Ukujikeleza phakathi yenkulungwane edluleyo, umchiza weDDT wafunyanwa ubeka umngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu neyezilwanyana. Impendulo yokugqibela - emva kokulwa ixesha elide phakathi kwezendalo kunye neshishini lemichiza - yayiyi ukuvalwa komanyano kuko konke ukusetyenziswa kwento efunyenwe ingakhuselekanga.
NgoMvulo, i-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ikhuphe a ingxelo eyoyikisayo, ecebisa ukuba ngoku sisendleleni malunga ne-3 degrees Celsius yokufudumala okubangelwa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse. Ababhali be-IPCC bathembisa ukuba siza kubona izixeko eziselunxwemeni ziginywa lulwandle, ukunqongophala kokutya emhlabeni wonke, kunye ne-54 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kwiindleko ezinxulumene nemozulu. nje ngo-2040.
Loo ntlekele isondela ngokukhawuleza yinkuthazo yeemfuno zabahlali beGlobal South kunye namahlakani abo, abo ukunyuka kwamaza kunye nezaqhwithi esele ziyinyani. Kudala becula โ1.5 ukusindaโ ngeeholo ezikhanyiswe ngefluorescent zeentetho zemozulu ze-UN, kwaye le ngxelo intsha - echaza iindlela zokunciphisa ukufudumala ukuya kwi-1.5 degrees Celsius - bubungqina baloo msebenzi. Umzobo uhambelana ne "phantsi kwe-2 degrees" ekujoliswe kuyo echazwe kwiSivumelwano seMozulu saseParis kwaye, ngokutsho kosihlalo-mnye weqela le-IPCC elisebenzayo elenza ingxelo, uJim Skea, ebetha loo njongo "inokwenzeka ngaphakathi. imithetho yefiziksi nekhemistri.โ
Ukusabela kwentlalo ngokumalunga nendlela ye-DDT, ngamanye amazwi, kusenako ukuyihlangula impucuko yabantu. Kuya kuba nzima kakhulu - ngaphezulu kakhulu kunokufumana ikhemikhali enye evaliweyo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni kuya kufuneka siyenze yonke indawo. I-Capitalism, ngaphezu koko, ayizange yakhelwe malunga ne-DDT ngendlela eyayiyiyo malunga ne-fossil fuels. "Ukunciphisa ukufudumala ukuya kwi-1.5 akunakwenzeka," utshilo usihlalo we-IPCC u-Hoesung Lee kwinkomfa yabezindaba phezolo, "kodwa kuya kufuna iinguqu ezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu."
Akunjalo ukuba ukushenxisa ukuphelisa amafutha efosili ngokuthe ngqo kuya kungazange kubonwe ngaphambili. icosta Rica ithatha โumsebenzi omkhulu nomhle wokuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kuqoqosho lwethu,โ ngokutsho kwenkulumbuso yeli lizwe eneminyaka engama-38 ubudala, uCarlos Alvarado. ENew Zealand, iNkulumbuso uJacinda Ardern's Urhulumente wezabasebenzi kwavala ukuhlola oyile entsha kwindlela eya kuqoqosho lwe-zero-carbon.
Nangona kunjalo iingxoxo ezininzi zokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo malunga nokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwegesi eluhlaza zijikeleza kwindlela yokukhuthaza abavelisi bezinto zefosili ukuba basuse isonka kunye nebhotolo ngokuthe ngcembe besebenzisa iindlela zamaxabiso, kunokuba luhlobo lolawulo lwenqanaba lokuphuma olunokuthi luthintele ukonakala kwezoqoqosho nokusingqongileyo. . Iinkampani zeoyile-zinomdla wokupeyinta ngokwazo njengamahlakani kumlo wemozulu-yamkele indlela. Baninzi abavelisi bamafutha efosili ngoku Ukuxhasa iinzame ezifana ne IBhunga lobuNkokheli beMozulu, okanye i-CLC, kunye nesicwangciso sayo serhafu yekhabhoni, eyayiza kuguqa amandla karhulumente okulawula i-carbon dioxide ngokuthe ngqo ngelixa ehlawulisa umrhumo othobekileyo kwi-emissions - ephezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuqhubeka nokukhupha amalahle, kodwa ephantsi kakhulu ukuba abeke isoyikiso kwioli kunye negesi. Isicwangciso siza kuhlawula i-2,000 yeedola yesabelo sonyaka kubantu abajikeleze i-US, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ingeniso ukuxhasa izinto ezifana neziseko eziluhlaza okanye uphando kunye nophuhliso.
Phakathi kwentshabalalo kunye nobumnyama obuthanda ukukhapha amabali emozulu, kulula ukuphulukana nesiza sokuba ngubani onoxanduva lobugqwirha banamhlanje, kwaye ngubani ekufuneka ahlawule elona xabiso liphezulu njengoko sihamba kuyo.
"Phantse i-50% yekhabhoni ekhutshwa kwihlabathi jikelele ivela kwimisebenzi ejikeleze i-10% yabemi behlabathi, inyuka iye kuma-70% ekhutshwayo ukusuka kwi-20% nje yabemi," isazinzulu ngemozulu uKevin Anderson. wabhala ukuphendula ingxelo entsha. "Beka umda kumda wekhabhoni ye-10% ephezulu ye-emitters yehlabathi, elingana naleyo yommi ophakathi waseYurophu, kwaye ukukhutshwa kwehlabathi kunokuncitshiswa ngesinye kwisithathu kwisithuba sonyaka okanye emibini." Ngokwenyani, ziinkampani ezili-100 kuphela ezinoxanduva Iipesenti ezingama-71 zokukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse ukususela kwi1988.
UAnderson wongezelela ukuba "ukunciphisa ngokunyanisekileyo ukukhutshwa ngokuhambelana ne-2 ยฐ C yokufudumala kufuna ukuguqulwa kwamandla okuvelisa uluntu, okukhumbuza i-Marshall Plan," kwaye kufuneka "kungabikho] amakhaya okwesibini okanye amakhulu kakhulu, iiSUVs. , iinqwelo-moya zezoshishino nezodidi lokuqala, okanye amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu.โ
Ngokungafaniyo neSivumelwano saseParis - esingaze sikhankanye ngamafutha efosili - le ngxelo entsha ye-IPCC ikwenza kucace kabuhlungu ukuba ukuphepha eso siphelo kunye nokuhlangabezana neenjongo zaseParis kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezimbini: ukonyusa imithombo yamandla e-zero-carbon kunye nokususa ngokukhawuleza amalahle, ioyile, kunye igesi ephuma kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kwi ikhonfirensi yepresi ebhengeza le ngxelo ngeCawe, uSkea uyicacisile imeko xa ephendula umbuzo ovela kwiThe Intercept: โNdicinga ukuba imiyalezo icace gca. Sinemizekeliso emine eyahlukileyo apho oorhulumente banokucinga ngendlela yokugcina ubushushu behlabathi buphakathi kwe-1.5 degrees, kwaye zonke zibandakanya utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwipatheni yokusetyenziswa kwefosili.
The Isishwankathelo sabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ityhilwe phezolo yenza ukuba ityala libe ngokucace ngakumbi, ngeendlela ezikhankanyiweyo ze-Skea. Olo qikelelo lubala kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okukhutshwa kwezinto ezimbi ukusuka ekugawulweni kwamahlathi okulula (ukutyalwa kwemithi) ukuya ekusasazweni kobugcisa obukhulu obufana nokususwa kwekharbon diokside, ehlala ingavavanywanga kwisikali esiyimfuneko ukwenza nokuba isibonda esincinci kukukhutshwa kwehlabathi. Iimeko ezakha kwigumbi elingakumbi lokukhutshwa kwezinto ezingalunganga zinexesha elithe kratya le-fossil yokuphuma kwexesha, kodwa zikwafuna iiligi ukholo olungakumbi lokuba ezo teknoloji ziya kusebenza zombini kwaye zingabizi kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ukuba akukho mpumelelo inkulu yobuchwepheshe evumela ukuba ikhutshwe kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe, ababhali bengxelo bacebisa ukuba ngo-2030, uqoqosho lwehlabathi lukhuphe i-78 pesenti yamalahle, i-37 pesenti ye-oyile kunye ne-25 pesenti ye-oyile. igesi xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba okusetyenziswa kwe-2010. Ngowama-2050, loo manani asaqaqambile ngakumbi: Amalahle afanele ehle ngama-97 ekhulwini, ioli ngama-87 ekhulwini, yaye igesi ifanele yehle ngama-74 ekhulwini.
Le ngxelo iqukumbela ngelithi: โIindlela ezinciphisa ubushushu behlabathi ukuya kutsho kwi-1.5ยฐC ngaphandle kokutshona okanye ukudutyulwa okulinganiselweyo, kuya kufuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo nolufikelela kude kumandla, umhlaba, idolophu neziseko ezingundoqo (kuquka ezothutho nezakhiwo), neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso. Olu tshintsho lwenkqubo aluzange lubonwe ngokomlinganiselo, kodwa hayi ngokwesantya, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinzulu kuwo onke amacandelo.โ
Kwindawo engenanto ubuncinane, kufuneka silahle amafutha efosili ukuze sibe nesiqingatha sokudubula esindilisekileyo ukunqanda intlekele yeplanethi - ngokukhawuleza kangangoko sinakho. โYigcine iPhakathiโ iminyaka ibiyimfuno yemozulu kunye nabaququzeleli bendalo esingqongileyo esilwa iiprojekthi zeziseko ezingundoqo zefosili ezifana ne-Keystone XL kunye nemibhobho yoFikelelo yaseDakota. Nakuphi na ukufundwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwengxelo entsha ye-IPCC kuphakamisa ukuba nabani na ozinikeleyo ekugcineni umhlaba onokuhlaleka kufuneka avume.
Njengoko u-Nick Schulz, umlawuli wobudlelwane nabachaphazelekayo e-Exxon Mobil, wandixelela emva komsitho obuxhaswe yi-CLC kwinyanga ephelileyo, โUkuba ufuna isisombululo somgaqo-nkqubo, ufuna esona sisombululo sisebenzayo nesisebenzayo. Ukuba uthetha neengcali zezoqoqosho, baya kuthi irhafu yekhabhoni yeyona nto ingcono onokuyenza. " Umseki weCLC uTed Halstead ubiza isicwangciso sakhe โKiller Appโ kumgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu, besithi โsesona sicombululo sisebenzayo kwimozulu.โ Kwi-Fortune op-ed, yena kunye nowayesakuba ngusihlalo weFederal Reserve uJanet Yellen waphinda wathi "ukuxhomekeka kwesicwangciso kwirhafu yekhabhoni esekwe kwintengiso kukwenza ukuba - ngokombono wezoqoqosho kuyo yonke imivimbo - esona sisombululo sineendleko," ngokuqhayisa. malunga nenkxaso isicwangciso se-CLC esinandiphayo kwizinto ezifana ne-BP, i-Exxon Mobil, kunye ne-Shell.
Ebuzwa ngale ngxabano, uPeter Erickson, isazinzulu esiphezulu kwiStockholm Environmental Institute, wayengenamdla kangako wokuthatha ubulumko bosoqoqosho ngokwexabiso. โUkuba awukholelwa ngokwenene ukuba ngubani ohlawula iindleko kwaye unciphiso oluphumayo luvela phi, ngoko [ixabiso lekhabhoni] liyasebenza. Kodwa umbuzo wokuphumelela wahlukile ngandlelโ ithile. Sinobomi esibusindisayo. Kufuneka sibe nesijikelezi-langa esinokuphila.โ
โAkunjalo ukuba siza kukwazi ukufikelela apho ngeyona ndlela inexabiso eliphantsi eyilwe ngoosoqoqosho besebenzisa kwa ezo zixhobo bebezibeke amashumi eminyaka. Sinamava amaninzi kunye nabo - kwaye kufuneka siqhubeke sizama - kodwa akufuneki sibe neemfama zokucinga ukuba kuphela kwendlela yokufika apho, โwongeze watsho. โNdizama ukusondela kuyo ngokwembono yokuba yintoni esiyidingayo ukuze sigcine uMhlaba nobuntu, hayi into esiyifunayo ukukholisa oosomashishini. Ukusuka kwimbono yesayensi kunye ne-equity-based, udinga imigaqo-nkqubo ethe ngqo yokuphuma kumafutha efosili. Sifuna ngaphezulu okufanayo ngokwenkxaso-mali kwizithuthi zombane, kodwa kunye nokuvalwa kokuthengiswa kwezithuthi ezitsha ezitsha, njengabo. bathi baya kwenza eTshayina. Sidinga ukuvalwa kokwandiswa kwamafutha efosili entsha. โ
Kukho nesizathu sokukrokrela ukuba ezinye iindlela ezingathanga ngqo azikhokeleli. A ingxelo yakutshanje evela kuMbutho weNtsebenziswano yoQoqosho noPhuhliso yafumanisa ukuba amaxabiso ekhabhoni kwihlabathi jikelele angaphantsi ngokuyingozi apho anokufuneka abe khona ukuze enze udaka olukhulu ekukhutshweni kwezinto ezikhutshwayo. Evakalisa loo ngxelo, uNobhala-Jikelele we-OECD uJosรฉ Angel Gurrรญa walumkisa ngelithi โumsantsa ophakathi kwamaxabiso ekhabhoni anamhlanje kunye neendleko zokoqobo zokukhutshwa komsi kwisijikelezi-langa sethu awamkelekanga.โ
Bambalwa abanokuthi amaxabiso ekhabhoni ayiyonxalenye ebalulekileyo yepuzzle yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu kunye nesindululo sengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ayisiyiyo imbumbulu yesilivere uYellen kunye neHalstead ibango. Ebuzwa ngu-Alexander Kaufman we-HuffPost ukuba ngaba ixabiso lekhabhoni lilodwa linokwenza umsebenzi wenziwe, amalungu amaninzi eqela elisebenzayo ahleka.
Ukuvalwa kwe-DDT okwadlula e-US ekugqibeleni kwafika e-UK Ecinga ngomlo apho, uMartin Harper, weRoyal Society for the Protection of Birds, uxelele I-Guardian kutshanje, "Kuthathe iminyaka eli-10 ukuba i-DDT ivalwe emva kokuba ivaliwe. iziphumo bezibonisiwe. Kwaye ngokufanayo namhlanje, xa belunyukiswa ngengozi yomchiza, oorhulumente balinda de iziphumo zophando zicace. Emva koko bacebisa ishishini lithatha inyathelo ngokuzithandela. Kuphela kuxa loo nto isilela apho ikhupha isithintelo, iminyaka emva kwexesha. โ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela