Umthombo: Ukugquma
Omnye weyona mifuziselo imifanekiso ukubamba imeko enxungupheleyo kwisiqithi saseGrisi iLesvos ekubeni inkampu yeembacu yaseMoria yatshiswa ngoSeptemba 8 ibonisa abantu abalele kumhlaba wamangcwaba asekuhlaleni: amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana bezama ukufumana ukuphumla ngaphandle kwamangcwaba kunye namangcwaba. Njengoko inkampu yayitshatyalalisiwe nabemi abanomsindo ababevale izitrato eziya elalini, kwakungekho ndawo yimbi ababenokuya kuyo. Aba bantu, abasandul’ ukuphulukana nezinto ezimbalwa ababezishiyile kwaye bengenawo amanzi, ukutya, indawo yokuhlala, ugutyulo lwelindle okanye unyango baye bashiyeka bengenandlela yokusabela ngaphandle kokusabela kwikhusi nabafi.
Isithandi sobulumko u-Achille Mbembe uye waqamba igama elithi “necropolitics,” echaza ingqiqo yezobupolitika yehlabathi lonke eyakhokelela ekuveleni koko akubiza ngokuba “lihlabathi lokufa”: iimeko zentlalo ezigwebela abantu abaninzi ukuba babe “ngabafileyo abaphilayo.” Emva komlilo otshabalalise inkampu, kuye kwacaca kabuhlungu ukuba zombini ii-arhente ze-EU kunye norhulumente waseGrike baye banikezela ngokubhekiselele kuyo nayiphi na into yokuba bakhokelwa ngumgaqo wokukhusela ubomi bomntu.
Akunjalo kuphela ukuba iimbacu ziye zahluthwa ngokupheleleyo amalungelo azo oluntu - singasathethi ke ngamalungelo azo ezopolitiko - kodwa ubomi babo bebhayoloji buye banikezelwa njengento yokulahla: akunandaba nokuba bayaphila okanye bayafa. Ingqiqo emva koku iye yawela umda ukusuka ekukhutshelweni nje - ukukhusela ubutyebi bethu kwisoyikiso esicingelwayo esivela ngaphandle - ukuphelisa: oorhulumente baseYurophu bahambisa uluhlu lwezenzo ezijoliswe ngokucacileyo okanye ezingacacanga ekubulaleni abantu abangafunekiyo.
Ubomi benziwa ukuba bungenzeki
Kwanangaphambi komlilo, inkampu yayisele igcwele ngokuyingozi, nto leyo eyayinyanzela abantu abaphantse babe ngama-13,000 3,000 ukuba bahlale kwindawo eyayilungiselelwe abantu abangama-XNUMX XNUMX; ngaphandle konikezelo lwamanzi olufanelekileyo, umbane, izixhobo zonyango, iindawo zococeko kwaye rhoqo ngaphandle nayiphi na indawo yokuhlala. Ukungahoyi izilumkiso eziphindaphindiweyo ezenziwa zii-NGOs kunye namaqela amalungelo oluntu, akukho manyathelo asebenzayo athathiweyo ukunqanda ukuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19 kwimeko apho kungekho mgama unokwenzeka kwaye kungekho nyango lwaneleyo lunokunikwa. Ezi meko sele zimele uhlobo lokuvinjwa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nendlala elingana nokwenziwa kwabahlali "ukufa okucothayo."
Xa ukuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19 kwakuxelwe kwangaphambili kwenzekile, endaweni yokuphuma ngokukhawuleza enkampini, amagosa abeka eminye imiqobo, exhokonxa uqhanqalazo olubi ngabahlali beenkampu. Njengoko uMbembe ebonisa, phantsi kweemeko ze-necropolitical, umgca "phakathi kokuchasana nokuzibulala, umbingelelo kunye nentlawulelo" uyancipha: ngokucacileyo, abanye bababaleki abazange babone enye inketho ngaphandle kokubeka inkampu ngomlilo.
Kwiintsuku emva kokuba umlilo okhawulezayo watshabalalisa phantse yonke inkampu, i- abasemagunyeni bala ukubonelela amanzi aneleyo, ukutya, iintente kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Iividiyo bonisa indlela imibutho karhulumente elahla ngayo iibhotile zamanzi kwiilori ezihambayo, enyanzela abantu ukuba babaleke emva kwazo, bebaphatha okwezilwanyana. Ezinye iimbacu ziye zahlala ukusika imibhobho yogutyulo ukusela amanzi amdaka. Imifanekiso ikwabonisa amaqela eembacu ezingenamakhaya ezimise inkampu phambi kwevenkile evaliweyo yevenkile enkulu yaseJamani Lidl, ngeefestile kuphela ezibahlula ngenkohlakalo kwizinto abazidinga ngokungxamisekileyo.
Kwangelo xesha, amapolisa aseGrisi athintele ii-NGOs kunye namaqela obumbano ekuboneleleni ngokutya kunye neengxowa zokulala. Amapolisa nawo ahlasele uqhanqalazo olukhokelwa ziimbacu nge irhasi yeenyembezi kwaye valiwe ukufikelela kwamajelo eendaba azimeleyo kwindawo.
Ukusabela kunikezelo lwamanye amazwe aseYurophu lokwamkela inani elilinganiselweyo leembacu - uninzi lwabantwana abangakhatshwayo, ngaloo ndlela bebonisa ukungakhathali kwiimfuno ezisisiseko zabantu abadala ngoku abaphila phantsi kweemeko ezimbi - iNkulumbuso yaseGrike uMitsotakis yakwenza kwacaca ukuba iGrisi hayi ukukhupha isiqithi, endaweni yoko ukunyanzela abantu ukuba babuye kwinkampu entsha yokwexeshana, kuba urhulumente waseGrisi “akayi kunyanzelwa phantsi.”
Abasemagunyeni ke ngoko bongeza umlinganiso ngokwasengqondweni kuxinzelelo lomzimba osele lukhona: ngokucacileyo lumalunga ukwaphula umoya yeembacu. Ngeli xesha, i-arhente yokhuseleko lomda waseYurophu FRONTEX iyaqhubeka nokubandakanyeka ukutyhala umva ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuhlangulwa kolwandle lwabucala kusenziwa lulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthintela iinqanawa ekuhlanguleni ababaleki kwiMeditera. Ezi zenzo, xa zidibene, zenza intlanganisela yobuchule boburhulumente nezoqoqosho ezingasengahoyanga nje ukufa kwabantu abanokulahlwa, kodwa ngenkuthalo nangendlela ecwangcisiweyo zidala iimeko apho ubomi bomntu bube bungenakwenzeka.
Ukuma ekudibaneni kweendlela
Uninzi lweeNGOs kunye namaqela alwela amalungelo oluntu azigxekile ezi meko, efuna uncedo loluntu kunye nelungelo lenkqubo yokhuseleko efanelekileyo yeembacu. Ewe, imeko yaseMoria ayilunganga kwiirejista ezininzi ezahlukeneyo eziqhelekileyo. Kucacile mthethweni, ekubeni ityeshela iNgqungquthela yaseGeneva, iNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu kunye nemithetho nezivumelwano ezininzi zaseYurophu kwakunye nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokucacileyo kukuziphatha okubi, ekubeni kungqubana nemigaqo esisiseko yokuziphatha kwebutho labantu lanamhlanje, kuchaza isidima sehlabathi lonke kubomi bomntu. Yi abangenabuKrestu, njengoko ingqubana nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kanye kanye yonqulo abathi uninzi lwabezobupolitika baseYurophu ababambelele ngokungqongqo bazingomb’ isifuba ngokuzingca. Kwaye ngokucacileyo iyaphikisana nesoloko icelwa "Amaxabiso aseYurophu,” isiseko seziko lezopolitiko elafumana ibhaso loxolo likaNobel ngowama-2012. Kodwa njengoko kucacile njengoko olu lwaphulo-mthetho lunjalo, ngoko ke iziphumo ezincinci ziba nazo.
Ngenxa yokungahambelani kolu lwaphulo-mthetho, iimbacu zaseMoria zishiywa zingenanto kodwa isibongozo kumanyano ngokusekelwe kubulungu beentlobo ekwabelwana ngazo: “Siyafa. Siyafa. Siyafa. Nceda uhloniphe: Singabantu. Sinamalungelo oluntu. Nceda usincede!”
Ukuba isibheno kwizithethe kunye nezithethe zoluntu loohlohlesakhe akusenaso nasiphi na isiphumo, ukugxeka kwezopolitiko kwiimeko ezingenabuntu eLesvos kufuneka kuqhubeke ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Kunokuba sibonise ukuchasana phakathi kwemilinganiselo yaseYurophu nendlela esebenza ngayo, kufuneka siwathandabuze amaziko ezopolitiko akhoyo kunye nemilinganiselo yawo ehambelana nawo ngakumbi kunangaphambili.
Endaweni yokuba nethemba lokusombulula ingxaki ngokwenkqubo-sikhokelo yesiqhelo kunye neyombutho wesizwe, kufuneka sihlasele iimeko zenecropolitical ezithe zavelisa ihlabathi lokufa kwasekuqaleni. Olu tshintsho lwengqwalasela luhambelana ne enye indlela edumileyo yaqulunqwa nguRosa Luxembourg kwinkulungwane edluleyo, ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I: “Ibutho loonohlohlesakhe limi emxinwa, mhlawumbi liguqukele kubusoshiyali okanye lihlehle kubukrwada.” NgokukaLuxemburg, imfazwe yaba sisiphumo esingenakuthintelwa sengqiqo esisiseko yombutho wongxowankulu - oko kukuthi ukwanda kwama impiriyali - kwaye ke ngoko zonke iinzame zokubuyisela imeko yedemokhrasi yenkululeko ziya kusilela. Kuphela ikhefu eliqinisekileyo kunye neengqiqo zongxowankulu, wathi, ezinokukhulula uluntu kwimfazwe kunye nentshabalalo.
Namhlanje, simi kwindawo efanayo. Ulawulo longxowankulu lwehlabathi lutshabalalise ubomi bezigidi zabantu. Ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokungcoliswa kobutyebi bendalo ngamaqumrhu ehlabathi, ukohlulwa kwabemi bomthonyama kwizinto zabo zokuphila ngokuhluthwa kunye nokufuduswa, ukuchithwa kunye nokuchithwa kwamaziko ezopolitiko asekuhlaleni, okuqhutywa yimidla ye-geopolitical yamagunya amakhulu ambalwa kunye nendalo ephawulekayo eyenziwe ngumntu. Iintlekele zezinye zezizathu ezinyanzela inyambalala yabantu emhlabeni wonke ukuba isuke kwenye indawo iye kwenye. Ukuba umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lwezoqoqosho alunakuguqulwa, ubuncinci hayi phantsi kweemeko zongxowankulu, ukuphaphatheka kwabantu abaninzi kunye nokufuduka akunakuthintelwa.
Kwangaxeshanye, amazwe esizwe ngokwemveli awakwazi ngokwemvelo ukumela le nyaniso intsha ngaphakathi kolungelelwaniso lwamaziko ezopolitiko angenaxesha lamaxesha. Ingqikelelo yelizwe lesizwe ixhomekeke kwintsomi yokuba ukuzalwa kummandla welizwe kuqinisekisa ubumi bomntu belo lizwe. Amanani anyukayo abantu abangenammiselo abanakuphinda bamelwe kolu nxibelelwano luqhelekileyo lokuzalwa nobuzwe.
Njengoko kuqikelelwe ngu UGiorgio Agamben, amazwe aseYurophu abonisa ukuba akanako ukubambelela kumgaqo wommandla njengesiseko solawulo lwale mihla kwaye azame ukuyilawula le ngxaki ngokuqwalasela abantu abangenalizwe kwiindawo ezithile, ngaloo ndlela bedala amazwe angaphandle anjengeMoria.
Zombini ezi nyaniso - imfuduko yabantu abaninzi ayiyi kunyamalala kwaye ayinakumelwa ngaphakathi komyalelo welizwe lesizwe - yalatha ekungaphephekiyo kweziphumo ze-necropolitical. Ukuba kukho inyani kolu hlalutyo-ingxaki yomda njengesiphumo esiyimfuneko sokuvumelana kweengqiqo ezimbini zentlekele, enye ye-capitalism yehlabathi kunye nelizwe lesizwe-ke i-reformist ibhenela kumalungelo oluntu, imilinganiselo yaseYurophu, inceba yobuKristu okanye Imfesane yobuntu iya kuba lilize.
Ukuba asiqalisi ukucela umngeni kwimo yelizwe-karhulumente ngokusisiseko, iya kuqhubeka ivelisa ingqiqo eyintlekele yokwahlukana kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ukuthotywa kunye nokuthotywa, ukuhluthwa kunye nokupheliswa kobomi bomntu njengoko sibonile kwi-Lesvos nakwezinye iindawo. .
Ekuphela kwento eyenye kule barbarism kukuba cinga ngokutsha Iindidi zethu ezisisiseko zezopolitiko - ezinje ngobumi, ukuba ngamalungu, intlalontle yoluntu, idemokhrasi - ngendlela yokuba banokwenza ngaphandle kwemida kwaye ngaphandle kweenkampu. Lo ngumqathango wehlabathi onokuhlangabezana nesidingo somntu jikelele sokufumana indawo yokusabela: yokuphila phantsi kweemeko zokubuk’ iindwendwe.
UDaniel Loick nguNjingalwazi oNxibeleleyo wezoPolitiko kunye neFilosofi yeNtlalo kwiYunivesithi yaseAmsterdam. Usebenza kwiithiyori ezibalulekileyo zomthetho kunye nobundlobongela baseburhulumenteni kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zoluntu oluchasene noluntu.
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Nikela