Nangona ngokuqinisekileyo singamele sithatyathwe ngokoqobo, kukho inyaniso ethile kwintetho ethi: โZonke izinto ezintle ozivileyo ngeCuba ziyinyaniso. Kwaye zonke izinto ezimbi ozivileyo ngeCuba ziyinyani. "
Nangona abemi baseCuba befumana umvuzo ongaphantsi kwe-10 ekhulwini kulowo waseUnited States, ngoku baphila ixesha elide yaye umlinganiselo wokufa kweentsana uphantsi. Abemi basoloko bejamelene nokunqongophala, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nolawulo oluphambanayo, ukanti urhulumente ubonelela ngemfundo yasimahla kuwo onke amanqanaba, ukwabelwa ukutya simahla, ukhathalelo lwempilo lwasimahla, iinkonzo ezixhaswa kakhulu, nezindlu ezingabizi mali ininzi.
Apha eUnited States, bekukho ingqwalasela enkulu kwingcinezelo kaCastro yabavukeli kunye nezinye izenzo zoozwilakhe, kodwa ezo ziphathamandla zithelekiswa noninzi lolawulo lwamaphiko asekunene eLatin America luxhaswa yiUnited States ngexesha elininzi elawula. nakoorhulumente abaninzi kwezinye iindawo ezixhaswa yiWashington kude kube namhlanje.
Inene, amanye amazwe obukomanisi - anje nge China ecinezela ngakumbi - alonwabele ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo kunye ne-United States ngelixa iCuba yayikhethelwe ukungaqatshelwa, izohlwayo, ukuvalwa kokuhamba kunye nezinye izithintelo, kuphela ezinye zazo ziye zaphumla kancinci phantsi koMongameli. UBarack Obama.
Uvavanyo olukhulu lukaCastro lwalukwiminyaka yoo-1990, xa ukuphela ngokukhawuleza koncedo olukhulu kunye norhwebo lwenkxaso-mali kunye neBloc yaseMpuma, kudityaniswa nokwandiswa kwesohlwayo esivela eUnited States, kwakhokelela kwintlekele enkulu yezoqoqosho. Impendulo yakhe - leyo imbali enokuthi mhlawumbi njengelifa lakhe likhulu - yayikukusungula inkqubo yamabhongo kulimo oluphilayo, ucwangciso lokusingqongileyo, amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nezinye izenzo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo.
Ekubeni bengakwazi ukufumana amafutha, izichumisi zemichiza, izibulali-zinambuzane, iimoto nezinye izinto ababexhomekeke kuzo, abantu baseCuba bajamelana nentlekele enokwenzeka. Impendulo kaCastro, ngokwamazwi kaPeter Rosset weZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo woKutya noPhuhliso, โyeyona nguqulelo inkulu ukusuka kulimo oluqhelekileyo ukuya kulimo lwendalo okanye ulimo olunendalo olwakha lwaziwa lihlabathi.โ
Emva kokuhla ngama-80 eepesenti ekufumanekeni kwezibulali-zinambuzane zemichiza kunye nokuhla kwepetroleum ngama-50 ekhulwini kwezolimo, amafama aseCuba ngokwenene aye andisa isixa kunye nomgangatho wezivuno zezityalo ngeendleko eziphantsi kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa zempilo nezendalo. Umngundo, i-nematodes, oonomeva kunye neembovane zonke zikhe zavunwa ukuze zilawuleke izinambuzane. Ininzi yale nto iye yaphuhliswa kumashishini e-cottage akhokelwa zizazinzulu kweli lizwe lihlwempuzekileyo kodwa elifunde kakhulu.
Ukongeza, iCuba yaqala ukushenxa kwimodeli ye-monoculture - esekwe ekuthunyelweni kweswekile kunye necuba - yaya ekukhuliseni ukutya okuninzi, ngakumbi iimbotyi zesoya. Ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo, ukulinywa kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye neenzame zokulondoloza umhlaba zixhaphakile. Ulimo lwasezidolophini lubonelela uninzi lweemfuno zokutya zabahlali basezidolophini.
Emva kweminyaka eliqela yokunqongophala kokutya kunye nokunqongophala kweevithamin kwiminyaka yoo-1990, abantu baseCuba ngoku basempilweni ngenxa yokwanda kokutya kwabo imifuno kunye nokuncipha kokutyiwa kwenyama ebomvu. Abasebenzi basezifama banika ingxelo yokuphucuka okumangalisayo kwezempilo, ngenxa yokuncipha kokungakhuseleki kwabo kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa izinambuzane kunye nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula.
Ukunqongophala kwamafutha kwakhokelela ekutshintsheni kwimithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo. Ngoku kukho malunga ne-10,000 yee-windmills ezisebenzayo kunye nokukhula kwamandla elanga. Iijenereyitha zeBiomass ngoku zibonelela malunga ne-15 pesenti yombane weli lizwe. Kukho amakhulukhulu eendawo ezincinci zombane owenziwe ngamanzi, ubukhulu becala kwimimandla ekwanti yeentaba. Phantse zonke iindawo zokugaya iswekile zelizwe ngoku zinikwa amandla yinkunkuma evela kummoba. Ii-oveni zelanga kunye nobunye ubugcisa obufanelekileyo buxhaphakile ngoku kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni.
Okubalulekileyo, nokuba i-oyile yexabiso eliphantsi evela eVenezuela yafumaneka kwaye ukufikelela kwiiarhente zemichiza kwaphuculwa, olu tshintsho luhlaza lwahlala lukhona.
Ngoxa amazwe amaninzi etshabalalisa amahlathi awo ashinyeneyo ngomlinganiselo owothusayo, iCuba iye yenza umgudu wokwenene wokuphelisa loo mkhwa ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezinkulu zokutshatyalaliswa kwamahlathi, eziquka ukutyalwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo zalapho. Imimandla enamahlathi iye yaphindaphindeka kabini ukususela kwimvukelo yowe-1959.
Enye yezinto eziveliswe kwiinzame zokutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi kukuba iCuba ngoku liziko eliphambili lebhayoloji kumayeza asuka kwizityalo ezishinyeneyo. Kubekho ukwanda okumangalisayo kokusetyenziswa kwamayeza esintu kunye nokubuyela kwamanye amayeza esintu aqinisekisiweyo.
Njengoko abantu baseCuba bekhule bengakwazi ukuthembela kwimithombo ephakathi kumandla kunye namagalelo ezolimo kwaye bexhomekeke ngakumbi kwimithombo yasekhaya, ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kwezopolitiko kuye kwanatyiswa ngakumbi. Uninzi lweefama zikarhulumente ziye zaba ngoomasibambisane abaqhutywa ngamafama ngokwabo, kwaye inqanaba elonyukayo lolawulo lwezopolitiko ngoku lixhomekeke kulawulo lwengingqi olunyulwe ngokwentando yesininzi.
Nangona urhulumente waseCuba ehleli enegunya kwiinkalo ezininzi, umkhwa okhokelela kubusoshiyali bedemokhrasi ngakumbi kumgangatho wasekhaya uzise ubomi obutsha kwilizwe ebelithe qelele amashumi eminyaka phantsi koburhulumente obungqongqo, obunolawulo oluphezulu.
U-Obama akakwazanga ukubuyisela ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo borhwebo kunye neCuba ngenxa ye-Helms-Burton Act, esayinwe ngumthetho nguMongameli uBill Clinton ngo-1996, efuna ukuba izohlwayo ezingqongqo zihlale endaweni kungekhona nje de iCuba ivumele unyulo lwentando yesininzi, kodwa. de ilizwe โliqhubela phambili kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ejolise kurhwebo.โ Ke, nokuba iCuba ekugqibeleni iba yidemokhrasi esebenza ngokupheleleyo kodwa isakhetha uqoqosho lobusoshiyali, izohlwayo ezingqongqo zase-US ziya kuhlala.
Yayingumnqa into yokuba uxinzelelo oluchasene neCuba lunyuke njengoko uFidel Castro wayeqalisa ukushenxa kubuchule obudala bophuhliso lobukomanisi ukuze amkele uphuhliso lohlaza. Nangona kunjalo mhlawumbi iWashington ibona iCuba eluhlaza njengesongelo esikhulu kuneCuba ebomvu. Imodeli yobukomanisi ngokucacileyo yayingazinzanga kumanqanaba amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo imodeli eluhlaza isebenza njengenye indlela enokusebenziseka kuyilo oluqhutywa lutyalo-mali lwangaphandle, imodeli enemali enkulu ekhuthazwa yi-United States, i-International Monetary Fund kunye neWorld Trade Organisation. Eneneni, iCuba isenokuba sisisongelo somzekelo omhle, mhlawumbi esona sisongelo sikhulu kuzo zonke.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha zikaCastro zezendalo zenziwe ngaphezulu kwemfuneko kunoyilo. Noko ke, kungekudala, ukuba siza kuphila njengesijikelezi-langa, onke amazwe ekugqibeleni kuya kufuneka enze utshintsho oluya kuqoqosho oluzinzileyo.
UStephen Zunes ngunjingalwazi wezopolitiko kunye nezifundo zamazwe ngamazwe kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela