Ukudodobala koqoqosho okunzulu kunye nokuthatha ixesha elide ePuerto Rico kukhokelele kwingxaki enkulu yamatyala. Kwaye indibaniselwano yokucutha kwezoqoqosho kunye namatyala amakhulu aneziphumo ezibi kwesi siqithi.
Kuyo yonke indawo eUnited States, imisebenzi yecandelo labucala iyalahleka. Iyonke imisebenzi ePuerto Rico yehlile ukusuka kwi-1.25 yezigidi kwikota yokugqibela yabasebenzi bonyaka-mali ka-2007 ukuya ngaphantsi kwesigidi phantse kwiminyaka elishumi kamva. Ngaphandle kwengqesho, inani elikhulu labantu basePuerto Rican (abemi base-US) baye bafuduka. Kodwa, ngaphandle kwale nqwelomoya, izinga lentswelo-ngqesho lingoku 12.4%. Ngaphandle kwamathemba emisebenzi, izinga lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezemisebenzi liye lehla laya kutsho kuma-40%, isibini kwisithathu senqanaba kwilizwe lase-US. Malunga 60% kubantwana basePuerto Rico bahlala kubuhlwempu.
Imeko yetyala lecommonwealth ngokucacileyo ayizinzeki, kwaye uqoqosho lwayo luya kukwazi ukuphinda luhlaziyeke kuphela ukuba luqale ngokutsha. Kodwa, ngokungafaniyo noomasipala base-US, iPuerto Rico ayikhuselwanga yikhowudi yokubhanga yase-US. Kuyaziwa ukuba iinkqubo zothethathethwano olunatyisiweyo zohlengahlengiso lwamatyala zikholisa ukukhokelela kwiziphumo ezibi, isiqabu esifunyenweyo singonelanga ukubuyisela uzinzo lwamatyala.
Isazi ngale nyaniso, iPuerto Rico yenza eyayo umthetho wokutshona, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yayichitha, kuba isiqithi si ide facto ikholoni yaseMelika, kunye nekhowudi yokungabikho kwemali yomdibaniso ivumela kuphela iNkongolo yase-US ukuba yenze umthetho wokungabikho kwemali kummandla wayo. Ekugqibeleni, iCongress yathatha inyathelo kwaye yamiselwa ISITHEMBISO, umthetho oyilelwe ngokubonakalayo ukuququzelela uhlengahlengiso lwamatyala kunye ukuvuseleleka koqoqosho. Ibonisa umbono we-colonilist oqhelekileyo wokuba ikholoni ayinakuthenjwa ukuba ithathe izigqibo ezizimeleyo, i-bipartisan Financial Oversight kunye neBhodi yoLawulo yenzelwe ukwenza izigqibo zemali ePuerto Rico.
Kodwa iPROMESA izisa iingxaki ezininzi kunezisombululo. Kutshanje, iBhodi-ebonakala ngathi iyasilela kokubini ukuqonda koqoqosho olusisiseko kunye noxanduva lwedemokhrasi ukubonelela ngeetshekhi ngokuchasene nokungakwazi kwayo - ishicilelwe iimfuno zayo zonyaka-mali olandelayo. Ibhodi eneneni iqikelele ukuba izindululo zayo ziyakuguqula ukudodobala koqoqosho kwePuerto Rico kube kukudandatheka okungafane kubonwe naphina: ukuhla nge-16.2% kwi-GNP kunyaka-mali olandelayo (kunye nokwehla ngakumbi kunyaka olandelayo), nto leyo ethelekiswa namava e-GNP. amazwe athwaxwa ziimfazwe zamakhaya, okanye elo laseVenezuela elithwaxwa yintlekele.
Kungenxa yokuba isicwangciso seBhodi sibeka phambili kubabolekisi besiqithi. Ichaza ngokungenamkhethe ubuncinci ekufuneka ihlawulwe kubo ngexeshana elifutshane, kwaye inyanzela urhulumente ukuba enze nantoni na ukufikelela kuloo njongo, nokuba oko kuthetha ukutshabalalisa uqoqosho lwasekhaya. Ngokwenene, esi sicwangciso siqinisekisa imeko yentlalo kunye neyoqoqosho, ngenxa yokuthotywa okukhulu kwepenshini, imfundo kunye nenkcitho yezempilo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, isicwangciso seBhodi sitsala nzima xa isiza kuxanduva lwayo olungundoqo: ukuyila isicwangciso sohlengahlengiso lwamatyala. Oku kukubona kufutshane, kuba ukucinezela uqoqosho ngakumbi kuya kuphembelela ukwanda kwamatyala. Abahlawuli berhafu base-US baya kulahlekelwa, nabo: baya kuhlawula iindleko ezibandakanya ukufuduka okuphezulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nababoleki-mali baya kulahlekelwa. Ikhosi ecetywayo ayingobulungisa nje kuphela, kodwa ingasebenzi kakuhle kwaye ekugqibeleni iyazoyisa.
Abo baxhasa ukuseviswa kwenxalenye yamatyala angekahlawulwa ngoku bathi oku kuya kubonisa ukuba iPuerto Rico uzimisele ukuhlawula, nto leyo eya kuvuselela ukuzithemba kwabo batyalwayo nabatyali-mali. Kodwa ingxaki yasePuerto Rico kukunqongophala isikhundla ukuhlawula, hayi ukuswela ukuvuma. Ekuphela kwendlela umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lunokuvuselela ukuzithemba kukubuyisela ukukhula koqoqosho.
Esi sicwangciso siquka iminxeba esengqiqweni yokuphucula ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkcitho karhulumente. Kodwa, nangona kuyimfuneko, amanyathelo anjalo akayi kusombulula ingxaki.
IBhodi ibhidanisa impumelelo kunye nobungqongqo. Kwaye nangona kungakuhle ukuba umntu angazisa ngokumangalisayo ukunyuka kwemveliso, iingxaki zokwenyani zesiqithi azibizi kangako uhlengahlengiso kwicala lokubonelela njengemfuno eyongeziweyo. IPuerto Rico ikwinkqubo yokunyanzelwa kwemfuno, ebonakaliswa ngokusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kwezinto zayo zokuvelisa. Isicwangciso seBhodi siyenza mandundu le ngxaki, ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuqonda ukuba iyakwenza oko.
Kwinkqubo yokunyanzeliswa kwemfuno, amanyathelo amva nje okunyusa ukuguquguquka kwemarike yabasebenzi - kwaye ngaloo ndlela kube lula ukuthotywa kwemivuzo ngabaqeshi - akuyi kubangela ukukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuchasene noko, imivuzo ephantsi iya kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwenkcitho, yenza mandundu ukudakumba, kwaye yandise ngakumbi amathuba okufudukela e-US, apho imivuzo iphezulu kakhulu.
Ukuzibophelela ekubuyiseleni ukukhula koqoqosho kufuneka kube yimbindi yaso nasiphi na isindululo sohlengahlengiso - okanye nasiphi na isicwangciso semali esisebenzayo - sePuerto Rico. Eso sibophelelo kufuneka siqale ngokucinywa kwamatyala amaninzi, kunye nonqumamiso lwexeshana ekuhlawulweni kwamatyala. Kodwa oku akusayi kukwanela: nokuba iPuerto Rico ingenzi ntlawulo yetyala ngexesha elifutshane, ukusilela kwayo okuphambili kuthetha ukuba kusafuneka ithathe amanyathelo anokucinezela umsebenzi wezoqoqosho.
Yiyo loo nto isicwangciso sohlenga-hlengiso kufuneka siquke into yesithathu: igatya elibonelela ngokuboleka imali esemva, ethi, ngokwenza ityala elitsha elidala kwityala elidala, liza kwenza ukuba iPuerto Rico ifumane ikhredithi entsha ngoku, xa ifuneka kakhulu. Oku kuya kudala isithuba esifunwa ngabasemagunyeni ukuze baphumeze imigaqo-nkqubo yoqoqosho olukhulu olunceda ukuchacha.
Ibhodi ye-PROMESA bekufanele ukuba idwebe indlela yokubuyisela; isicwangciso sayo senza ukubuyisela into engenakwenzeka. Ukuba isicwangciso seBhodi samkelwe, abantu basePuerto Rico baya kufumana intlupheko engathethekiyo. Yaye ngasiphi isiphelo? Le ngxubakaxaka ayinakusonjululwa. Ngokuchasene noko, imeko yetyala iya kuba yinto engazinzanga ngakumbi.
UJoseph E. Stiglitz, owamkela i-Nobel Memorial Prize kwi-Economic Sciences kwi-2001 kunye ne-John Bates Clark Medal kwi-1979, nguNjingalwazi weYunivesithi kwiYunivesithi yase-Columbia, uSihlalo weQela leNgcali yeNgcaciso ePhakamileyo kwiSilinganiselo sokuSebenza koQoqosho kunye neNtlalo. Inkqubela phambili kwi-OECD, kunye noQoqosho oyiNtloko weZiko laseRoosevelt. Owayesakuba ngusekela mongameli ophezulu kunye nosoqoqosho oyintloko weBhanki yehlabathi kunye nosihlalo weBhunga likamongameli wase-US leeNgcebiso zezoQoqosho phantsi kukaBill Clinton, ngo-2000 waseka i-Initiative for Policy Dialogue, itanki yokucinga kuphuhliso lwamazwe ngamazwe olusekelwe kwiYunivesithi yase-Columbia. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi I-Euro: Indlela iMali eqhelekileyo ilibeka ngayo emngciphekweni ikamva leYurophu.
UMartin Guzman, iqabane lophando kwiSikolo soShishino seYunivesithi yase-Columbia kunye nonjingalwazi osebenzisana naye kwiYunivesithi yaseBuenos Aires, ungusihlalo-sihlalo weColumbia Initiative for Policy Dialogue Taskforce kuHlaziyo lweTyala kunye noSovereign Bankruptcy kunye nomntu ophezulu kwiZiko leHlabathi laMazwe ngaMazwe. I-Innovation yoLawulo (CIGI).
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