Utshintshiselwano nge-imeyile phakathi koMlawuli we-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe uGen. Keith Alexander kunye nabaphathi bakaGoogle uSergey Brin kunye no-Eric Schmidt bacebisa ubudlelwane obusebenzayo phakathiezinye iifemu zobuchwepheshe kunye norhulumente US kunokuba bekutshiwo yiSilicon Valley brass emva kwesityhilelo sonyaka ophelileyo malunga nokuhlola kwe-NSA.
Ukubhengezwa kokwayesakuba ngunokontraka we-NSA u-Edward Snowden malunga nekhono elikhulu le-arhente yokuhlola unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki lwaseMelika luqhubele phambili inani labaphathi betekhnoloji abafemu zabo zisebenzisana norhulumente ukuba banyanzelise ukuba benze njalo kuphela xa benyanzeliswe yinkundla yomthetho.
Kodwa i-Al Jazeera ifumene iiseti ezimbini zonxibelelwano lwe-imeyile ukusuka kunyaka ngaphambi kokuba uSnowden abe ligama lekhaya elibonisa ukuba ibingeyiyo yonke intsebenziswano ebiphantsi koxinzelelo.
Ngentsasa ye-28 kaJuni, i-2012, i-imeyile evela ku-Alexander wamema uSchmidt ukuba aye kwi-"classified threat briefing" yeeyure ezine ngo-Agasti 8 "kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kufuphi nesikhululo seenqwelomoya saseSan Jose, CA."
โIngxoxo yentlanganiso iza kungqamana nesihloko, kwaye ithathelwe kwisigqibo, kugxilwe kuyo Iingozi zokuhamba kunye noKhuseleko,โ ubhale uAlexander kwi-imeyile, efunyenwe phantsi kwesicelo soMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi (FOIA), owokuqala kunxibelelwano oluninzi phakathi kwenkosi ye-NSA kunye nabaphathi beSilicon Valley ukuba le arhente iceba ukuyijika.
UAlexander, uSchmidt kunye nabanye abaphathi beshishini badibana ekuqaleni kwenyanga, ngokwe-imeyile. Kodwa uAlexander wayefuna enye intlanganiso kunye noSchmidt kunye "neqela elincinci lee-CEO" kamva kwelo hlobo kuba urhulumente wayefuna uncedo lweSilicon Valley.
UAlexander wabhala: "Malunga neenyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, saqala ukugxila kukhuseleko lwezixhobo zokuhamba. โIqela (ikakhulu uGoogle, iApple kunye neMicrosoft) kutshanje baye bavumelana ngeseti yemigaqo yokhuseleko engundoqo. Xa sifikelela kweli nqanaba kwiiprojekthi zethu sicwangcisa inkcazo emfutshane yee-CEO zeenkampani eziphambili ukubanika amagqabantshintshi ngezoyikiso ezithile esikholelwa ukuba zinokuthotywa kwaye bafune ukuzinikela kwabo kwintlangano yabo ukuba iqhubele phambili ... ukuthatha inxaxheba kukaGoogle kuphuculo, Ubunjineli kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezisombululo kuya kuba yimfuneko. "
UJennifer Granick, umlawuli wenkululeko yoluntu kwiZiko leSikolo soMthetho saseStanford kwi-Intanethi kunye noMbutho, uthe ukholelwa ukuba ukwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kweshishini kunye norhulumente "kubaluleke kakhulu" kodwa "kwangaxeshanye, kukho umngcipheko kubumfihlo babasebenzisi kunye nokhuseleko lomsebenzisi. kwindlela okwenziwa ngayo ukubhengezwa kobuthathaka.โ
Umceli mngeni ojongene norhulumente kunye noshishino ibikukomeleza ukhuseleko ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ubumfihlo, utshilo uGranick. Ii-imeyile phakathi kuka-Alexander kunye nabaphathi bakaGoogle, wathi, zibonisa "indlela okwabelwana ngayo ngolwazi olungacwangciswanga ngaphakathi kwesi sivawu apho kungakhange kubekho ndlela yaziwayo, ekuhleni, ebambekayo, esekiweyo yokufumana ulwazi lokhuseleko ezandleni ezichanekileyo."
Inkcazo ecaluliweyo ecatshulwe nguAlexander yayiyinxalenye yenyathelo likarhulumente eliyimfihlo elaziwa ngokuba yi-Enduring Security Framework (ESF), kwaye i-imeyile yakhe ibonelela ngolwazi olunqabileyo malunga nokuba i-ESF ibandakanya ntoni, izazisi zezinye iifemu zetekhnoloji ezithatha inxaxheba kunye nezoyikiso abaxoxe ngazo.
UAlexander wachaza ukuba amasekela oonobhala beSebe lezoKhuselo, uKhuseleko lweLizwe kunye ne "18 US CEOs" baqalise i-ESF kwi-2009 "ukulungelelanisa izenzo zikarhulumente / zeshishini kwimiba ebalulekileyo (ehlelwe ngokubanzi) yokhuseleko engenakusombululwa ngabadlali ngabanye bodwa. .โ
Ngokomzekelo, kwiinyanga ezili-18 ezidlulileyo, thina (i-Intel, i-AMD [i-Advanced Micro Devices], i-HP [Hewlett-Packard], i-Dell kunye ne-Microsoft kwicala loshishino) sigqibe iinzame zokukhusela i-BIOS yamaqonga oshishino ukulungisa ingozi kule ndawo.โ
โI-BIOSโ sisishunqulelo se-โbasic input/output system,โ isoftwe yenkqubo eqalisa ihardware kwikhompyuter yakho phambi kokuba inkqubo yokusebenza iqale. Inkosi ye-NSA ye-cyberdefense uDebora Plunkett ngoDisemba wadiza ukuba i-arhente inalo yatshitshisa "iyelenqe leBIOS" ngo โlizwe-lizwe,โ elichongwe njengeTshayina, ukwenza isitena kwiikhompyuter zase-US. Elo yelenqe, wathi, ngelutshabalalise uqoqosho lwase-US. "Imizuzu engama-60," eyaphule ibali, yaxela ukuba i-NSA isebenze "nabenzi beekhompyuter" abangachazwanga ukujongana nokuba sesichengeni kwesoftware yeBIOS.
Kodwa ezinye iingcali ze-cybersecurity wabuza lo mzekelo ichazwe nguPlunkett.
โMhlawumbi kukho isiganeko sokwenyani emva koku, kodwa kunzima ukuxela, kuba asinazo iinkcukacha,โ wabhala uRobert Graham, iCEO yefem yovavanyo lokungena i-Errata Security e-Atlanta, kwibhlog yakhe ngoDisemba. โKububuxoki ngokupheleleyo kumyalezo ezama ukuwudlulisela. Into ephumayo buburheletya, njengoko nawuphi na umntu wobugcisa enokuqinisekisa. โ
Kwaye ngokubhalisa i-NSA ukuba ikhusele ukhuseleko lwazo, ezo nkampani zinokuthi zizenze zibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwiinzame ze-arhente zokuzaphula ngeenjongo zokubeka iliso.
"Ndicinga ukuba uluntu kufuneka luxhalabe malunga nokuba ngaba i-NSA iyenza ngenyani imizamo yayo, njengoko i-imeyile zibanga, ukunceda ukhuseleko lwe-BIOS yeshishini kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo kunye nokungabambeli obona buthathaka busondeleyo esifubeni sabo," utshilo uNate Cardozo, umsebenzi. igqwetha ne-Electronic Frontier Foundation yedijithali yeqela lenkululeko yoluntu.
Akathandabuzi ukuba i-NSA yayizama ukukhusela i-BIOS yeshishini, kodwa wacebisa ukuba i-arhente, ngeenjongo zayo, "ijonge ubuthathaka kwiimveliso ezifanayo abazama ukuzikhusela."
I-NSA "ayinashishini elinceda uGoogle ukuba akhusele amaziko ayo kumaTshayina kwaye kwangaxeshanye agqekeze ngeengcango ezingasemva kwaye ecofa unxibelelwano lwefiber phakathi kwamaziko esiseko sikaGoogle," utshilo uCardozo. Inyani yokuba iyiarhente enye eyenza zombini ezi zinto iyaphikisana kwaye iyahlekisa. Ucebise ukwahlula imisebenzi ekhubekisayo kunye nokukhusela phakathi kwee-arhente ezimbini.
Kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokusasazwa kwe "60 Minutes", iphephancwadi laseJamani iDer Spiegel, licaphula amaxwebhu afunyenwe ngu-Snowden, anike ingxelo yokuba I-NSA ifake iingcango zangasemva kwi-BIOS, esenza kanye oko uPlunkett watyhola ilizwe-lizwe ngokwenza ngexesha lodliwanondlebe lwakhe.
U-Schmidt kaGoogle akakwazanga ukuya kwintlanganiso yokhuseleko lokushukuma eSan Jose ngo-Agasti ka-2012.
"General Keith.. kumnandi kakhulu ukukubona..!" Schmidt wabhala. โAkunakwenzeka ukuba ndibe seCarlifonia ngaloo veki ngoko ke ndiyaxolisa andikwazi ukuya (izakuba kunxweme olusempuma). Ndingathanda ukukubona ngelinye ixesha. Enkosi !" Ukusukela oko kubhengezwa kwe-Snowden, uSchmidt ebegxeka i-NSA kwaye wathiiinkqubo zokucupha zisenokuba akukho mthethweni.
Umphathi womkhosi uMartin E. Dempsey, usihlalo weeNtloko zaBasebenzi eziManyeneyo, uye waya kuloo ndibano. UMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle unike ingxelo emva kwenyanga ukuba Dempsey kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente - akukhankanywa ngo-Alexander - babeseSilicon Valley "bekhetha ubuchopho beenkokheli kwintlambo yonke kwaye bexoxa ngesidingo sokwabelana ngokukhawuleza ngolwazi malunga nezisongelo ze-cyber." UMgaqo-nkqubo waNgaphandle uphawule ukuba abaphathi beSilicon Valley ababezimase bebengabe-ESF. Ibali alizange litsho ukuba izoyikiso zokuhamba kunye nokhuseleko yayiyeyona nto iphambili ye-ajenda kunye nenkcazo yezoyikiso ezihleliweyo.
Kwiveki emva kwendibano, uDempsey wathi ngexesha lengxelo yePentagon, "BendiseSilicon Valley kutshanje, malunga neveki, ukuxoxa ngobuthathaka kunye namathuba kwi-cyber kunye neenkokheli zeshishini ... ulwazi ngesantya sothungelwano.โ
Umququzeleli weGoogle uSergey Brin waya kwiintlanganiso zangaphambili zeqela le-ESF kodwa ngenxa yengxabano yokucwangcisa, ngokutsho kwe-imeyile ka-Alexander, naye akazange akwazi ukuya kwi-8 Aug.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili, uAlexander wayethumele i-imeyile uBrin ukuba ambulele ngokuthatha inxaxheba kukaGoogle kwi-ESF.
"Ndibona umsebenzi we-ESF ubalulekile kwinkqubela yesizwe ngokuchasene nosoyikiso kwi-cyberspace kwaye ndiyambulela kakhulu uVint Cerf [usekela mongameli weGoogle kunye nomshumayeli oyintloko we-Intanethi], u-Eric Grosse [usekela mongameli wobunjineli bokhuseleko] kunye no-Adrian Ludwig [injineli ekhokelayo yokhuseleko lwe-Android] igalelo kule nzame kulo nyaka uphelileyo,โ wabhala u-Alexander kwi-imeyile kaJanuwari 13, 2012.
โKutshanje ufumene isimemo kwintlanganiso ye-ESF Executive Steering Group, eza kubanjwa nge-19 kaJanuwari ka-2012. Siza kuxoxa ngeenjongo ze-ESF kunye nokujoliswe kuko okuthe ngqo ku-2012. Siza kuxoxa kwakhona ngezinye zezoyikiso esizibonayo kunye nento esiyenzayo ukunciphisa ezo zoyikiso ... Iimbono zakho, njengelungu eliphambili le-Defence Industrial Base, zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni i-ESF's. iinzame zinempembelelo enokulinganiswa.โ
Ummeli kaGoogle walile ukuphendula imibuzo ethile malunga nobudlelwane bukaBrin kunye noSchmidt noAlexander okanye malunga nomsebenzi kaGoogle norhulumente.
"Sisebenza nzima kakhulu ukukhusela abasebenzisi bethu kwi-cyberattacks, kwaye sihlala sithetha neengcali - kubandakanywa norhulumente wase-US - ngoko sihlala phambi komdlalo," utshilo ummeli kwingxelo kwi-Al Jazeera. Yiyo loo nto uSergey eye kule nkomfa ye-NSA.
UBrin waphendula uAlexander ngosuku olulandelayo nangona intloko ye-NSA ayizange isebenzise idilesi ye-imeyile efanelekileyo xa iqhagamshelana nosihlalo-sihlalo.
โMolo Keith, ndijonge phambili ukukubona kwiveki ezayo. FYI, eyona dilesi yam ye-imeyile endinokuyisebenzisa [yenziwe ngokutsha],โ wabhala uBrin. "Lowo i-imeyile yakho iye kuye - [imeyile ikhuselwe] โ Andijongi nyani.โ
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela