuchithwa kweYugoslavia,28] apho iindima zabenzi bobubi kunye namaxhoba zaphoswa kwangethuba (1991-) kwaye zalandelwa ngamandla othando kunye nesiqinisekiso Umlondolozi โ UmjongiAbabhali, ngoko ke umgca weqela malunga nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngo-1994 eRwanda kukhokele ukugubungela le midlalo yeqonga yongquzulwano phantse iminyaka emininzi.
Apha, kwakhona, ukuphoswa kwabenzi bobubi kunye namaxhoba kwakucacile: Ezi ndima zihambelana nekudala ikho.
Aba banikwe umenzi wobubi - ixhoba - iindima zomsindisi, zilandelwa ngokusondeleyo yi Guardian ukususela ngo-Epreli-Julayi 1994 ixesha, ukuguqula iinyani ezisisiseko zongquzulwano lwaseRwanda phezulu-phantsi, into ethi icace ngakumbi xa umntu ephonononga izenzo zenkohlakalo zezo nyanga zine ngaphakathi kwimeko yokunyuka kwe-20 yonke kunye nokusasazeka kwejografi kwamandla kaKagame. . [30]
UKagame uqeqeshelwe
I "triggering event" ngobuninzi
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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