A yakutshanje ENew York Times inqaku ingxelo yokuba abanini-mihlaba basemaphandleni ababetyikitye izivumelwano zokuqeshisa ngeenkampani zerhasi nezeoli ezitshintshiselana ngamalungelo okomba kwizakhiwo zabo ukuze kuhlawulwe iintlawulo zobukhosi baye bafumanisa ukuba basenokuba balahlekisiwe. Abaninzi ngoku bahlangabezana nokuzisola kwabathengi. Uphononongo loqeshiso olungaphezulu kwe-111,000, ezongezo kunye namaxwebhu anxulumeneyo The New York Times kutyhilwe:
- Ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sengqesho efuna iinkampani zibuyekeze abanini-mhlaba ngongcoliseko lwamanzi emva kokuba kuqalisiwe ukomba. Kwaye malunga nesiqingatha samaxwebhu anolwimi olucetyiswa ngamagqwetha ukuba lufakwe ukuze lufune intlawulo yomonakalo kwimfuyo okanye kwizityalo.
- Iingqeshiso ezininzi zinika iinkampani zegesi amalungelo abanzi okuthatha isigqibo sokuba zingagawula phi na imithi, zigcine imichiza, zakha iindlela kwaye zombe. Iinkampani zikwavumelekile ukuba zisebenzise iijenereyitha kunye nezibane ezikhanyayo ubusuku bonke kufutshane namakhaya ngexesha lokomba.
- Kwingqeshiso, iinkampani zokomba azifane zichaze kubanini-mhlaba ubungozi obunokubakho kokusingqongileyo kunye neminye imingcipheko ethi imithetho yomanyano ifuna ukuba bachaze kwiifayile kubatyali-mali.
- Uninzi lweengqeshiso zeminyaka emithathu okanye emihlanu, kodwa ubuncinane isibini esithathwini sazo zijongiwe Ixesha vumela izandiso ngaphandle kwemvume eyongezelelweyo evela kubanini-mhlaba. Ukuba abanini-mhlaba baneengcinga ezimbini malunga nokomba kumhlaba wabo okanye bafuna ukuthethathethana ukuze bafumane imali eyongezelelekileyo, basenokuba baphelelwe lithamsanqa.
Ukuba konke oku kuvakala kukhumbuza iposi ex izityhilelo malunga nokubolekwa koburhalarhume kwimakethi yezindlu ethe yanegalelo kwiqamza lethu lezindlu zamva nje kunye nokuwa, kufanelekile. Libali lakudala labathengisi abathetha ngokukhawuleza abasebenzela iinkampani ezinezithende ezintle ezithatha ithuba labantu abahlelelekileyo abanolwazi oluncinci malunga nokhetho olunikezelwe kubo.
A inqaku lokulandela kwi Ixesha ichaze ngedabi eliphakathi kwedolophu kunye noorhulumente belizwe malunga nokuba ngubani oza, okanye ongazukupolisa imakethi eqhumayo kwizivumelwano zokuqeshisa. โNjengoko iinkampani zamandla zihamba zisiya kwindawo enabantu abaninzi ukusuka ePennsylvania ukuya eTexas, kuyaqhambuka amadabi okuba ngubani oza kuba nelizwi lokugqibela ekulawuleni ukubhudla kwerhasi ye-shale. Umlo, odibanisa iidolophu nezixeko ngokuchasene neenkampani zamandla kunye namazwe alangazelela ukukhula, uphakamise umbuzo osisiseko malunga nendima yorhulumente wasekhaya: Lingakanani igunya elifanele uluntu lube nalo malunga nokusetyenziswa komhlaba wabo? Umbuzo wesibini onomdla oxutyushwayo kwinqaku kukuba yintoni uluntu oluchasayo i-fracking kwaye ngoba? "Liqaqobana nje leedolophu ezikwindawo yasePennsylvania yaseMarcellus Shale - ezimalunga nama-80 malunga ne-1,800 - ezazinemithetho, okanye zaziphuhla, kwaye uninzi lwazo zazifumile." Umboniso wezityebi kuphela ezizibonakalisa ukuba zikwazi ukuzikhusela kumashishini anoburhalarhume mdala njengobukapitali buqu.
Umfuniselo oPhilayo kuQoqosho loQoqosho
Izazinzulu ngezentlalo zidla ngokucaphula isiphene sokuba asivumelekanga ukuba senze imifuniselo ebantwini njengesizathu sokuba kutheni inzululwazi yezentlalo ihambela phambili kancinane kunenzululwazi yendalo. Kodwa i-fracking ibonelela ngovavanyo olunomdla lwentlalontle oludlala kanye phambi kwamehlo ethu. EPennsylvania, iinkampani zegesi kunye nemithombo yendalo ziye zaba namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukudlula kokuvalwa kwelizwe ngokubanzi kwi-fracking; ngenxa yoko iimvume ze-8000 zikhutshiwe kunye namaqula angama-4000 agrunjwe ukususela ngo-2008. Ngaphesheya koMlambo i-Delaware, i-New York State ikhuphe isithintelo sexeshana sokuqhekezwa kwe-fracking e-Marcellus Shale elindele ukukhululwa kwesifundo kunye nemimiselo emitsha yi-New York State Department of Environmental. Ulondolozo. Lo mcimbi uye waba yimpikiswano kangangokuba ingxelo ye-NYSDEC inokulibaziseka ngoku kude kube ngu-2013.
Ngenxa yoko, emazantsi oMlambo iDelaware ePennsylvania abanye abanini-mhlaba babucala batyikitya isivumelwano sokuqeshisa ngeenkampani zerhasi, abanye bayala ukwenza oko, kwaye apho inani lokugqibela lingaphezulu kweyangaphambili, ezinye iidolophu sele ziqalisile ukudlulisa ezazo zasekhaya, ezichasene nokuqhekeka. imithetho ebabeka kungquzulwano norhulumente malunga nokuba ngubani onelungelo elisemthethweni lokulawula. Kumantla oMlambo iDelaware eNew York akukho fracking, abanye abahlali bonwabile kukuba into abayijonga njengengozi yendalo kunye nempilo ithintelekile, ngelixa abanye bekhalaza ukuba inkululeko yabo yokwenza ikhontrakthi nangona kunjalo kwaye ibiwe nabani na. ukusuka kubo. Sinemeko eqhelekileyo yolawulo lukarhulumente kwelinye ilizwe vs. inkululeko yemarike kwelinye ilizwe. Liliphi ilungiselelo lokwenza izigqibo elingqineke lingokwedemokhrasi ngakumbi, lisebenza ngakumbi, linobulungisa ngakumbi, yaye okokugqibela, kodwa okungakuncinananga, lilondoloza imekobume?
EzoQoqosho
Abaninzi bacaphula ithiyori yezoqoqosho ukuxhasa amabango okusebenza kakuhle kwemarike. Ithiyori esisiseko yentlalontle yezoqoqosho ithi iimarike zabela izibonelelo ezinqabileyo kwaye zisasaze iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ngokufanelekileyo - kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithintelweyo. Njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo, umtyholi ukwiinkcukacha. Njengoko urhwebo loqeshiso lwefracking lubonisa, siyalutyeshela uqikelelo oluyimfuneko emva โkweethiyori ezisisisekoโ kumngcipheko wethu. Yintoni enokuxelela yona nayiphi na ingcali yezoqoqosho kukuba ithiyori yeemarike esebenzayo iyinyani ukuba kuphela u: (1) Zonke iimarike zikwi-equilibrium. (2) Bonke abathengi kunye nabathengisi banolwazi olugqibeleleyo. (3) Bonke abathengi kunye nabathengisi baziphatha ngokufanelekileyo. (4) Zonke iimarike zikhuphisana ngokugqibeleleyo. Kwaye okokugqibela, kodwa kuncinci, (5) akukho "zangaphandle" kuzo naziphi na iimarike. Iimeko zehlabathi zokwenene ezanelisayo ezi meko aziyonto iqhelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-theorem yokuqala yoqoqosho lwentlalontle ayithethi nto malunga nokuba iziphumo ziya kuba zilungile. Nokuba isiphumo โsisebenza ngokufanelekileyoโ, sisenokungabi nabulungisa ngokugqithisileyo ukuba iinzuzo ezisebenzayo zisasazwa ngokulinganayo.
Amaqamza eMarike: Ngoku wonke umntu uyazi ukuba imithombo yamandla ingundoqo kwikamva lethu lezoqoqosho, kodwa akukho mntu waziyo ukuba yeyiphi imithombo eya kuba "ngabaphumeleleyo" okanye "abalahlekileyo" ngexesha elifutshane, eliphakathi, okanye ixesha elide. Ngaphandle kokuba imithombo ehlaziyiweyo ilawula ixesha elide, uninzi lwabakhi-mkhanyo abanolwazi bakholelwa ukuba sisengxakini enkulu. Kodwa yintoni imithombo yamandla ngeke ukongamela phakathi kunye short-ukuqhuba kakhulu phezulu emoyeni. Kwakhona, oosonzululwazi banokusixelela ukuba ngaphandle kokuba izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zidlala indima ephambili kulawulo oluphakathi, kunye nendima ebaluleke kakhulu kwixesha elifutshane kunokuba zisenza ngoku, sisengxakini enkulu kunokuba kufuneka sikufumane sikhululekile. Kodwa ukubheja kunqabile ukuba ngaba oko ngeke ubungqina bokuba kunjalo abaqinisekanga kangako kunoluvo lwenzululwazi malunga nokuba yintoni iimfuno ukwenzeka.
Yiyiphi indima edlalwa yigesi yendalo kule meko? Ukwenza ibali elide libe lifutshane: I-oyile iye yanda, amalahle maninzi kodwa adla ngokukhokelela kutshintsho lwemozulu oluyintlekele, kwaye igesi yendalo icocekile kunamalahle kodwa ingamafutha efosili. Yeyiphi into eyenza ukuba amathuba okubheja kwindima eza kudlalwa yirhasi yendalo โ ngokuchaseneyo nekufuneka idlale โ kwikamva lethu lamandla kube nzima ukuqikelela. Ukuba imikhosi elumkileyo yezopolitiko ithatha ulawulo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamandla iya kudlala indima elinganiselweyo, kwaye kuphela "njengeteknoloji yebhulorho" njengoko izinto ezihlaziyiweyo zithatha indawo yazo zonke izibaso zefosili ASAP. Ukuba ishishini lamafutha efosili lisaqhubeka linegunya kwezobupolitika njengoko belinjalo kule minyaka ilikhulu idluleyo, igesi yendalo isenokuba โngukumkaniโ omtsha kangangamashumi eminyaka.
Le zizinto ekwakhiwa kuzo amaqamza entengiso - kunye nokungqubana. Ngoko, lungiselela ukukhwela i-roller coaster! Amathuba okuba siya kubona ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwimarike yegesi yendalo ephezulu. I-Economics isixelela ukuba amaqamza emarike kunye nokuwa kushiya uninzi lokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezoqoqosho ekuvukeni kwabo.
Ulwazi olugqibeleleyo: Ulwazi olugqibeleleyo luthetha ukuba abadlali bayazi ukuba ngawaphi na amaxabiso afanelekileyo kwaye aya kuba yintoni, kwaye baqikelele ngokuchanekileyo ukuba zeziphi iziphumo zalo naluphi na ukhetho abalwenzayo luya kuba kubo. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki okucaciswe ngasentla malunga nendima eya kudlalwa yirhasi yendalo kwixesha elifutshane, eliphakathi, nelide njengomthombo wamandla, ngokucacileyo iinkampani zamandla kunye nabanini-mhlaba kufuneka zisebenze ngolwazi olungaphantsi kolugqibeleleyo malunga namaxabiso angundoqo. Ikwanjalo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba iinkampani zamandla zinokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ukuba iziphumo zokomba ziya kuba yintoni na kunokuba ngabanini-mhlaba. Ke asinalo kuphela ulwazi olungafezekanga malunga namaxabiso kubo bobabini umthengi kunye nomthengisi kwimarike yokuqeshisa nge-fracking, sinolwazi lwe-asymmetric malunga neziphumo zokomba ngokunjalo. Ithiyori yezoqoqosho iqikelela ukuba ulwazi olungafezekanga ludala ukungasebenzi kwaye ulwazi lwe-asymmetric ludala ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nokungalingani.
Ukuziphatha Ngengqiqo: Abaninzi bathatha ithiyori yezoqoqosho njengento yokucinga ukuba abadlali bazakuziphatha ngokufanelekileyo โ okuchazwa njengokuziphatha okuza kunceda umenzi wesigqibo ngokufanelekileyo โ ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha kucaca ukuba abakwenzi oko. Ndiyakholelwa ukuba sinokuthembela kwiinkampani ezinkulu zamandla ukuba ziziphathe ngokuhambelana neminqweno yazo kunokuba abanini-mhlaba abancinci basemaphandleni bahlala besenza. Nangona kunjalo, kule meko ndiyakrokrela ukuba xa abanini-mhlaba bengaphumeleli ukwenza "ingqiqo" benza okulungileyo kunokwenzakala! Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yokuziphatha ngokungekho ngqiqweni ngabanini-mhlaba basemaphandleni baboniswa ePennsylvania bayala ukusayina izivumelwano zokuqeshisa ngaphandle komanyano nabamelwane babo abaza kwenzakaliswa, nangona ukuqeshisa kuya kubazuzisa umntu ngamnye. Ukuziphatha okunjalo komntu ngokungekho ngqiqweni kukhuthaza ngaphezulu, kuneziphumo ezingasebenzi kakuhle ngokunqanda ukuqeshisa ngenethi elindelekileyo. zentlalo izibonelelo ngokusayinwa - njengoko kucacisiwe ngezantsi.
Amandla eMarike: Abanini-mihlaba basemaphandleni eNew York nasePennsylvania basoloko becinezelekile ukuba baqhubele phambili njengamafama, kwaye enye ingqesho emaphandleni akuMntla-mpuma kunzima ukuyifumana, ngakumbi ukusukela oko kwaqala ukudodobala koqoqosho. EMpuma Oregon apho amafama amaninzi acinezeleke kakhulu, kukho iinkampani zamandla ezinikezela ukuhlawula intlawulo kumafama ukubavumela ukuba benze iiinjini zomoya kwipropathi yabo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko iinkampani ezinamandla eziya kudlala indima enkulu kwiimarike zamandla zangomso zithethathethana ngomkhosi wabathengisi abathetha kakuhle nabanini-mhlaba, uninzi lwabo lufuna ingeniso kwaye lusazi kancinci ngexabiso lokwenyani lentengiso yento abayithengisayo kunamandla. iinkampani zenza malunga nexabiso lokwenyani lemarike yento abayithengayo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, iinkampani ezinkulu ziya kufumana ngcono kwiintengiso ezininzi, eziya kuvelisa ukungalingani - njengamabali okuzisola komthengi axeliweyo ENew York Times.
Zombini iiinjini zomoya kunye nemisebenzi yokuqhekeka iphazamisa into esinokuyibiza ngokuba ngumnini-mhlaba ukuba yedwa emaphandleni ngokomlinganiselo othile, nangona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokuqhekeza imingcipheko esezantsi kubanini-mhlaba mikhulu njengoko ukuqhekeza kungangcolisa amanzi omntu wakho. Kucingelwa ukuba, naziphi na iziphumo zobuntu ezingalunganga zezo abanini-mhlaba abalinganisela kuzo ibhalansi xa bethethathethana kwaye besenza isigqibo sokuba basayine okanye bangasayini izivumelwano zokuqeshisa. Ke sinokulindela ukuba abanini-mhlaba bafune imbuyekezo enkulu ngakumbi ukuze bavumele ukuqhekeka kuneeinjini zomoya kwipropati yabo. Kodwa ukuba ulwazi kunye namandla entengiso i-asymmetry iyafana e-Oregon nasePennsylvania umntu unokulindela ngokumalunga neqondo elifanayo lokungalingani kwiikontraka ekuxoxwe ngazo kuzo zombini iimeko.
Ukubaluleka kolwazi kunye nee-asymmetries zamandla kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba uninzi loluntu lwasePennsylvania oluzama ukuthintela ukuqhekezwa ngemithetho yendawo lufumile. Uluntu olutyebileyo lunakho ukunika ixesha kunye nemali yokuphanda imingcipheko yokuqhekeka ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi ukunciphisa i-asymmetry yolwazi. Uluntu olutyebileyo nalo aluyilangazeleli kakhulu ingeniso eyongezelelweyo kangangokuba luzimisele ukubeka emngciphekweni wokonakalisa impilo yabo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lempahla.
Izinto zangaphandle: Kodwa kude nakude esona sizathu sibalulekileyo isisombululo semarike yasimahla yokuqhawuka izivuno ezingathandekiyo kungenxa yokuba kukho iindleko ezibalulekileyo zangaphandle ezingachazwanga kwimarike yokuqeshisa nge-fracking:
- Njengamafutha efosili, igesi yendalo inegalelo kubushushu bomhlaba nokuba icocekile kunamalahle avuthayo. Yaye ukuba i<em>methane, eyigesi ye<em>greenhouse enamandla ngakumbi kune<em>carbon dioxide, ivuza emaquleni njengoko uphando olutsha lubonisa, iziphumo kukufudumala kwehlabathi zisenokuba mbi nangakumbi.
- I-Fracking iye yanxulunyaniswa neenyikima.
- Umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwamanzi omthombo awupheleli nje kumhlaba wengqeshiso, kodwa unabela kumaqula angabamelwane kwaye unokonakalisa i-akhwifa yonke. Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba ingxelo ye-NYSDEC ilibazisekile kukuxhalaba okungcolisa unikezelo lwamanzi kwisiXeko saseNew York.
Ngokwahlukileyo, xa iingqeshiso zeeiturbines zomoya zisayinwa e-Oregon kukho izinto ezincomekayo ezibalulekileyo eziyanyaniswa nokubeka endaweni yomthombo wamandla ohlaziyekayo ococekileyo kwisibaso sefosili emdaka. Ngoko ngelixa kukho izinto zangaphandle ezilungileyo ezinxulunyaniswa nokumiswa kweeinjini zomoya kukho izinto ezininzi zangaphandle ezingalunganga eziyanyaniswa nokuqhekezwa, kwaye ngenxa yoko xa zonke iziphumo zangaphandle zithathelwa ingqalelo iiinjini zomoya zivelisa izibonelelo zentlalo ezininzi kuneempawu zentengiso, ngelixa ukuqhambuka kuvelisa izibonelelo zentlalo ezincinci kunezo imarike ingasikhokelela ekubeni sikholwe. Ke ngoko, ithiyori yezoqoqosho iqikelela ukuba xa sishiya isigqibo malunga nokuqhekeka kuthethathethwano lomntu ngamnye phakathi kweenkampani zamandla kunye nabanini-mhlaba izivumelwano ezininzi ziya kubethwa ngenethi engalunganga elindelekileyo. zentlalo iinzuzo. (Ithiyori yezoqoqosho ikwaqikelela ukungabikho kwenkxaso-mali, xa sishiya isigqibo malunga nokuqeshisa iiinjini zomoya kuthethwano lomntu ngamnye phakathi kweenkampani zamandla kunye nabanini-mhlaba, izivumelwano ezininzi ziya kusilela ukwenzeka nangona bezilindele inzuzo entle yentlalontle.)
Ukuba i-theory yezoqoqosho iqikelela ukuba ngenxa ye-asymmetries kwingcaciso kunye namandla emarike isisombululo samahhala kwi-fracking siya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezilinganayo; ukuba ithiyori yezoqoqosho iqikelela ukuba ngenxa yezinto ezininzi zangaphandle isisombululo semarike yasimahla kwi-fracking siya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingasebenzi kakuhle kwaye ezinokuba yingozi; ukuba ithiyori yezoqoqosho iqikelela ukuba amaqela amaninzi angaphandle anomdla obalulekileyo asemngciphekweni aya kuhluthwa sisisombululo semarike yasimahla kwi-fracking, kufuneka senze ntoni endaweni yoko? Ingqondo ephilileyo ingacebisa ukuba siqhubeke njengoko iNew York State senzile ngoku.
Izisombululo zengqiqo eqhelekileyo
(1) Yenza uphando olongezelelekileyo ukuphanda ukuba ingaba zinkulu kangakanani iziphumo ezibi ukusuka kwi-fracking, ukuba uphezulu kangakanani na amathuba omonakalo, kwaye ubeke umthwalo wobungqina kwabo baphikisa ukuba iingozi zincinci. Ngamanye amazwi, sebenzisa umgaqo wokhuseleko. Le yimeko apho kungekho mfuneko yokungxama. Irhasi evaleleke kwi-shale ayifani nesityalo esinokubolela kwisisele saso, kodwa siya kuba nexabiso ngakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
(2) Kuphela ukuba kuvela ukuba iingozi zincinci kwaye iinzuzo zegesi yendalo njengezibaso zenguqu zinkulu, kufuneka ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuba yi-fracking buvunyelwe. Kungenjalo - njengoko kunokwenzeka - itekhnoloji yokuqhekezwa kufuneka ihlale ivaliwe njengoko sivala ezinye iitekhnoloji apho umngcipheko kumdla woluntu umkhulu kakhulu.
(3) Ukuba, emva kophando olunzulu kunye nokuvavanya urhulumente unquma ukuba i-fracking kufuneka ivunyelwe, kufuneka ilawulwe ngokungqongqo ngurhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo. Ukhuseleko lwemisebenzi ye-fracking kufuneka luqinisekiswe ngurhulumente, lungayekwa ukuba luxoxwe ziinkampani zamandla kunye nabanini-mhlaba ngamnye ekubeni ukungazi komnini-mhlaba malunga neziphumo ezinokwenzeka kukhulu kakhulu, kwaye abaninzi kunomnini-mhlaba baya kuchaphazeleka ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle. Kwaye kunjalo, ukunqanda iinkampani zamandla ezinobungozi kufuneka zithweswe uxanduva ngokupheleleyo kuwo nawuphi na umonakalo ngenxa yeziganeko ezingalindelekanga.
(4) Ukuba i-fracking ivumelekile ukuqeshisa okusemgangathweni kufuneka kuxoxwe phakathi kukarhulumente welizwe kunye neenkampani zamandla ezichaza ukuba uninzi lwemali ehlawulwayo iya kwi-ofisi karhulumente, kunye nokwaneleyo ukuhlawulela ukuphazamiseka okuya kubanini-mhlaba ngabanye kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo. Esi kuphela kwendlela yokuqeshisa abanini-mhlaba ekufuneka bakhululeke ukuyisayina okanye bangasayini. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba uluntu lwengingqi lunqwenela ukuwisa imithetho evala izivumelwano ezinjalo kufuneka bakhululeke ukwenza njalo.
Kwimeko yokuqhekezwa kobutyebi sithetha malunga nokuxhaphazwa okunokwenzeka - ukuba kwaye kuphela ukuba siqinisekile ukuba kunokwenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo - irhasi evaleleke kwilitye le-shale nzulu phantsi kwamashumi amawaka eekhilomitha zeekhilomitha zomhlaba ophethwe ngamakhulu amawaka abanini-mhlaba. . I-hydraulic fracking kwiqhekeza lepropathi igrumba kolu kwakheka kwe-shale enkulu ukufaka amanzi acinezelekileyo kunye neekhemikhali zokwaphula iipokotho ezivulekileyo zerhasi evalelekileyo ukuze ibanjwe. Ngokuya ngokwandayo "ukomba othe tyaba" kwandisa imigca yepropathi edlulileyo, kwaye naxa ukugrumba "kuthe nkqo," uninzi lwerhasi ebanjiweyo yirhasi ekhutshwayo kwindawo enabela ngaphaya kwemida yepropathi yengqeshiso. Ngaphezu koko, isixa-mali esihlawulelwe ngabanini-ndawo ngeendawo zabo asibonisi xabiso laso elinokubakho njengendawo yokuqhawuka ngenxa yokuba oku kunokwenzeka akuzange kubonwe ngokubanzi xa kwakuthengwa umhlaba. Ubuchwephesha obungalindelekanga buvelise inzuzo enkulu enokubakho kuye nabani na onokuba ngumnini-mhlaba apho umngxuma unokugqobhoza. Akukho sizathu sokuba uluntu ngokubanzi lungawuthabathi lo moya. Ukubamba lo moya kubemi bakarhulumente akulunganga kubanini bezindlu kwaye akuvezi zinkuthazo zigwenxa. Omnye unokwenza ityala elilungileyo lokuba ubuninzi bemali yobukhosi kufuneka iye kuzwelonke kunobuncwane baseburhulumenteni, kodwa sinokukushiya ukuba kuxoxwe kamva.
Ukuqukumbela, i-New York State, ekhethe ukuvala itekhnoloji entsha enobungozi enobungozi obukhulu kakhulu kwindalo kunye nempilo yabantu kude kube lelo xesha njengoko ingqinwe ikhuselekile ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo, ilandela ukulingana, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ikhosi ezinzileyo kuneyasePennsylvania, evumela ukuqhawuka kuqhubeke phantsi kweemeko zemarike yasimahla ukuba ufundo ngononophelo lwethiyori yezoqoqosho luqikelele ukuba kuya kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga, ezingasebenziyo, kunye neziphumo ezinokuba yingozi ezingenakujikwa.
URobin Hahnel nguNjingalwazi Emeritus kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika kunye noNjingalwazi woNdwendwelo wezoQoqosho kwiYunivesithi yasePortland State.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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