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Njengoko wonke umntu ohamba ngasemva ebona, kufuneka uqale wazi apho ukhoyo ngaphambi kokuba wazi ukuba ungafika njani apho ufuna ukuba khona. Nangona kubalulekile ukwazi apho sifuna ukuya khona, abaqhubela phambili badla ngokungaziqondi kakuhle ukuba siphi ngoku.
Ngokukodwa, uninzi lomsindo wabaqhubela phambili lugxile ngokungalunganga kwimarike, ngokungathi imarike ingumthombo weengxaki zehlabathi. Ushicilelo oluqhubela phambili lubonise iidiatribes ezingapheliyo ngokuchasene "nesiseko sentengiso," nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukuzinikela ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo yentengiso yeyona ngxaki iphambili ekufuneka siyichase.
Enyanisweni, imarike ayikho ingxaki. Imarike sisixhobo, njengevili. Yenza ingqiqo kakhulu ukuhlasela imarike njengoko isenza ukuhlasela ivili.
Ingxaki ikwindlela eyakhiwe ngayo imarike. Ilungelo lisebenzise ulawulo lwalo lukarhulumente ukuseka imarike ngeendlela zokwaba ingeniso phezulu kwaye ivelise ezinye iziphumo ezibi, njengentlupheko kwilizwe elisaphuhlayo kunye nokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Abaqhubela phambili bawela kumgibe wasekunene xa sithetha ukuba ezi ziphumo zisisiphumo nje sendalo yokusebenza kwemarike, nokuba abachasi bethu babambelele ngokungqongqo kwimithetho-siseko yemarike. Intlupheko nokungalingani ayizoziphumo ezingenakuthintelwa kuqoqosho lwemarike; ziphuma kwinto yokuba imarike yabiwa ukuvelisa ezi ziphumo. Ngaphaya koko, abachasi bethu ngokupheleleyo abanayo ukubambelela ngqongqo kwimigaqo yentengiso. Banokubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwimigaqo-nkqubo ephinda yabelane ngengeniso ukuya phezulu.
Iinzame zethu kufuneka zigxininise kuqala kwaye okuphambili ekulweni iindlela abazizityebi abaye bagxumeka ngayo edekhini ukuqinisekisa ukuba imarike iya kukhetha umdla wabo. Le yeyona ndlela ikhawulezileyo eya phambili kwaye iya kubonelela ngesiseko sokuqonda okucacileyo apho sinethemba lokuya khona ekugqibeleni.
Njani Isityebi Rig iDekhi
Abagcini be-Conservatives bathanda ukugqamisa umntu ozenzileyo: umntu oqala ukusuka kwisiqalo esithobekileyo kunye netalente kunye nokusebenza nzima uyakwazi ukuqokelela ubutyebi obuninzi. Ngelixa abantwana babo bepowusta banokuba banetalente yokwenene kwaye basebenza nzima, emva kwakhe nawuphi na umntu "ozenzeleyo" umntu unokuhlala efumana isandla esikhulu sikarhulumente.
Umzekelo, uBill Gates ukunyuka ukusuka kubutyebi obuphakathi ukuya kubutyebi obumangalisayo kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba urhulumente enikwe ilungelo lokukhuphela yedwa kwisoftware yekhompyuter. Urhulumente angabamba nabani na owenza kwaye asasaze iikopi zeWindows kunye nezinye iisoftware zeMicrosoft ngaphandle kwemvume kaBill Gates. Ngenxa yolu lungelo lokushicilela yedwa, iMicrosoft yaba yenye yezona nkampani zinengeniso kwihlabathi njengoko ukusetyenziswa kweekhompyuter zobuqu kuqhume kwikota yenkulungwane edlulileyo.
Ngelixa abo balondolozayo befuna ukuba sikholelwe ukuba amalungelo okukhuphela ehla evela ezulwini, eneneni, amalungelo okushicilela luhlobo oluthile lukarhulumente olunikwa yedwa. Basebenza injongo ebalulekileyo yoluntu; banika inkuthazo kumsebenzi woyilo kunye nowobugcisa, kodwa oku akuyitshintshi into yokuba amalungelo okushicilela azizixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, hayi iimpawu zendalo kuqoqosho lwemarike.
Iimbono zentengiso yokwenyani abakholelwa kumalungelo okukopisha. Bakholelwa ukuba imakethi iya kubonelela ngenkuthazo eyaneleyo yokukhuthaza umsebenzi woyilo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente anikwe ilungelo elilodwa kuphela. Ukuba ngenene ilizwe beliqhutywa ngabasisiseko sezentengiso, ngoko uBill Gates bekuya kufuneka asebenze ukuze aphile.
Kuyafana nokukhuselwa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimeko yamayeza kagqirha. Ngoku iUnited States ichitha ngaphezu kwee-$250 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka kwiziyobisi (ii-R3,200 XNUMX kwintsapho yabane). La machiza angaxabisa malunga nesinye eshumini sale mali xa kungekho ukhuseleko lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza.
Oku kuboniswa yinto yokuba iivenkile ezininzi zamachiza ngoku zithengisa amawakawaka amachiza enziwe afana nalawo enziwe ngabenzi be-$4 ngommiselo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphantsi. Amachiza afumanekayo nge-$4 ngomyalelo ngamnye awahlukanga ngokwekhemikhali njengeqela elisuka kumachiza egama anokuthengisa ngamakhulu eedola ngommiselo. Umahluko kuphela kukuba ezi zamva zixhomekeke kukhuseleko lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza ngurhulumente.
Lo ayingombuzo weedola neesenti kuphela; ngumbuzo wobomi, ngakumbi kwilizwe elisaphuhlayo apho ukhuseleko lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kaninzi kwenza ukuba amayeza angafikeleleki kuninzi lwabemi. Noko ke, kwanaseUnited States izigidi zabantu zinobunzima obukhulu bokuhlawulela amayeza eziwafunayo ebomini okanye impilo yazo.
Ukukhuselwa kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwenza injongo ebalulekileyo ekuboneleleni ngenkuthazo ekuphuhliseni amachiza amatsha, kodwa kwakhona lo ngumbuzo womgaqo-nkqubo woluntu, ayilophawu lwangaphakathi lwemarike. Kukho ezinye, iindlela ezisebenza kakhulu zokuxhasa uphando kuphuhliso lwamachiza amatsha. Umzekelo, sinokuseka iimali zamabhaso ukuvuza izinto ezintsha ezibalulekileyo njengoko bekucetywe ngophumelele iBhaso leNobel uJoe Stiglitz nabanye.
Kwakhona sinokuthi urhulumente ahlawule iindleko zokuphuhlisa amayeza kagqirha ngaphambili, njengoko esenza xa ehlawula i-30 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka kuphando lwe-biomedical olwenziwa ngamaZiko ezeMpilo eSizwe. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, lwakuba uphando luxhaswe ngemali, amachiza aphuhlisiwe anokuthengiswa kukhuphiswano lwemalike nge-$4 ngomyalelo kagqirha, kanye njengamayeza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi.
Ewe, ezi ndlela zinokuthi zithethe ingeniso ephantsi kakhulu kwiPfizer, Merck kunye nezinye iinkampani ezinkulu zamayeza. Kodwa uPfizer, uMerck kunye namahlakani abo ezopolitiko ayingobantu baphambili kwintengiso. Balwela ukukhusela ungenelelo lukarhulumente oluluncedo kubo.
Urhulumente unike abantu abadla bodwa ngokusebenzisa "ipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda" kude kakhulu kwindlela ekukuphela kwayo urhulumente anikezela ngayo umvuzo ukuya phezulu. Ukuwohloka kwecandelo lezemali kunye noncedo lukarhulumente olwalandelayo luveze iseti epheleleyo yeziqinisekiso ezixhasa ingeniso yeshishini lezemali. Ababolekisi banokuziva bekhuselekile ekubolekeni imali kwi-Bear Stearns, i-AIG, i-Citigroup kunye nabanye (ngaphandle kwe-Lehman) kuba babekholelwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuba urhulumente akanakuze avumele ezi zigebenga zemali ukuba zingaphumeleli.
Esi siqinisekiso sithetha imbuyekezo ephezulu kubanini-bhondi, kuba urhulumente ebeluxhasa ngokufanelekileyo utyalo-mali lwabo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba, kwavumela abaphathi abaphezulu kwiibhanki ukuba bafumane iipakethi ezinkulu zemivuzo, ekubeni urhulumente wayebanika isiqinisekiso esasibavumela ukuba baqikelele ngemali yabanye abantu. Abasebenzi baseWall Street banokumbombozela malunga nokupheliswa kolawulo kunye nokuvumela imakethi ukuba ithathe indawo yayo, kodwa eneneni baxhomekeke kurhulumente ngexesha elikhulu. Kwishishini lezemali, "ukupheliswa" kuthetha nje ukuba bafuna iinkxaso-mali zikarhulumente ngaphandle kwemitya eqhotyoshelweyo.
Ngapha koko, kwinqanaba elisisiseko ngakumbi, ikomishini ngokwayo iyindalo karhulumente. Abantu ngabanye banokwenza ngokwabo ukwenza intsebenziswano, kodwa ukusekwa kwequmrhu elinewonga elisemthethweni elahluke ngokupheleleyo kubanini balo kufuna ungenelelo lukarhulumente. Imiqulu yeshishini ekuqaleni yayinikezelwa kuphela kwiinkampani ezazigqalwa zizalisekisa injongo ethile yentlalontle efana nokuphucula ezothutho ngokwakha ii-turnpikes, imijelo, kunye neendlela zikaloliwe okanye ukwandisa urhwebo.
Le ngongoma ibalulekile. Ukwenziwa kwamaqumrhu, njengamalungelo okushicilela kunye namalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, ibingumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ocacileyo. Azikho ngaphakathi kwimarike. Abaxhasi bemalike bokwenyani abanakufuna ukubona urhulumente enikezela ngomntu osemthethweni kunye noxanduva olulinganiselweyo kumaqumrhu enziweyo afana namashishini. Abaxhasi bemalike ngesiseko bafuna ukuba abantu banxulumane ngokukhululekileyo kushishino njengentsebenziswano engafumani malungelo akhethekileyo kurhulumente.
Ubume borhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lukwamiselwa ngurhulumente. I-ajenda ebizwa ngokuba yi "free trade" yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo enyanisweni ayinanto yakwenza norhwebo lwasimahla. Eyona njongo yomgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo wase-US ibe kukubeka abasebenzi bemveliso base-US kukhuphiswano oluthe ngqo nabasebenzi abahlawulwa kancinci kumazwe asakhasayo. Esi siphumo siqikelelweyo salo mgaqo-nkqubo kukuthoba imivuzo yabasebenzi bemizi-mveliso kunye nabasebenzi abangafundanga kwiikholeji ngokubanzi. Ngokucinezela imivuzo yaba basebenzi, kunye namaxabiso eempahla kunye neenkonzo abazivelisayo, lo mgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo uphakamisa umvuzo wokwenene weengcali ezihlawulwa kakhulu kunye nabo bafumana umvuzo wabo kwinkunzi. (Ukuba bahlawula kancinci kwizinto ezenziweyo, kwaye umvuzo wabo uhlala ufana, umvuzo wabo wokwenyani uyenyuka.)
Ubume bobudlelwane bolawulo lwabasebenzi ngomnye ummandla wongenelelo olucacileyo lukarhulumente. Ukuba imanyano yabasebenzi iququzelela amalungu ayo ukuba axhase ugwayimbo lomnye umbutho (oko kukuthi, ukwayiwa okwesibini), urhulumente uya kuwuhlawulisa umbutho aze abambe iinkokeli zawo. Abaxhasi bobufundamentali beemarike zasimahla akufuneki bachase iqela elinye labasebenzi likhethe ukuxhasa elinye iqela labasebenzi. Kwakhona, umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo unempembelelo yokwenzakalisa abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo ukuze kuxhamle amaqumrhu, nokuba kujongelwa phantsi ukuzinikela kwinkululeko yabantu.
Nkqu nombono wokuba abo bakholelwa kwimakethi esisiseko bayala ukuthathela ingqalelo izinto zangaphandle banokubonakala bubuvuvu. Abaxhasi bemalike ngokwesiseko banyanzelisa ngokupheleleyo kwizithintelo zocando ezithintela ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokuxhela okanye umzi-mveliso wentsimbi kwiindawo ezinengeniso ephezulu. Ngapha koko, ngokubanzi baxhasa ukucandwa kweendawo ezithintela izindlu ezinengeniso ephantsi kwiindawo zabo. Bayiqonda ngokupheleleyo ingcamango yezinto zangaphandle kunye nendima karhulumente ekulawuleni. Abafuni nje ukuba urhulumente athintele izinto zangaphandle ngeendlela ezinciphisa ingeniso yenkampani.
Phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu kulula ukubonisa ukuba abo basisiseko semalike abafuni ncam ukushiya iziphumo kwimarike. Endaweni yoko bafuna ukuseka ulwakhiwo oluqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo zemarike ziya kuthandeka kwizityebi. Xa abaqhubela phambili bephendula ngokugxeka imarike, silandela indlela engalunganga ngokwengqiqo kwaye iyintlekele kwezopolitiko.
Iziphumo zemarike, ngokuchaseneyo nomgaqo-nkqubo olawulwa ngurhulumente, zonwabela ukuba semthethweni okukhulu phakathi koluntu. Abalondolozi bayakwazi oku kunye noloyiko lobisi lokucinezela amagosa karhulumente ukuba abe nempembelelo enkulu. Kunokuba badlale kumgibe wabalondolozi, abaqhubela phambili kufuneka bakhuthaze ngenkuthalo imigaqo-nkqubo eseka iimarike ngendlela ezinceda uninzi, endaweni yokubangela ukuba ingeniso inyuke iye phezulu.
Umzekelo, kufuneka siwale amalungelo oshicilelo kunye namalungelo awodwa abenzi bamachiza njengeendlela zakudala zokuxhasa umsebenzi woyilo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha. Kulula ukuqulunqa imigaqo-nkqubo ejolise kurhwebo eya kuthi ikhuthaze ngokusebenzayo ngakumbi umsebenzi woyilo kunye nokusungula izinto ezintsha nezingafane zikhokelele ekuqokelelweni kobutyebi kule mimandla.[i]
Le migaqo-nkqubo iya kuba nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu yokwenza imveliso yengqondo enkulu yehlabathi ifumaneke kuye wonke umntu kuyo yonke indawo phantse ngaphandle kweendleko. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wabantwana abakwawona mazwe asakhasayo ahlwempuzekileyo bekwazi ukufikelela kwiwebhu kwiikhompyutha okanye ngeeselfowuni ezinexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, kuba basebenzisa isoftware evulelekileyo. Masithi emva koko banokukhuphela ngaphandle kweendleko nayiphi na incwadi, iphephandaba, okanye inqaku lejenali elakha labhalwa, kunye nayo nayiphi na ingoma, imuvi, okanye ividiyo. Oku kuya kuba sisiphumo semarike yasimahla.
Masithi awona mayeza asebenzayo ekunyangeni nasiphi na isifo ebefumaneka ngexabiso nje lokuwenza, ebengenakufane abe ngaphezu kweedola ezimbalwa ngomyalelo kagqirha. Ngokufanayo, ixabiso leemvavanyo ezininzi zonyango kunye nezixhobo ziya kuhla ziye kumanqanaba azenze zibonakale zingabalulekanga, ukuba besinokuthengisa ngokukhululekileyo kwezi ndawo kunokuba kulawulo lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza karhulumente.
Sisenokukhawuleza sithobe amakhwenkwe namantombazana aseWall Street ngokuthatha ingubo yawo yokhuseleko karhulumente. Ibali elicacileyo apha kukuba amaziko "akhulu kakhulu ukuba angaphumeleli" aqhutywa ngurhulumente, njengoko kunjalo ngoku kuFannie Mae kunye noFreddie Mac. Ngaphandle koko, kufuneka kubekho ukuzinikela okuthembekileyo okuvela kurhulumente ukuba ukuba amaziko amakhulu angena engxakini, ngoko aya kusilela kwaye abo batyala imali baya kuba lithamsanqa.
Ngamaqumrhu ngokubanzi, kuyabonakala ukuba imithetho ekhoyo ayilwanga kakuhle kwimeko yezoqoqosho yangoku. Abaphathi beza kulawula iinkampani kwaye baziqhube ngokweminqweno yabo, ukonakalisa abaninizabelo kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo (ubuncinci eMelika). Sele kukho imithetho ebanzi kulawulo lweshishini ebeka izithintelo kwinto evunyelwe ukwenziwa ngabangaphakathi. Le migaqo ingahlengahlengiswa ukucutha amandla olawulo lwamashishini aphezulu, okona kubaluleke kakhulu amandla okumisela intlawulo yawo.
Ukuba imithetho yolawulo lweshishini ifuna ukuba iipakethe zembuyekezo zabaphathi abaphezulu bezithunyelwa rhoqo ukuze bavunywe ngabanini-zabelo, kunyulo apho abameli abangabuyiswanga bangabalwanga (kungoku nje umgangatho wolawulo ukubala abameli abangabuyiswanga ngabaninizabelo njengokuxhasa isikhundla sabo) , kusenokwenzeka ukuba iipakethe zentlawulo yezigidi zeedola zabaphathi abaphezulu ziya kubuyela emhlabeni. Ukupheliswa kweepakeji zembuyekezo egcweleyo kwicandelo leshishini kusenokuzisa uxinzelelo oluhlayo ekuhlawuleni amagosa aphezulu ezibhedlele, iidyunivesithi, kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo, kuba onke la maziko aziva enesidingo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje yokunyusa imivuzo. ukuze uhlale uhambelana nehlabathi loshishino.
Urhwebo lusenokusetyenziswa njengamandla okunciphisa ukungalingani kumazwe afumileyo nokukhuthaza uphuhliso kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wangoku worhwebo unyanzelisa kuphela abasebenzi abangafundanga ekholejini ukuba bakhuphisane nabalingane babo abahlawulwa kancinci kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, sisenokwamkela imigaqo-nkqubo "yorhwebo olukhululekileyo" eyenzelwe ukubeka ezona ngcali zihlawulwa kakhulu (oogqirha, oogqirha bamazinyo, amagqwetha, abacwangcisi-mali) kukhuphiswano oluthe ngqo neengcali ezihlawulwa kakhulu ezivela kumazwe asakhasayo.
Kubiza imali eninzi kakhulu ukufundisa nokuqeqesha ugqirha kumazwe asakhasayo kunaseUnited States. Ukuba iingcali zezoqoqosho ezinyanisekileyo zaziyila umgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo, ngebezijolise ekuvuleleni iingcango kwiingcali ezivela kumazwe asakhasayo kunokuba zenze izakhiwo zokuququzelela urhwebo kwimpahla eyenziweyo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wethu kufuneka ugxininise ekwenzeni kube lula kumntwana ohlakaniphile okhulela e-Indiya okanye e-China ukuba azifundise imigangatho yase-US kwaye asebenze amayeza kunye nomthetho e-United States, njengoko kunjalo kumntwana okhulela kwi-suburbs yase-Los Angeles.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe asakhasayo ayazuza kweli lungiselelo, umrhumo unokudityaniswa nomvuzo weengcali eziqeqeshwe kumazwe asakhasayo, eza kuhlawulwa kwilizwe lasekhaya. Ngokunikwa imivuzo yobuchwephesha engaphezulu e-United States nokuba umrhumo ophantsi kufuneka wanele ukuhlawulela uqeqesho lweengcali ezi-2-3 kuye wonke umntu oza eUnited States. Oku kufanele kuvumele ukhathalelo lwempilo olungcono kunye nezinye iinkonzo zobungcali kumazwe asakhasayo, ngelixa kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zonyango kunye nezinye iinkonzo zobungcali eUnited States.
Olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente luya kuba nebhanki ephakathi (i-Federal Reserve Board kwimeko yase-United States) ezimisele ngakumbi ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lengqesho ngaphezu kwesantya esingenasizathu sokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ukongeza kwiingxaki ezayanyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nokungaqeshwa, intswela-ngqesho ephezulu ikwabeka uxinzelelo oluphantsi kwimivuzo yabo baphakathi nasezantsi kulwabiwo lwemivuzo. Ukuba i-Fed iqhubekile ilandela imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali eyenzelwe ukugcina izinga lokungaqeshwa liphantsi, kuya kudala imeko yezoqoqosho eyenza kube lula ukuba amacandelo amakhulu abasebenzi banandiphe ukunyuka kwemigangatho yokuphila.
Kukho eminye imigaqo-nkqubo enokuthi yongezwe kolu luhlu, kodwa ingongoma kukuba ezi zonke ziyimigaqo-nkqubo ejoliswe kwiimarike eziza kunceda ekuqinisekiseni iziphumo eziqhubekayo ezifana nokulingana okukhulu, ukufikelela okungcono kukhathalelo lwempilo, kunye nokwanda kokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho. Asifanele soyike ukusebenzisa urhulumente ngokuthe ngqo apho abonelela ngesona sisombululo sifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, urhulumente oqhuba inkqubo yoKhuseleko lwezeNtlalo ungcono kakhulu kwaye usebenza kakuhle kunamaqabane akhe abucala.
Nangona kunjalo, lo awungomcimbi okanye umgaqo owahlula abaqhubela phambili kwabagcinayo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo i-Conservatives isebenzise urhulumente ngokungqongqo ukumisa iimarike ngeendlela zokwaba ingeniso phezulu. Ukuba asiyiqapheli le nyaniso kwaye siyeke ukubabiza ngokuba "bafundamentali bezentengiso" ngoko yonke imibono yethu iya kuba yinkohliso.
[i] Kwiindawo ezizezinye kumalungelo okushicilela ukuxhasa umsebenzi woyilo kunye nowobugcisa bona u-Baker, D. 2003. "Iivawutsha zeNkululeko yobuGcisa: Ubudala be-Intanethi obunye kuMalungelo okushicilela," eWashington, DC: Iziko loPhando loQoqosho noMgaqo-nkqubo, lifumaneka http://www.cepr.net/index.php/publications/reports/the-artistic-freedom-voucher-internet-age-alternative-to-copyrights/. Ukufumana iindlela ezizezinye kumalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ekuxhaseni uphando kunye nophuhliso lwamachiza achazwe ngugqirha jonga i-Baker, D. 2004. "Ukuxhasa ngezimali uPhando lweChiza: Zithini Imiba." EWashington, DC: Iziko loPhando loQoqosho noMgaqo-nkqubo, lifumaneka http://www.cepr.net/index.php/publications/reports/financing-drug-research-what-are-the-issues/.
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