Izazinzulu zithi
Iya kuhlamba yonke
Kodwa asisakholwa
Kuba sinabaqeshwa bethu
Kwaye iisuti zethu ze-mohair eziluhlaza
Ngoko nceda ubonise isazisi sakho emnyango
- "Sin City,โ uGram Parsons kunye noChris Hillman
Ipavumente ishushu kakhulu iipali zezihlangu ziyanyibilika, zishiya umkhondo weenyawo obuthathaka kwikhonkrithi. Ngale mva kwemini kaJuni, iqondo lobushushu lomoya li-112 degrees eLas Vegas kwaye lishushu kakhulu ezantsi kumsantsa obonakalayo weStrip.
Ubushushu obungenalusini busebenza ukupela, ukutsala isihlwele singene kwiilebhu ezipholileyo zekhasino, apho no-Ariadne anokulahleka phakathi kwe-neon edanyazayo, ukudumba kwe-elektroniki, ukuncwina kwabo balahlekileyo etafileni.
Ngaphakathi kulapho bafuna wena khona. Kulapho iipokotho zakho zikhethwa kwiindawo zokubeka ubuchwephesha obuphezulu (owona matshini uhlekisayo: KISS; eyona icreepiest: iJoker, enevidiyo kaHeath Ledger), imiboniso yeCirque du Soliel (nge-$155 yetikiti) okanye ixabiso elibi kakhulu kunye nokutya okugaywanga okulungiselelwe ngaphantsi. uphawu lwentengiso olukhoyo kwindawo yonke uMario Batali.
Size apha kwinkomfa yaminyaka le yoMbutho weThala leeNcwadi waseMelika, apho inkosikazi yam uKimberly kunye noogxa bakhe kwiThala leeNcwadi leMillar yeYunivesithi yasePortland State babekelwe ukuba bafumane ibhaso elikhulu lokusungula izinto ezintsha. Emva kokunyamezela imiboniso ye-1001 ye-PowerPoint kwimixholo efana ne-โThreshold Conceptsโ kunye neengozi zebhayibhilografi zokupapasha i-e-papali, abadla ngokuba noosothala bethala leencwadi bajongelwa ukuba bayeke ukulahlwa iveki yonke yokulahlwa entlango. I-Las Vegas ibonelela ngombhiyozo wohlobo olulodwa lwaseMelika lwe-Id, iqhina elingagungqiyo elingaguqukiyo lomnqweno ofanisiweyo kunye nokukhanya kwe-strobe kunye nengoma yetshizi.
Yintoni iThreshold Concept, uyabuza? Umbuzo omhle. Ndihleli kwindawo engavakaliyo neyomileyo yobukrelekrele yeyure enesiqingatha ingcaciso ngabasebenzi abathathu abakhokelayo bethiyori ndahlala ndididekile, njengoko kwenzekile, ndabheja, uninzi loonolayibrari eholweni. Ukuba uyayihlahlela phantsi kwizinto eziyimfuneko, i-Threshold Concept ibonakala ifana kakhulu naleyo besiyibiza kwiisemina zefilosofi kwiithiyori ezingenakuphikiswa (ahem) ze-Wittgenstein "zokufumana umkhondo ongathandekiyo." Kodwa ukucaca akuyona indlela eqinisekileyo yokufumana indawo yokuhlala.
Ifilosofi eqhubela lo mkhwa mtsha โkulawulo lolwaziโ yoyikeka ngakumbi kunegama layo elingaqondakaliyo. Kwiminyaka kaGoogle, u-Edward Snowden kunye neWikipedia, abanye oosomathala beencwadi bezemfundo bavakalelwa kukuba isikhundla sabo esinzima njengabagcini-masango bolwazi siphantsi kongqingo. Ithiyori ye-Threshold Concepts ibonakala ibonelela ngombono wokugqibela onqwenelayo kubasebenzi bamathala eencwadi ukuba baphinde babambe indima yabo njengabaniki-mandla bolwazi, ukwalusa abafundi abangenalwazi kunye nabaxhasi bethala leencwadi abangenabuqhophololo besiya kwimithombo yeendaba โesemthethweniโ kunye โethembekileyoโ (efana ne ENew York Times, ngokwendalo.) Luhlaselo lwamva nje lwe-reactionary kwindoda ejiwuze ibhola eqhekezayo ngokuzenzisa okubuhlungu komlindi wakudala womsebenzi: Michel Foucault. Kwi Ulungelelwaniso Lwezinto, I-Foucault ibhentsise iinjini zezopolitiko ezicinezelayo eziqhuba ukuhlelwa kunye nokulawulwa kolwazi kunye nabalamli beetekisi "ezifanelekileyo" beziqhuba ukusukela ngoko. (Ngakumbi malunga noku kwixesha elizayo.)
Uninzi lwe-12,000 okanye ngaphezulu koonolayibrari abaye badibana apha ngeveki yelanga lasehlotyeni elingenalusini babonakala begxothiwe, bebhadula ngokungenanjongo kwiipaseji ezifana ne-De Chirico, bejonge kwiimephu zikaGoogle kwii-smartphones zabo. Mhlawumbi bajonga i-dreamscape yevenkile yeencwadi. Baya kufuna ilize. Apha ekuphela kweencwadi ezigcinwe ziincwadi zezemidlalo, ezo zifuna oovimba beeakhawunti ekufuneka zihlawulwe.
Mna noKimberly samisa inkampu eRiviera, nto leyo eyayinzima kum. Ndandifuna ukuhlala eVasgas endala, isixeko esiqhuma isanti yama-mobsters kwaye ndibonise amantombazana, uHoward Hughes kunye nohloniphekileyo uGqr Thompson. Loo Vegas kudala imkile kwaye iRiviera yinto ebolileyo yokudlula kwayo. Ihotele ewohlokayo idityaniswe phakathi kweendawo zokupaka ezinkulu kumntla weStrip, ngaphesheya kweLas Vegas Boulevard ukusuka kwiCircus Circus ecuthekileyo, efana neseti eshiyiweyo eshiyiweyo kwifilim yokusika.
Emva kweRiviera kukho indawo yokugcina impahla emhlophe. Kwicala lesakhiwo kumbhalo omkhulu obomvu webhloko kubhaliwe: Indoor Skydiving. Ycinge. Esinye nje isiqendu esimnandi seVegas alt reality show. Ewe kunjalo, uninzi lwe-skydiving yangaphakathi kwesi sixeko yenziwa kwimigangatho yeekhasino.
I-traffic kwi-Strip ilawulwa yisekethe ephazamisayo yeekhabhi kunye neelori ezihambisa izibhengezo zemiboniso yemilingo engaziwayo, kunye neenkwenkwezi ezifayo ezifana noCeline Dion, u-Olivia Newton-John kunye noRod Stewart, obonakala ezimisele ukugqiba i-arc yakhe yeminyaka engama-30. ngokomnombo ngokuba yi-Engelbert Humperdinck entsha yedolophu. Kodwa ezona ntengiso zixhaphakileyo bezizezoonongogo abathi "Ngqo Kuwe", "amantombazana afuna ukudibana nawe." Ezi blondes zibhityile zonke ezemidlalo ziyilwe ngokutsha amabele kunye nezikhonkwane ezikhazimliswe ngokugqwesileyo kwiinyawo eziethe-ethe ezishiya ngasemva imikhondo yekhabhoni enzima.
I-Nevada iyakhawuleza ukuba yindawo yePati yeTea, kodwa iVegas ihlala iyidolophu eqinileyo yomanyano yabasebenzi bezokupheka, iihotele kunye nekhasino. Kodwa nale iyaqala ukutshintsha. Ungalibona ikamva kumgangatho wokudlala weBellagio kunye neVenetian, apho imisebenzi emininzi isenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Eyona nto yandothusayo yayilinani leetafile zikajack ezimnyama, apho ii-avatars zomthengisi ezine-cleavage ephazamisayo ziqhuba imidlalo kwiimonitha zesikrini esibanzi. Abadlali abangabantu, mhlawumbi badalwe yiminyaka yomdlalo wevidiyo, bahlala bezolile etafileni, bebambelele kukholo oluphelelwe lithemba kubulungisa be-algorithms yekhasino yepoker. Yibize ngokuba yimbeko eCaatonia.
Kwinqwelomoya evela ePortland, ndahlala ecaleni kwenjineli ebisebenza iminyaka elishumi edlulileyo eLake Mead. Eli dama liyabuna, loma phambi kwamehlo ethu. Umgangatho wamanzi uhla ngonyaka ngamnye, ushiya ibala elimhlophe elibomvu kwiindonga zeBlack Canyon. Umsebenzi wenkampani yakhe kukupeyinta iindonga ezisandula ukuvela ezimhlophe zethambo zomwonyo zibuyele kumbala wazo oqhelekileyo, ukuze zingaboyiki abakhenkethi.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ayingobakhenkethi abafanele ukunyanzeliswa kukuncipha kweLake Mead, kodwa iimoguls zeStrip. Bangabathengisi benkohliso. Eyona Mirage inkulu edolophini asiyokhasino emenyezelayo enemibala ekhazimlisiweyo, enendawo esecaleni kwechibi engenanto phezulu (imali yokungenwa ngeedola ezingama-40) kunye neaquarium eyoyikekayo, kodwa yinkohliso yamanzi. Ibekwe kumgangatho owenziweyo weMojave, iLas Vegas imanziswe zii-intshi ezine zemvula ngonyaka. Ngumndilili wakudala lowo. Ikamva libonakala lome ngakumbi. Ukanti kukho amanzi kuyo yonke indawo kulo mcu: amachibi amakhulu eBhotwe likaKesare, iingxangxasi zaseWynn, amachibi ahonjiswe yigondola aseVenetian, umthombo wokudanisa eBellagio. Inkohliso enkulu, leyo kufuneka igcinwe kuzo zonke iindleko, kukuba eVegas akukho mida.
Kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo, iVegas iye yatshintshwa isuka kwisiXeko saseSin yaya kwipaki yosapho lwayo yaya kubhengezo olungenaluxolo lobudla-kudla obungenamda. Ungambulela uSteve Wynn ngale metamorphosis imbi, indoda eyabetha ingqiniba yayo ngePicasso โLe Rรชveโ ngelixa ebonisa eyona nto yakhe idumileyo kubahlobo bakhe. UWynn kamva wothula umzobo ophinde wathungwa wowasetyhini ophulula amaphambili nge-$154 lezigidi kwiqabane lakhe eliyingozi uStephen A. Cohen, usomali oyibhiliyoni ongumxhasi wehedge onefemu ye-SAC ephantsi kophando rhoqo ngorhwebo lwangaphakathi.
UWynn wenza uphawu lwakhe lokuqhuba iiparlors zebhingo eMaryland. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, wafika eVasgas waza wenza isivumelwano somhlaba esiqikelelwayo kunye noHoward Hughes, owafumana izigidi ezimbalwa kunye nokulawula umdla kwi-Golden Sands, apho wamkhwelisa uFrank Sinatra kunye neqela lakhe. Utshintsho lomdlalo lwenzeka ngo-1989 xa uWynne wavula i-casino yokuqala ye-mega-resort kwi-Strip entsha, i-Mirage, i-3,000 yegumbi le-Polynesia elinemixholo ehonjiswe kwibhotwe lesono elinentaba-mlilo eqhumayo. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Mirage kwaxhaswa ngemali yenye inkosi yenkohliso, ukumkani we-junk bond uMichael Milken. ISiqithi iTreasure kunye neBellagio, ngelo xesha yayiyeyona hotele inexabiso eliphezulu kwezakha zakhiwa, zakhawuleza zalandela.
Ngo-2005, xa uWynn evula ihotele yakhe ephakamileyo ye-650-foot ubude behotele kunye nekhasino kwicala elingasentla le-Strip wathi wayefuna ukuyibiza ngokuba yiLe Rรชve. Ekugqibeleni, wakhetha into encinci engaqhelekanga: iWynn. Umhombiso weWynn (kwaye yinqaba yobhedu egobileyo ye-Encore) yi-wispy simulacrum ye-opulence oriental, eyenzelwe ukuvuyisa imvakalelo yeenkosana zaseSaudi kwi-prowl, ii-oligarchs zaseRashiya kunye nezigidi zokutshisa ngempelaveki, kunye ne-Kardashian brood. Ngokuhambelana kakuhle nalo mxholo, indawo ekuchithelwa kuyo iiholide iqhayisa ngemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emibini eqaqambileyo (Popeye kwaye Tulips) ligcisa lengcaphephe engenancasa: Jeff Koons. Yandichukumisa into yokuba igumbi elingaphantsi kweWynn lelona ngcwaba lifanelekileyo leengqungquthela zikaKoons.
Ekugqibeleni, uWynn waboleka igama lomzobo wePicasso kumboniso odumileyo osisigxina kwindawo yakhe yokuphumla. Le Rรชve (ngokumangalisayo iguqulelwe njenge 'A' Dream) luhlobo oluthile lwasemanzini Uqhwithela, enamadoda anempandla enza i-dare-devil dives kwi-Speedos, iiFlappers ezipholileyo ezitshiza ngeewigi zeplatinam eziblond, kunye neendadi ezilungelelanisiweyo ezidanyaza izinti ezibomvu. Ngamanye amazwi, ewe, iphupha elimanzi.
Kodwa iphupha liza kuphela. Ukuphendula kuyeza ngokukhawuleza. Amanzi ayaphela. Namhlanje ama-90 ekhulwini amanzi esi sixeko afunxa kwiLake Mead yaye iLake Mead iyatsha. Uqikelelo lwamva nje luqikelela ukuba indawo enkulu yokugcina amanzi inokukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo yi 2021. Zibale: Yiminyaka esixhenxe leyo. Emva koko, zonke iibheji zicinyiwe. Akukho zitonela zamanzi okanye imibhobho engxamisekileyo enokuhlawula ukunqongophala. iintsuku Vegas kaThixo zibaliwe. Jongana nayo, sana.
Ndihleli kwindawo yentselo engaphakathi kwephiramidi emnyama yaseLuxor, ndibukele iqela elidlamkileyo laseAlgeria lityhala iqela elizidlayo laseJamani ukuya kutsho kucikizeko lokukhululwa kwiNdebe yeHlabathi, ndaqalisa incoko nendoda yaseMexico yaseMelika esebenza ezantsi kumwonyo. Inkampani yakhe yenza inkonzo ye-macabre. Baloba imizimba yabatsibayo: Abalahlekileyo beVegas, amaxhoba etafile zokudlala, abahluli abalupheleyo kunye neehuka, abafayo, abo bathe bancama, abo bafikelele kumda wabo wokugqibela kwaye batsiba into entsha. Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, isibhakabhaka sintywila kuMlambo iColorado, iinyawo ezingama-840 ngaphantsi.
โSitsala imizimba emine okanye emihlanu ngenyanga,โ undixelela, njengoko ephosa umva iJack yakhe yesithathu kunye neCoke emva kwemini. โIVegas iseyidolophu enzima. Ekugqibeleni ithamsanqa lakho liza kuphela. Uyazi ukuba ndithetha ukuthini?"
UJeffrey St. Clair ngumhleli weCounterPunch. Incwadi yakhe entsha Ukubulala iTrayvons: i-Anthology of Violence yaseMelika (kunye noJoAnn Wypijewski kunye noKevin Alexander Grey) iya kupapashwa ngoJuni ngo-CounterPunch Books. Unokufikelelwa apha: [imeyile ikhuselwe].
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela