Incoko kunye UJohn Bellamy Foster, umhleli wephephancwadi lobusoshiyali elisekelwe eUnited States Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, unjingalwazi wezentlalontle kwiYunivesithi yaseOregon kunye nombhali-mbhali (kunye noFred Magdoff) we Ingxaki enkulu yezeMali: oonobangela kunye neziphumo (Ushicilelo loPhononongo lweNyanga, ngo-2009). Uye wadliwano-ndlebe ngu Farooque Chowdhury kwiphephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseBangladesh Umtsha. Yapapashwa ngoSeptemba 8, 2009.
* * *
UFarooque Chowdhury: Lithini ifuthe elinokubakho lengxaki yezemali ekhoyo ngoku kwi-geopolitics, ngakumbi ukuba le ngxaki ijongwa kwimeko yengxaki yamandla, kubandakanya nomba we-oyile encopho, ingxaki yokutya, ingxaki yokusingqongileyo kunye nokwehla kwedola yaseMelika? Ngaba ihlabathi liya kuba neemfazwe (ii)mfazwe njengomzamo wokusinda? Ngaba i-monopoly-finance capital izama ukwenza elinye iqamza, njengemali eyinkunzi ibanjwe kukungavisisani ngaphakathi nangaphandle?
UJohn Bellamy Foster: “INgxaki enkulu yezeMali” kunye “noKudodobala okukhulu kwezoqoqosho” okuthe kwalandela ngokusondeleyo kuyo kuye kwatyhila ubunzulu bokuchasana okujongene nobukhapitali kwesi sigaba, kubhalwe “monopoly-finance capital”. Ngokukodwa, intlekele iyonke ibonakalise ukuba ubungxowankulu, kumbindi wabo obalulekileyo, bubambeke kumgibe wokuma kwenkxaso-mali kungekho ndlela ibonakalayo yokuphuma.
Iimpembelelo zemo yezopolitiko ngokuqinisekileyo zininzi. Ayipheleli nje ekubeni i-capitalism ibe buthathaka ngeendlela ezininzi embindini kodwa i-US hegemony nayo isengozini. Idola yaseMelika ekuqaleni yomelela kule ngxaki, kodwa iziphumo zexesha elide zedola zibi. Ngaphezulu kweyona meko imbi kakhulu yokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi ukusukela ngoKudodobala Okukhulu, sikwajongene, njengoko ubonisa, esona sisongelo sibi kakhulu sokusingqongileyo kwimbali (eneneni oko kunokubonwa njengesona sisongelo sokusingqongileyo, kunye nokudodobala kwemozulu), ukukhawuleza ukukhula kwendlala yehlabathi kunye nethemba lencopho yeoli.
Ukungalingani ehlabathini (kokubini phakathi kwamazwe atyebileyo nahlwempuzekileyo naphakathi kwamazwe) kuyanda. Ukuhlala e-Iraq kuyaqhubeka, ngelixa i-United States phantsi kolawulo olutsha luka-Barack Obama iye yandisa imfazwe e-Afghanistan, iphazamisa ngakumbi iPakistan. Ukuxhotyiswa komkhosi kuyakhula kwiplanethi yonke. IWashington ifumana iziseko zomkhosi ezisixhenxe ezongezelelweyo eColombia kuphela - ezijolise kwiBolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) amazwe.
Emva kwayo yonke le nto kukho inkqubo yokuqokelela eye yalungiselela ukuxhasa ngemali kunemveliso. Akungabazeki ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo ophambili kwiziko okwangoku kukubuyisela imeko yezemali - oko kukuthi, ukukhuthaza ukuxhaswa ngemali okanye uchungechunge olutsha lweebhubhu zemali. Oku, nangona kunjalo, kubonisa ukonakala kwayo yonke inkqubo yokuqokelela imali eyinkunzi. Asikwazi ukuthetha namhlanje kungekuphela nje ngokuxhaswa ngemali kobungxowankulu, kodwa kunye nokuxhaswa ngemali kwe-impiriyali, ngengqiqo yokuba ulawulo lwezemali kwi-periphery ngumba oyintloko wezoqoqosho, kunye neyona nto iphambili yeziko, ixhaswa ekugqibeleni ngamandla omkhosi. . USamir Amin, ngokukodwa, wabona oku kuza, egxininisa indlela iziko eliqhubeka ngayo ukulawula i-periphery yezemali, iteknoloji kunye nemikhosi, nangona kukho ukuqhubela phambili kwezoshishino eMzantsi.
Luluphi uloyiko olukhoyo malunga nomda wenkqubo yehlabathi ngenxa yempembelelo yengxaki ekhoyo ngoku yemali elawulwa ngumntu wonke- ngaphandle “kokwamkela” ubungozi bemfazwe (ii)mfazwe, ukuba zikhona?
Ukuba ngumthwalo wemfazwe, imfazwe kunye ne-impiriyalizim ehamba ze ngokuqinisekileyo kubi ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa alithandabuzeki elokuba eli xesha langoku lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho lizise ezinye iingozi. Ingxaki yanamhlanje enzulu yehlabathi imele esinye seziganeko zembali ezinceda ukucacisa uphuhliso obeluqhubeka ixesha elide, ukuze kube lula ukuqonda ngcono apho singise khona. Ukwakha kuhlalutyo olwakhiwe nguHarry Magdoff kunye noPaul Sweezy kwi Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, Ndabona kwiminyaka elishumi elinesibini eyadlulayo:
Ngokubanzi, ukulawulwa ngumntu omnye, ama impiriyali, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, kunye nokutshintsha ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwezemali ziindlela inkunzi efuna ukuphuma ngayo kwisangqa sokumisa, nangona oku “kutshintshela ukuchasana kwinkalo ebanzi, kwaye kubanike umjikelo obanzi” (uMarx, Capital, umqulu. 2)). Namhlanje isantya sayo yonke le nkqubo sisetwa ikakhulu kukwandiswa kwemali eyinkunzi yehlabathi. Ngosuku oluqhelekileyo iimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi zihambisa i-1.3 yeetriliyoni zeerandi okanye ngaphezulu, ngelixa ukuthunyelwa kwelizwe liphela kongeza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngonyaka. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwisithuba nje seentsuku ezimbini iimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi zihambisa imali eninzi njengee-akhawunti zorhwebo zamazwe ngamazwe kunyaka wonke. Ukwanda kokudityaniswa kweemalike zemali zehlabathi kuthetha ukuba ukuba kwaye xa iqamza lezemali ligqabhuka lingabandakanya inkqubo yongxowankulu behlabathi yonke - ukudala iingozi ezintsha nezingazange zibonwe ngaphambili. Ngenxa "yokuxabisa okungekho ngqiqweni" okubonisa inkqubo yezemali yanamhlanje (eJapan ngaphambi kowe-1990 i-stock market ye-100 yokuwa kwexabiso le-artiation ye-earnings ratios inyuke ukuya kwi-1-XNUMX), i-MIT yezoqoqosho u-Lester Thurow uthi, "ngumbuzo kuphela xa imarike uyawa nokuba ukuwa kuhamba kancinci okanye kuyakhawuleza”. Ngaphezu koko, ngokungafaniyo noqoqosho lwesizwe, apho urhulumente ekwazi ukusebenza njengombolekisi wendlela yokugqibela aze ngaloo ndlela athintele ukusilela kokusilela, inkqubo yehlabathi ngokubanzi ayinalo naliphi na iziko elikwaziyo ukungenelela ngokomlinganiselo oyimfuneko ebusweni ukuwohloka kwezimali ngesiquphe….
Ingongoma apha asikokuqikelela ukuwa kwezemali okunjalo. Ngokwenene, uqikelelo kufuneka luphetshwe ngenxa yokuba ngumsebenzi weentshukumo ezichasene nenkqubo yokuguqula imeko ukuze ubaleke kulo myalelo wehlabathi ongenangqiqo. Eyona ngongoma kukuba le nkqubo ayinangqiqo ngokwendalo kwaye ikwizinga elandayo. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kwimeko yokudodobala kunika le ngxaki "indlela ebanzi". — (“Ixesha leNgxaki yePlanethi”, Uphononongo lweRadical Political Economics, Ngokwindla 1997).
Alithandabuzeki elokuba le ndlela iqhelekileyo yokujonga izinto, isekelwe kwisithethe sikaMarx ekudala sinxulunyaniswa nayo Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, ingqineke ichanekile kwiinkcazo zayo ezibanzi. Ngaphandle kokomelezwa kobudlelwane bongxowankulu kumazwe ambalwa “asakhulayo”, inkqubo iyonke ikukuzibhaqa ikwingxaki enzulu nenzulu. Ndiqinisekile ukuba sikwindawo ethile embindini—asisekho ekuqaleni kodwa sikwakude nesiphelo—kwingxaki yexesha elide yesakhiwo sobungxowankulu; enye esongela ukuqhubeka kobukho benkqubo yokuqokelela ngokwayo.
Kwangaxeshanye, ewe, sijamelene nezisongelo ezinzulu kwisijikelezi-langa njengoko sisazi kwanempucuko yabantu, eyona nto kuthethwa ngayo ngokusinda kwayo ukuba izinto ezenzeka ngoku ziyaqhubeka. Ngokwale ngqiqo imeko yezoqoqosho ekhoyo isenokubonakala ilithamsanqa ekuncedeni uluntu ukuba luqonde imfuneko yokushiya ingqiqo etshabalalisayo yobunkunzi.
Imbali isifundisa ukuba ukuchasana okuphambili kunokulindelwa ukuba kuvele ezantsi kunokuba kuvele phezulu kwenkqubo yehlabathi. Iimpembelelo ezimbi zokudodobala kunye nokuxhaswa kwezimali, eziphuma kwingxowankulu yemali ye-monopoly-finance kumbindi woqoqosho lwehlabathi, inomyalezo oxubileyo malunga nomda. Kwixesha elidlulileyo i-periphery yenziwe ukuba ithwale inxalenye enkulu yohlengahlengiso kwintlekele, kodwa namhlanje ayinakwenzeka loo nto. Ukuchasana okuyimpumelelo ngoku kuyacingeleka kuMzantsi wehlabathi (njengoko sibona namhlanje kwiindawo ezahlulwe ngokubanzi njengeVenezuela neNepal).
IYurophu, ngokubanzi, ibukele i-transfixed ngelixa iWall Street yayinyibilika. Bathetha kabini. Kwaye kwabakho intlanganiso ye-Atlantiki yabaphathiswa bezemali eWashington DC bevelisa ingxelo emfutshane kwaye engacacanga malunga neendlela zokujongana nale ngxaki kunye. Ngaba sonke isiqendu seengxoxo ze-trans-Atlantiki kunye nokubonisana sasingumboniso wobunye obunenjongo yokufihla ukungabikho komanyano phakathi kwe-monopoly-finance capital?
Unyanisile malunga ne-façade yomanyano. Abalawuli baseYurophu abalawulayo abazange benze ngazwinye—eneneni babonakala bengakwazi ukwenza oko—kwaye iUnited States neYurophu azizange zisebenze kunye. Nangona kunjalo, i-neoliberal globalization idibanise olu qoqosho kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwinkqubo eyabetha intsalela ye-Keynesian social-democratic "compromise" ngaphakathi kwamazwe angundoqo ongxowankulu. Kwaye kukho ukuqonda okubanzi malunga nendlela yokulwa nokuthambekela kwe-deflationary kwavela ngokukhawuleza.
Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ukuba bonke basebenze kuhlobo lwentsebenziswano engathanga ngqo (efana ne-oligopolistic corporations), kunye ne-United States njengenkokeli yexabiso lezemali, ngoko kuthetha. Impendulo yendalo yonke yayikukukhupha inkqubo yezemali, kunye nento, ngokukhawuleza yabonakala, yokufumana inkqubo yokuxhaswa ngemali kwakhona - kuba kwakungekho ithemba elincinci lokufumana inkunzi ngenye indlela. Ngale ndlela, bekukho imilinganiselo efanayo kule ngxaki yemali yemali elawulwa ngumntu wonke ethathe indawo yokuqala, ngaphezulu nangaphaya kokhuphiswano lwama-impiriyali obeluphuhla - ngaphandle kokuvelisa intsebenziswano yokwenyani phakathi kwamazwe aphambili.
Nangona kunjalo ungquzulwano luye lwavela phakathi kweYurophu phakathi kwamazwe anentsilelo yeakhawunti yangoku, ngakumbi iBritane, kunye namazwe anentsalela yeakhawunti yangoku, ngakumbi iJamani. Aba bangaphambili batyholwa ngokuba ngabathengi abangekho mthethweni, ngelixa aba bamva betyholwa nge-neo-mercanitilism. (Jonga uhlalutyo olunomdla lukaJoseph Halevi, "I-G20 kunye ne-Inter-Capitalist Conflicts”, MRzine, UEpreli 7, 2009Ungquzulwano olwahlulahlula amazwe ongxowankulu lusenokubonakala ngakumbi kwisigaba sokubuyisela kumjikelo, njengoko amazwe eziva enesithuba esikhulu sokutshatha iikhosi zawo ezahlukeneyo, nanjengokomelezwa kwedola ekuqaleni kobunzima, ngokunyukayo kunika indlela eyahlukileyo.
Ingxaki yezemali iya kuba naliphi ifuthe kumbutho wezopolitiko wase-US?
Ngokuqinisekileyo lo ngumbuzo omkhulu eUnited States. Akukho mathandabuzo okuba imeko yezoqoqosho imbi kakhulu kangangokuba inokusongela uzinzo lolawulo longxowankulu olulawulayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abukho ubungqina bokuqhekeka okukhulu phezulu. I-Capital ngokubanzi ibonakala imanyene kule ngxaki ekukhupheni inkqubo yezemali kunye nokubuyisela oko uHenry Kaufman, omnye wabahlalutyi bezemali abahamba phambili e-United States, ubize "i-complex ye-financial-industrial complex".
Intetho yolawulo lwezemali ibisoloko ililize kwaye iya isihla ngoku kuba iimpawu zangaphandle zengxaki ziphela. Urhulumente wase-US, kule ngxaki ikhoyo ubone ulawulo lweRiphabhlikhi kunye neDemokhrasi esemandleni, uye wagxininisa ukusindisa ezona bhanki zinamandla ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, ngaphezulu kwe-12 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kwi-infusions yemali, iimali-mboleko, iziqinisekiso, izibonelelo, njl. ikakhulu kwicandelo lezemali ekuqaleni kuka-2009 - nangaphezulu ukususela ngoko. Kule meko, akukho mahluko kwaphela kwimpendulo yolawulo lukaBush no-Obama.
Izinto ziba nzima ngakumbi xa kuphakanyiswa umba wabantu abasisiseko. Alithandabuzeki elokuba ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ukwanda kwentswela-ngqesho, ukulahleka kwemivuzo, ukucuthwa kwenkxaso karhulumente, kushiye uninzi lwabemi lukwimeko yokuphelelwa lithemba nomsindo okhulayo. Ngokusekelwe kumava ee-1930s umntu unokucinga ngokwendalo ngokwaneleyo ukuba oku kungadala imvukelo yabasebenzi ngasekhohlo, kuquka ukukhula kwemibutho yemibutho yabasebenzi, amaza ogwayimbo, imingcelele yabantu abangaphangeliyo, uqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni, njl. njl. Unyulo lwezinto ezibonwayo. njengomongameli "ophakathi ekhohlo" unokusebenzela ukondla imizabalazo enjalo.
Kubekho iintetho ezininzi ngasekhohlo “kweSivumelwano esitsha”. Kodwa ekhohlo ibuthathaka kwintlangano ngenxa yembali ende yengcinezelo ebuyela kwixesha likaMcCarthy, kwaye ayibonakali ngokufanelekileyo kuluntu, ngenxa yenkqubo ye-media propaganda yenkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuhlela, efihla nayiphi na inkcaso yokwenene. Yiyo loo nto, ilungelo, ngemali yalo, amandla kunye nolawulo lwemithombo yeendaba, lisebenze ngakumbi ekwahluleleni ngokubonakalayo ukuchaswa kwabasebenzi kunokuba kunjalo ngasekhohlo.
Oku kuye kwabonakala ekuhlaselweni kwamalungelo kwiinguqu zezempilo ezikhuthazwa ngulawulo luka-Obama, olubonwa njengokuqinisa isandla sikarhulumente wengcinezelo. Abakhululekileyo bayothuswa yile nto kodwa uninzi lwamasoshiyali awothuki nakancinci. Inyani yokuba urhulumente ebekhuphe imali kwiibhanki ezixabisa iitriliyoni kwaye ebavumela ukuba babaleke neengxowa zemali kunye neebhonasi ezigqithisileyo ngelixa abantu bebesokola besetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukungathembi urhulumente.
Ithunyelwe kwiiholo zedolophu ukuzolisa abantu, uLarry Summers, umcebisi oyintloko wezoqoqosho ka-Obama, uzikhusele iibhonasi zenkampani, esithi ngendelelo (kubantu ababebona imali yabo yomhlalaphantsi iphela, kunye nemisebenzi, ukhathalelo lwempilo, njl. lilizwe lomthetho. Kukho izivumelwano” (icatshulwe nguRobert Kuttner, “Rage the Left should Use”, Washington Post, Agasti 19, 2009). Okumangalisayo kukuba, xa kujongwa ukukrwitshwa kwamaqela amabini oshishino (enyanisweni amaqela amabini eqela elinye) kwezopolitiko zase-US, abaninzi kubasebenzi batsaleleka kwi-Republican Party kunye nesimo sayo sokuchasa urhulumente, ekubeni bebona urhulumente, kungekhona ngokupheleleyo. ngaphandle kwesizathu ngokuqinisekileyo, njengomcinezeli - kwaye ubuncinane kubanika into yokuhlasela.
Ukuba oku kuya kuqhubeka, asazi. Ikhohlo njengoko benditshilo likwimeko ebuthathaka, kodwa oku akunakuphepheka okanye kusisigxina. Ukuba imeko yonxunguphalo iyaqhubeka, ugqabhuko-dubulo lunokuthi lwenzeke ludodobalise inkqubo yolawulo lwezopolitiko. I-Socialists kufuneka ithethe inyaniso njengoko iyibona, kunokuba ihlale izama ukuba yidemokhrasi yentlalontle okanye "i-liberals eshiywe", ngaloo ndlela ifihla kwaye ijongela phantsi umyalezo wabo.
Wena noFred Magdoff nixoxe ngo Ingxaki enkulu yezeMali INdlu yaBameli base-US isikhaba isicwangciso sebheyile, xa sathiwa thaca okokuqala ngo-Okthobha wama-2008. Yayikuphela kwesizathu esabangela ukuba sikhatywe, eso usibonileyo kwincwadi yakho (iphepha 112): “Ukudubuleka komsindo nokuchasa. ”, oko kukuthi ukubonakaliswa koxinzelelo olusuka ezantsi eluntwini? Okanye kunye nolo gqabhuko-dubulo kunye nokuchasana kwakukho nokungakwazi, ngaloo mzuzu wokudodobala kwemali, kuwo onke amaqhezu enkqubo ukufikelela kwimvumelwano? Kwaye, ngaba olo kusilela ukufikelela kwimvumelwano - ukuba bekunjalo - sisiphumo somdlalo otyholwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuvota (xa isicwangciso sebheyile sathi sabekwa ekuqaleni) - sijolise ekubekeni ityala uNancy Pelosi, isithethi sendlu? Ngaba loo nto ngokwayo yayiyimbonakaliso yokhukuliseko lwenkcubeko yezopolitiko eyongameleyo; ukusilela kwenkqubo ukubambana kunye ngexesha lentlekele yenkunzi elawulayo?
“Ukusilela ukufikelela kwimvumelwano” akufanele kusimangalise ngokupheleleyo kunjalo. UMarx waxoxa ukuba ukuchasana kweeklasi eziphambili kuluntu lwamaNgesi zenza "isakhelo soluntu lwamaNgesi" (INew York Tribune, Juni 7, 1856). Lo mgaqo ufanayo uyasebenza namhlanje, ngakumbi ngamaxesha entlekele, apho inkcaso eqhelekileyo, ehlala ingaphantsi nje komphezulu, ithi ivele ngaphambili. Xa sithetha ngokuvumelana kulo mxholo sithetha ngomyalelo we-hegemonic-consensual olungiselelwe ukudibanisa abemi bebonke kwiprojekthi elawulayo, ngokuchasene neemfuno zabo.
Akungabazeki ukuba kwi-meltdown yemali engalindelekanga kunye nobunzima obulandelayo emva kokuwa kweLehman Brothers ngoSeptemba 2008, iklasi elawulayo yase-US ayizange icinge ekuqaleni ekusebenziseni amandla e-hegemonic. Kujongwe kunxunguphalo olupheleleyo lwemali, kwabakho injongo enye ekhawulezileyo: ukuhlangula amaziko emali, kunye nongxowankulu beshishini ngokubanzi. Xa unobhala weSebe lezeMali lase-US, uHenry Paulson, wacebisa isicwangciso sakhe sebheyile wayesenza kanye oko kwakufuneka kuye (kwaye yintoni
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela