1. Evo Morales kunye neSocialism
'Evo, wenza ntoni wena kunye KANINZI ndiqonde ‘ngobusoshiyali,’ ndambuza, xa ndandimenywe yiKomiti Elawulayo yeBolivian Labour Central (COB). ‘Ukuhlala kuluntu nokulingana,’ waphendula. ‘Ngokusisiseko, kuluntu oluhlwempuzekileyo banobusoshiyali. Umzekelo, ukuba sithetha ngomhlaba. ndisuka e yonke yeSebe leOruro. Kucacile ukuba apho ndihlala khona ngalo mzuzu, eMpuma eChapare, akukho yonke. Kukwahlulwahlulwa kwabantu ngabanye, yaye kuvela iingxaki ezinzulu kakhulu, kuba kukhokelela kwimpahla encinane, nto leyo ongayiboniyo kuluntu lwamahlwempu apho umhlaba ungowoluntu.’
‘Ngaba imodeli yezentlalo noqoqosho yeMAS ifana ngakumbi naleyo kaLula, eCuba, okanye kaHugo Chavez?’ ndanyanzelisa. ‘Ndikholelwa ukuba yinto enzulu ngakumbi,’ waphendula ngelitshoyo. 'Yimodeli yezoqoqosho esekwe kubumbano, ukubuyisana, uluntu kunye nemvumelwano. Kuba, kuthi, idemokhrasi yimvisiswano. Eluntwini kukho imvisiswano, kwimanyano yabasebenzi kukho abantu abaninzi nabambalwa.
“Ngaphakathi kolu lawulo lwentando yesininzi lwaseBolivia abazihloniphi ingcinga, iimvakalelo, kunye nokubandezeleka kwabantu abaninzi besizwe. Kwaye ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo sifuna i-communitarian socialism esekelwe kuluntu. Ubusoshiyali, masithi, ngokusekwe kukubuyisana kunye nomanyano. Kwaye ngaphaya koko, ngokuhlonipha uMama woMhlaba, i Phuma Mama. Akunakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwaloo modeli ukuguqula uMama woMhlaba kwintengiso. E-Bolivia ngohlaziyo lwezolimo kungcono ukuba yinkomo egonyiweyo kunokuba ube ngumntu. Kwinkomo egonyiweyo iihektare ezingama-25 yaye emntwini akukho nto.’
2. Abantu Bemveli, Abasebenzi, kunye noTshintsho lweVanguard
Iiyantlukwano zikaEvo nenkokeli yemveli Filipe Quispe ziyaziwa, ngoko ke ndambuza: ‘Kukho na ukungavisisani phakathi kwenu Intshukumo yemveli Pachakutik (MIP)?’ ‘Hayi,’ watsho, ‘akukho kungangqinelani. Kuyacaca ukuba bademoni abelungu kancinci. Basixelela ukuba thina masekela ‘sibubuso’ (abamhlophe — H.D.), kodwa hayi, ubudlelwane buhle.’
Ndivela kumcimbi weMovement for Participatory Democracy, evela ePeru, ingxoxo ende kunye no-Major (ret.) Antauro Humala bakhe etnocacerista intshukumo, ekunokwenzeka kwenguqu yamazwe aseAndean. U-Antauro, ngoku osentolongweni ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwemvukelo echasene neToledo, unokuphinda akhululeke ukuba umntakwabo, uLieutenant-Colonel (ret.) Ollanta Humala - okwesibini kukhetho lonyulo — uphumelele unyulo lukamongameli ngoAprili walo nyaka. Wayethethe kakuhle ngo-Evo kunye noqhagamshelwano lwabaqalayo kunye ne-MAS. U-Evo uqinisekisile ukuba 'basimeme ukuba sizise umyalezo wale ntshukumo yoluntu lwamahlwempu. Kungenxa yokuba iMAS, njengesixhobo sezobupolitika senkululeko, ayizange idalwe ziingcamango zobupolitika okanye liqela leenkcuba-buchopho, kodwa yadalwa ziingqungquthela zabalimi zokucombulula iingxaki zabantu.’
Kulo mxholo, wenza uluvo olunomdla malunga notshintsho lweqela lezambo kumzabalazo waseBolivia. "Abasebenzi be-COB bahlala besithi kwiinkongolo zabo ukuba amaIndiya azakubathwala abasebenzi emagxeni abo. Sasingabakhi bomzabalazo kwaye yayiziingcungela zomzabalazo. Ngoku izinto zitshintshile kwaye iinkcuba-buchopho nabasebenzi basithelela.’
3. Iingcambu zeSocialist zeMAS
Ukuqonda umlingiswa wezopolitiko - okanye 'udidi', njengoko batsho kwiminyaka yamashumi asixhenxe - 'yeMovement to Socialism,' kuyafuneka ukuba siyithathele ingqalelo inkcazo ka-Evo yokuba iMAS, njengesixhobo sezopolitiko senkululeko, 'ayizange idalwe yipolitiki. ngeengcamango okanye liqela leenkcuba-buchopho, kodwa ngeenkongolo zabalimi ukusombulula iingxaki zabantu.’ Ayingombuzo weQela lamaBolshevik likaLenin okanye iQela lamaKomanisi lasePeru. Mariategui (1928), kunye nentlalontle ecacileyo - oko kukuthi, i-anti-capitalist - inkqubo kunye nenjongo.
Enyanisweni, iletahead yeMovement to Socialism yamkelwa kungekhona ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezibambekayo zobhaliso lonyulo. Okubi kakhulu kwi-purists, i-letterhead ivela kwiLungelo lezopolitiko, ukusuka kwi-split kwi-Bolivian Socialist Falange, i-Unzaquista Movement to Socialism (MAS-U) eyayihlangene ne-incipient cocalero movement. Xa, phantsi koxinzelelo lweenyaniso zonyulo, iQela elibhalisiweyo lalifuneka, inxalenye yokuqala yeletahedi ye-MAS-U yasetyenziswa.
Kwezi meko, ngaphandle kwe-socialist genesis, ngaphandle kwethiyori ye-socialist, yintoni ehlala inamandla obusoshiyali kwinguqu yaseBolivia kunye nenkokeli yayo u-Evo? Impendulo ilula: iingcambu ezisesikweni zobusoshiyali: umanyano nenginginya yabantu, ulangazelelo lobulungisa kwezentlalo, kunye nokunyaniseka kwepraksis yezopolitiko.
4. I-MAS kunye neMbali ye-Bolivian Socialism
Imbali ye-socialism yaseBolivia ifikelele ebuhleni bayo obukhulu kunye nabadumileyo Ithisisi yePulacayo (1946), apho imanyano yabasebenzi enenkathalo yodidi yayichaza i-proletariat (abasebenzi basezimayini) njengendawo ehamba phambili ye revolution echasene nongxowankulu kwiphulo lolawulo lobuzwilakhe lweqela labasebenzi. Le projekthi yembali ye Imanyano yabasebenzi basemigodini yaseBolivia (i-FSTMB) ayizange iphelele nje ekuphikisaneni ‘nentsebenziswano yeeklasi,’ eyathi iBolivarian Socialist Falange (FSB, 1937) yabhengeza, kodwa kwanangoohlohlesakhe abancinane belizwe. Paz Estenssoro kwaye i UMbutho weSizwe weNguqulelo (MNR) kunye neeyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso kunye nobusoshiyali bomkhosi UDavid Toro, Busch yaseJamani, yaye Gualberto Villaroel abazalwa besuka ekukhuleni kweBolivarian modernity, intlekele ye Imfazwe yaseChaco (1932-1935)
Ukujongana nolu loyiso, uMkhosi oxhobileyo wathabatha igunya lezobupolitika yaye iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaBasebenzi baphembelela ukusekwa kweJunta ukuze ‘ilungelelanise isizwe kwimo yobulumko nethe ngcembe yobusoshiyali . . . eyayiza kuseka ulawulo lobulungisa kwezentlalo eBolivia.' UColonel David Toro (1936-1937), umongameli wokuqala wasemkhosini, wathiya urhulumente wakhe 'Inguquko yobuSoshiyali boMkhosi' waza wakholelwa - njengoPerón, kamva, ngo-1943 - iSebe lezaBasebenzi. kunye noCwangciso lweNtlalo lugunyazise ukupheliswa kwemvumelwano kwiStandard Oil eBolivia kwaye yaseka inkampani yerhasi neoyile karhulumente. Yacimientos PetrolÃferos Fiscales Bolivianos, njengoko yrigoyen wayenze eArgentina ngowe-1928.
UMajor Bosch, owamlandela eburhulumenteni, wabhengeza ukuba, ‘Andizange ndifike kumongameli ukuze ndikhonze ongxowankulu. Bamele bakhonze ilizwe, yaye ukuba abakwenzi oko ngokuzithandela, baya kwenziwa oko ngesinyanzelo.’
U-Evo Morales akayonxalenye yolu phuhliso lwaseLatin America okanye 'socialist' colonelism - ebandakanya Prestes kwaye Vargas eBrazil, ePerón eArgentina, UTorrijos ePanama, Arbenz eGuatemala, Velasco Alvarado ePeru, Torres eBolivia, kwaye, ngandlel’ ithile, uHugo Chavez eVenezuela - ukubaluleka kwakhe kuqondwa kancinane kwimbali yaseLatin America kunophuhliso loluntu (Yrigoyen, Prebhish, Arevalo. Allende, njl).
Kwaye ayinayo ingcambu kwi-Bolivian Stalinism ye Iqela leKhohlo leNguquko (PIR) kunye 'nenguquko yayo ngezigaba' - 'kuyimfuneko ngoku ukusebenzela iBolivia elawulwa ngoohlohlesakhe yedemokhrasi, iBolivia eqhubela phambili, emva koko, ngokuthe ngcembe, siya kufika kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amabini kwisoshiyali, kwaye phakathi kwamashumi amahlanu okanye amashumi amahlanu. Ikhulu leminyaka kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lwe-proletariat '(1946) - okanye i-Trotskyism ye-Revolutionary Workers Party (POR), okanye kwimpumelelo enkulu ye-proletariat yezimayini, iThesis yasePulacayo.
5. Izinto eziluncedo zokuba yiNkedama yeMbali yeSocialist
Ukuba ngaphandle kwale misinga yembali, nangona kunjalo, kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi kunokuba yingozi ku-Evo Morales, kuba bonke baye babonisa ngokusebenza ukuba abazange bakhonze ukuguqula ilizwe. I-Stalinists ye-PIR yenza iyelenqe kunye ne-oligarchy kunye nama impiriyali ngokuchasene nophuhliso lukaLieutenant Colonel Villaroel, njengoko benzayo eArgentina ngokuchasene nePerón, kwaye bamxhoma ePlaza Murillo. I-Trotskyists, eyayineminyaka engama-70 ibhengeza ukuba ziindlalifa ezisemthethweni zikaLenin kunye neMarxism, babe nethuba labo elikhulu lokuyibonisa kwi-revolution ye-1952, kwaye basilela ngendlela ehlazo. Kunye noohlohlesakhe abancinci besizwe, i-MNR. eyenze i-capital kwi-revolution edumileyo, yakhawuleza yayijikela kwi-gringos, ukwenza isivumelwano kunye ne-putchist Banzer emva koko kwaye baziguqulele kwi-neoliberal hangmen.
6. I-MAS: iDemokhrasi yeBourgeois okanye iSocialism?
I-MAS ayingombutho we-vanguard kodwa yimanyano yamaqela ahlukeneyo, okukhumbuza ngamaqela athile 'ama-Amerindian,' achasene namaLeninist, kunye namaqela achasene nama impiriyali. I-American Popular Revolution Alliance (APRA), eyasekwa ngowe-1924 eMexico nguHaya de la Torre, ‘yobusoshiyali bokomoya’ ka-Arevalo, ‘yobusoshiyali bobuKristu’ bukaHugo Chavez, kunye nombindi we-anthropological-philosophical ‘wendawo yesithathu’ yasePerón.
UAlvaro Garcia Linera, owayesakuba ngumguli, ibanjwa, kunye nosekela-mongameli ka-Evo, uyichaza ngokucacileyo: ‘Asichasani nemarike yasimahla. Singabalandeli bemodeli yobusoshiyali kunye ne-capitalism yaseBolivia, apho ingeniso yee-hydrocarbons iya kudluliselwa kwamanye amacandelo, njengasemaphandleni, apho abantu bethu basasebenza ngekhuba laseYiputa eliziswa ngabantu baseSpain.
Ukuba siguqulela uqulunqo kulwimi oluchane ngakumbi, kufuneka sitsho ukuba siphatha ngemodeli ye-Keynesian developmentalism yehlabathi lesithathu, oko kukuthi, uqoqosho lwemarike olunophuhliso oluluqilima kunye nomsebenzi wokukhusela kuRhulumente, ngaphakathi kongxowankulu bezopolitiko. ubume obuphezulu kunye nemekobume yokutshatyalaliswa kweniyo-koloniyali ngokugqithisileyo kwezentlalo noqoqosho.
I-Evo kunye ne-MAS ayifaki, ngeli xesha, i-socialist entsha eguquguqukayo kwi Ibhloko yaMandla yoMmandla (BRP) ye-Patria Grande [Latin America], kodwa inegalelo ekudityanisweni kwe-BRP eyona idumileyo, i-proletarian, kunye neyemveli kunye ne-elementi yase-Latin America. Oku kuchasene nokubaluleka okukhulu ngokuchasene nemibutho yabamhlophe e-Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, kunye neBrazil kunye noorhulumente babo. Kwiprofayili yakhe yobuntu, u-Evo usondele ku-Hugo Chavez, ngakumbi ekunyanisekeni kwakhe, ukuchasana ne-imperialism, kunye nekhonkco lezinto eziphilayo kunye noluntu kunye nabantu bomthonyama. Ngale ndlela, iintlanganiso ze-MERCOSUR, njengezo ze-OAS, azisayi kufana ukusuka ngoku ukuya phambili, kuba umongameli waseVenezuela akasayi kuba nguye kuphela amandla asebenzayo atyhala abanye abongameli.
7. Evo, uMgqatswa we-MERCOSUR
U-Evo njengoMongameli 'yimveliso engapheliyo' yomzabalazo weeklasi eBolivia. Kodwa, kwiminyaka ethile eyadlulayo, wabhaqwa ngumbutho wezopolitiko kaMongameli uCastro. Kuyaziwa ukuba iliso leklinikhi likaMongameli uCastro lijonga ngaphandle kwePatria Grande ukubona ukuba ngubani onokuba ziinkokeli zexesha elizayo zezizwe zayo. U-Hugo Chavez, nongazange akhululwe entolongweni, wavela kwi-monitor yenkokeli yaseCaribbean, eyamamkela ngewonga elifanele igosa laseburhulumenteni. ULula, uJose Dirceu, kunye no-Evo babhaqwe kwangethuba, kwaye bangqina ngempumelelo ukubona kwangaphambili kweComandante.
Kunyaka odlulileyo kunye nesiqingatha, u-Evo sele eziguqulele kwi-de facto umgqatswa womongameli we-MERCOSUR ye-Regional Power Block (BRP). Ukuba ngumgqatswa kamongameli we-MERCOSUR kunezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokhuseleko kunye nokukhuthaza, kodwa kunye nefuthe elinzulu kwipolitiki yaseLatin America. Enye yeempembelelo zezi zilandelayo.
8. I-MERCOSUR, iNdlela yoNyulo, kunye neNguquko
Abagqatswa bomongameli abanenkxaso ye-BRP baphendula ekugwetyweni kwabo bonke aBongameli bale bloko, ukuba ixesha lomzabalazo we-revolutionary axhobile kunye noorhulumente babasebenzi-abalimi lidlulile. Iinkcazo zikaFidel ngokubhekiselele kwi-FARC ziye zacaca kakhulu, njengesikhundla sikaCommandante Chavez, owathi kwindibano yakutshanje kunye no-Alvaro Uribe eSanta Marta: 'sifuna ukuba iintshukumo ezixhobileyo zizenzele.'
U-Lula, uKirchner, uTabare, kunye noDuarte, ngokuqinisekileyo, bavumelana ngokupheleleyo nesi sikhundla sokuxhasa ubugqwetha be-bourgeois kunye nokuhluthwa kwamandla ngeendlela zeziko. Ukuchaneka ngakumbi: abayi kuxhasa nayiphi na enye indlela, kwaye ngaphandle kwenkxaso yeBrazil, Argentina, kunye neVenezuela, akukho revolution yesizwe eyaziwayo yaseLatin America namhlanje enokuzihlanganisa. Kule meko, ibinzana elidumileyo likaPerón lifanelekile: ‘Simanyene, asoyiswa; sahlulelene, asikhuselekanga.’
Isigqibo esicwangcisiweyo sabo bonke aBongameli beBRP kumgaqo-siseko - ovelisa ingxaki enkulu kwi-FARC - wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwingxaki enkulu ka-2005 eBolivia: uvukelo oluxhobileyo ngendlela ye-1952 revolution okanye ukuthatha. yamandla ngendlela yonyulo. Ubunkokeli obutsha (be-post-miner) be-COB, ekhokelwa nguJaime Solares, kunye namanye amacandelo athandwayo, umzekelo ovela e-El Alto, kunye neendawo ezifihlakeleyo kunye neendawo zehlelo zeMallku [iNkosana] Quispe, zifuna uvukelo oludumileyo. Bonke abongameli beBRP bagxininisa kwindlela yeziko. UEvo wahamba ngalendlela waphumelela. Kwakungekho miqathango inenjongo yokoyisa umkhosi kwaye bazihlanganise kurhulumente. Ukuzama ukuphinda ukuxhaphaza kwe-1952 bekuya kuzisa ukubulawa ngokungenangqiqo. Bekuya kuba kukusebenza kwe-adventurism okanye into embi kakhulu.
Intsingiselo enkulu yoloyiso lwe-Evo yiBhloko yeNgingqi yaMandla. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, uloyiso lwakhe belungayi kutshintsha nto kwisizwe sase-Andean. Namhlanje, ngokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezithile zentlalo zaseCuba naseVenezuela, inkxaso yezoqoqosho eqinile yaseVenezuela, ukhuseleko lwezopolitiko olunikezelwa yi-BRP, ubutyebi begesi, kunye nenkxaso yezinto ezininzi zeprojekthi ye-MAS kunye nenkokeli yayo, kukho ithuba lokuqhawula umjikelo weminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokuxhaphaza kunye nentlupheko.
9. I-MAS kunye neKamva leSocialism kwi-BRP
Kuzo zonke iindlela, isikhundla sika-Evo kunye noGarcia sibonisa imeko yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwi-Patria Grande. I-BRP yimanyano yamazwe angoohlohlesakhe (i-superstructures), ngaphandle kwe-Cuba, eneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho lwemarike kunye neprojekthi eyimbali yophuhliso lweLatin America, ngaphakathi kwe-ideology yase-Bolivar. Kule nkqubo yobourgeois macro kukho umnqweno waseVenezuela wokudala impucuko yobusoshiyali yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye kunye nengxoxo enamandla eCuba malunga nekamva elinokubakho lembali yobusoshiyali baseCuba. Into engekhoyo luqoqosho lobusoshiyali. Kananjalo akukho siseko sobusoshiyali. Okanye ‘intando yobusoshiyali’ kaLula, iKirchner, iTabare, neDuarte, okanye iintshukumo zesininzi, okanye iziseko zobusoshiyali.
Kwimeko elolo hlobo kuya kuba bubudenge ukuthemba okanye ukucela ukuba iMAS iziguqule ibe yi-socialist yanguard eya kutsalela iLatin America kwi-post-capitalism. Ingcinga yobusoshiyali baseMelika yaseLatin America namhlanje, eneendlela ezikhethekileyo zaseCuba naseVenezuela, ngumbono wendaleko obonelela ngobuchule bomzabalazo wobunzima kunye neenkokheli ezinenkqubela phambili zePatria Grande.
Ukunika le mbono yendaleko ngesiseko esiluqilima sesayensi kunye nesaziwayo kwisizwe saseLatin America, njengoko uMongameli Chavez enzile ngokunyanzeliswa kwakhe uqoqosho lokulingana kunye nedemokhrasi yothatho-nxaxheba, ngumsebenzi osisiseko wabo bonke abachasayo bokwenene nabanokubakho. Phakathi kwabo nguEvo kunye neMAS.
Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala ngeSpanish Rebelión (27 December 2005). Emva koko yaguqulelwa kwisiNgesi nguJohn Manning.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela