Kwimibhiyozo yokubhiyozela iminyaka engama-50 yenkululeko yesizwe ngoJulayi, urhulumente wase-Algeria olawulwa ngumkhosi uza kujongana nengozi enokubakho ngenxa yokwaywa konyulo olukhulu. Nangona uninzi lwabantu base-algeria abahlukanisiweyo bebesele bengavoti kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kulo mzekelo unyulo oluzayo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe lubangwa nguMongameli Bouteflika njengolubaluleke kakhulu njengesiqalo senguqu yenkululeko yesizwe ngo-1954. Uninzi lwabachasi bolawulo, nangona kunjalo, ubone intshukumo enkulu yokwaya njengethuba lokuqala a ide facto uluvo lwesizwe ngabalawuli abangoozwilakhe abajongelwa phantsi. Kuyabonakala ukuba emaphikweni amagunya aseNtshona, ekhokelwa yi-US, ekulungele ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka okunokwenzeka kweqabane leqhinga laseMntla Afrika elixatyisiweyo kunye nomthengisi othembekileyo weoli kunye negesi yendalo. Kunqabile ukuba eli qhinga lidala livunywe yi-anarchist libe sembindini wokuphila korhulumente.
Xa kuthelekiswa nezidubedube ezinkulu zezopolitiko kunyaka ophelileyo kumazwe angabamelwane kuMntla Afrika iTunisia, iEgypt kunye neLibya, iAlgeria ngo-2011 yabonakala izolile ngokumangalisayo. Iimeko zentlupheko, ukunqongophala kwezindlu, intswela-ngqesho enkulu, urhwaphilizo lwezopolitiko kunye nengcinezelo zazimandundu njengemeko ezabangela imvukelo yaseYiphutha neTunisia. Ukutyhubela unyaka, iAlgeria iye yaneqela elide lokuzibulala koqhanqalazo, uqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni kunye noqhanqalazo, kunye nokugxeka kwezopolitiko kurhulumente olawulayo kumaphephandaba, kodwa akukho nanye kwezi ebangele ugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu olwalulindelwe ngabaninzi.
Izizathu beziliqela, mhlawumbi olona loyiko ludumileyo lokuba isiphithiphithi sezopolitiko singabuyisela iAlgeria kuphalazo-gazi olukhulu lweshumi leminyaka yoo-1990 oluthe lwabulala abantu abangama-200,000 phakathi kobundlobongela bamaSilamsi kunye nengcinezelo yomkhosi. Ukongeza, urhulumente olawulwa ngumkhosi ngo-2011 wasebenzisa ukuvalwa kwangaphambili kunye nobukho bamapolisa obuninzi ukuphelisa iinzame zokuhlanganisana kunye noqhanqalazo lwezopolitiko. Kwabakho amakhonkco ambalwa asebenzayo phakathi kwemibutho elwela inkululeko yabasebenzi, abafundi, imibutho yabasetyhini kunye namaqela aphikisayo ezopolitiko, singasathethi ke phakathi kwabavukeli basesitalatweni abarhoxayo kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yasekuhlaleni.
Ngaphezu kwako konke oku, ulawulo olutyebileyo kwingeniso yeoyile nerhasi (i-188 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi koovimba bemali yangaphandle.[1]) ufumanise ukuba kufanelekile ukuxolisa iindawo zovoto ezahlukeneyo ezikhathazekileyo nezinxungupheleyo ngokunyuselwa imivuzo ekujoliswe kuyo, imisebenzi kunye nezindlu ezintsha kunokuqhubeka nokuvala nawaphi na amathuba oncedo loluntu. Njengoko omnye umhlalutyi wacebisa, โiNtwasahlobo yama-Arabhuโ yowama-2011 yayiyeyentlalontle.[2]
Kwangaxeshanye, urhulumente wakhawuleza wamkela ubuso bezopolitiko โobutshintshayoโ ukunqanda ukunyuka kwamabango ezopolitiko achazwe kulo lonke elaseAlgeria nakwilizwe lama-Arabhu ngokubanzi kunye nokutyhafisa iNtshona kuzo naziphi na iingcinga zokungenelela njengoko bekunjalo kwenye indawo. Ngelixa ibango lokuba iAlgeria sele inomongo wezopolitiko okhululekileyo ngenxa yokwanda kwamaqela ezopolitiko, amaqela oluntu kunye namaphephandaba, uBouteflika ubhengeze uthotho olutsha โlohlengahlengiso,โ kubandakanya nokupheliswa kwezithintelo โzemeko yonxunguphaloโ, amathuba abokuqala -amajelo kamabonakude karhulumente, izithintelo ezimbalwa kumaphephandaba kunye nomjikelo omtsha wonyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho olukhokelela kumgaqo-siseko omtsha wesizwe. Nangona kunjalo, le faรงade yotshintsho yabakhohlisa abantu base-Algeria abambalwa, ngaphandle kokunconywa ngu-Obama ovela phesheya. Imiboniso kunye nokubonakaliswa kweendaba zihlala zilawulwa njengangaphambili, ngelixa emva kwemiboniso umkhosi wokhuseleko lomkhosi, i-DRS, iyaqhubeka nokungena kunye nokukhohlisa amaqela ahlukeneyo ezentlalo nezopolitiko.
Umboniso wolawulo othenjiweyo wamabhaso, ke ngoko, lunyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho ngoMeyi 10th. Ngenkxalabo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili malunga nomfuziselo "wokusemthethweni" wokwenza umsebenzi, u-Bouteflika kunye neNkulumbuso u-Ouyahia benza izibongozo ezimangalisayo, benqwenela ukuba uluntu luvote.[3] Ukongeza, malunga nama-500 abakhi-mkhanyo bamazwe angaphandle (kubandakanywa ne-120 evela kwi-European Union kunye nabathunywa be-US National Democratic Institute) baye bamenywa (abanye bathi banyanzeliswa yiNtshona) ukuba baqinisekise ukugcinwa kwezinto elulunyulweni, ngokungafaniyo neendlela ezimbi zolonyulo zangaphambili. (Igosa le-EU lityikitya esi sivumelwano, nangona kunjalo, libonakala ngathi liye laphakamisa isandla salo encoma iinguqu zezopolitiko esele zibhengeziwe kurhulumente.[4])
Kwiminyaka emininzi, ukungavumi ukuxhaphaka kuye kwanda kakhulu phakathi kwabantu base-Algeria ukuqhankqalaza ngokungenabundlobongela ngokuchasene norhulumente. Unyulo lokugqibela lowiso-mthetho lwesizwe, umzekelo, lubone kuphela i-30% yabavoti abafanelekileyo abathabatha inxaxheba,[5] nangona abachasi babange amanani asezantsi. Kunyulo lokugqibela lukamongameli, ngo-2009, intatho-nxaxheba yabavoti yayingekho ngaphezulu kwe-18%.[6] Inxaxheba eyomeleleyo yabavoti ibalulekile ngeli xesha, utshilo uBouteflika, ukubonisa isiseko esiluqilima senkqubo, ngaloo ndlela etyhafisa amandla e-NATO ekungeneleleni, njengaseLibya, ukuba ukungazinzi kwezentlalo kuya kuqhushumba.[7] Ngapha koko, u-Ouyahia wathi inani eliphantsi labavoti, ngoko ke ukusilela ukuxhasa uhlaziyo lwezopolitiko kurhulumente, kuya kubhentsisa iAlgeria kuyilo longenelelo lwamazwe aseGulf kunye ne-US, umzamo onokubakho wokuthatha ubuSilamsi kunye nokuphindaphinda igazi le-90s.[8] Yayilizinga eliphezulu lokungahoyi ngo-1991, watsho, elaququzelela uloyiso lwamaSilamsi eFIS kumjikelo wokuqala wolonyulo lowiso-mthetho lwaloo nyaka, ngaloo ndlela kwanyanzeleka ukuba umkhosi ungenelele.
Kwiiveki zamva nje, umshicileli wase-Algeria ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe unike indawo enkulu yokuxoxa ngamaqela aphikisayo, izifundiswa kunye namaqela ezopolitiko kunye namaqela malunga nokufaneleka okanye ukungafuni ukurhoxa nge-10 kaMeyi.th. (Akumangalisi ukuba, iingxoxo kunye nokuchasana nokuvota, phakathi kwabagxeki bolawulo, zibonakala zithelekiseka nezo zase-US ezishiya rhoqo kwiminyaka emine.) Njengoko intatheli kaMarxist u-Hocine Belalloufi eshwankathela, abanye abasekeli bombutho obanzi wokwaywa bathatha isimilo ngokuchasene nayo nayiphi na intsebenziswano (kunye nokugunyaziswa) kwenkqubo yorhwaphilizo esisiseko neyolawulo-melo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuqhathwa okusemva kwe-scene kuya kuthintela inkqubo yonyulo olunobulungisa okanye ulwabiwo olukhuselekileyo lwezihlalo kumaqela athatha inxaxheba sele kugqitywe ngalo. Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, abanye babona kwangaphambili ukuba amaqhinga olawulo akhokelela kuloyiso olutsha lwamaSilamsi olufana nolo ngo-1991 kwaye ngaloo ndlela kubekho umaleko omtsha wengcinezelo okanye ukuphalazwa kwegazi okutsha.[9]
U-Djamel Zenati, owayesakuba ngumntu okhokelayo kwi-FFS (Phambi kweMikhosi yezeSocialist), uthi olu nyulo lulungiselela nje indlela yomgaqo-siseko omtsha ongamelanga, njengonegunya njengalowo ukhoyo, kunye nomlandeli okhethwe ngesandla kuBouteflika. 2014. Ubona iziphumo njengenene ngokungaphephekiyo zisetyenziswa ukuze kuxhamle urhulumente kwaye uthelekisa olu lonyulo nototorious 1948 unyulo Algeria ngexesha lobukoloniyali ukuba wathembisa ixesha lohlaziyo kwezopolitiko kodwa enyanisweni, ngenxa yeziphumo zobuxoki kakhulu, kuthintelwe uloyiso olukhulu lobuzwe. Ugxeka abo bavakalelwa kukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokusinda njengamaqela ezobupolitika asebenzayo abonakalayo kukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lwale nkqubo, ekhuthaza ugxininiso ekuququzeleleni ukuzimela geqe. โUluntu kufuneka luzakhe phambi koRhulumenteโ ngokufunda ukuziqhelanisa nengxoxo yokwenene kunye nokulalanisa. Kwabo babona eli phulo njengethuba likawonke-wonke lokubonisa ukugxeka okuchasayo, uthi abantu base-algeria abahlukanisiweyo bacinywa kakhulu yipolitiki egunyazisiweyo ukuba imamele.[10]
Kananjalo, sitsho abaxhasi bokwayikiswa, abo baphakamisa imbono yongenelelo lwangaphandle ngenxa yenani eliphantsi labantu abakhoyo kufuneka bavume ukuba iAlgeria ayizange ibe nobukhosi bokwenyani. "Enyanisweni, ungenelelo lwangaphandle, ngendlela efihlakeleyo nekhohlakeleyo, ayizange iphele eAlgeria."[11] Kucacile, utsho uDjameledine Benchenouf, ukuba i-US ngokukodwa ikukhuphiswano olupheleleyo lweqhinga ne-China lokulawula i-oyile nezimbiwa zase-Afrika. Kweli dabi, ngentsebenziswano yolawulo lwangoku lwaseAlgeria, iAlgeria libhaso eliphambili. Kodwa ukuba urhulumente uzuza ngaphantsi kwe-40% yokuthatha inxaxheba yabavoti ngoMeyi 10th kwinkqubo yonyulo enobulungisa, oko kuya kuthetha kuma impiriyali aseNtshona ulawulo lwasekhaya oluyingozi nolungathembekanga. Ngenxa yokuphelelwa lithemba kwentlalo enokuthi iqhume, kulo mxholo, i-US kunye namanye amagunya aseNtshona, ngakumbi iFransi, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba ilungele ukukhetha amanye amahlakani ezopolitiko ase-Algeria ukugcina impembelelo yabo, ithuba lezopolitiko elisele libonakaliswe kwenye indawo eMntla Afrika kunyaka odlulileyo.[12]
Ngelixa ugwayimbo olukhulu lokuvota ngokungathandabuzekiyo luya kuba luphawu oluqinileyo lokungabi namthetho korhulumente, akucaci ukuba oku kungakongeza njani kwinto evakala ngathi uninzi lwaseAlgeria. Abaxhasi bokwayiko nabo bayasilela ukucebisa iindlela ezikholisayo apho le mpumelelo ingenabundlobongela inokuguqulela kumanyano oluchasayo olubanzi, singasathethi ke ngokubhukuqa ulawulo. Abanye banokuba nethemba lokuba iya kuvuselela amandla amatsha oqhanqalazo kunye nokungathabathi cala emkhosini okuthelekiswa namandla kunye neziphumo zaseTunisia nase-Egypt kunyaka ophelileyo, ngeli xesha kuphela ngemvume yangaphambili ye-US ne-France abanethemba lokuba ngaloo ndlela banokuqulatha nayiphi na into. โukugqithisaโ kwenkululeko okusenokusongela izilangazelelo zabo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, emva kweeveki zoqikelelo, elona qela lidala eliphikisayo elizweni, iFFS yabhengeza ukuba iyala ukukwaywa kwaye iza kuthabatha inxaxheba kunye neqela elipheleleyo labagqatswa. Nangona eso sigqibo kubonakala ukuba siphisiwe ngabaninzi be-FFS, iinkokeli zesizwe zabanga ukuba yayilinyathelo lobuchule elithethelelekayo ngezizathu ezininzi, nokuba naziphi na izihlalo zeNdibano ezafunyanwayo okanye hayi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba, kwaxoxwa, kuya kunceda ukunika amandla kwakhona iqela kumanqanaba engingqi,[13] ukubonelela ngeqonga lokubhengeza imfuno yohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo yezopolitiko yase-Algeria, kunye nokuphuhlisa isiseko sentsebenziswano kunye neminye imikhosi echasayo kwinkalo yezopolitiko.[14] Ingqiqo efanayo iyonke inikwe mva nje nguSadek Hadjeres, umlo wamaKomanisi waseAlgeria kangangamashumi amane eminyaka ukusuka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-50.[15]
Abanye bacingela ukuba isigqibo seFFS yayiliqhinga eliphoxayo, xa kujongwa ukwayikwa kwayo kwangaphambili, ukufumana inkxaso-mali yephulo likarhulumente kwaye mhlawumbi nesivumelwano sokwabiwa okuqinisekisiweyo kwezihlalo kwindlu entsha yowiso-mthetho.[16] Ngobubele ngakumbi, abanye bacinga ukuba mhlawumbi iinkokeli zeFFS ziqinisekile ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwezopolitiko, oluye lwanyanzeliswa kukugxothwa okukhulu kwaye lulandelwa luphazamiseko olukhulayo lwangaphandle, lunokuthi, njengoko u-Ouyahia ecetyisiwe, lubangele ingozi entsha yobuthixo yobuSilamsi.[17] Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, lo mbuzo mnye ujongene ne-FFS njengabo bakhuthaza ukukwaywa: yeyiphi indlela yokwenene uthatho-nxaxheba kunyulo luququzelela umanyano olubanzi lwezopolitiko ukuze kuhlengahlengiswe inkqubo?
Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, abagqatswa beFFS (kunye nabanye) kwinqaba yeqela laseBerber kwingingqi yaseKabylia baye bagxothwa ngokugculelayo. ngamaphulo okukwaya abantu abaphantsi abaphumelele ngokugqithisileyoโkunye nogqogqo oluthe ngqo kumaziko okuvota, ukutshiswa kweebhokisi zokuvota, kunye nolunye uqhankqalazo lokuzahlukanisa nzulu kukaKabyles kurhulumente.
Emehlweni omntu wonke, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yindima yobuSilamsi kwezopolitiko. Ulawulo lubona impumelelo yolonyulo lwamaSilamsi eTunisia, eJiphethe naseMorocco kunye namandla abo amatsha eLibya kwaye uyasiqonda isibongozo esisenamandla sobuSilamsi eAlgeria nasemva kweminyaka engama-90 egazi. Ke ngoko kubonakala ngathi kukulungele ukuvuma iindima ezinkulu kumaSilamsi ekulawuleni iAlgeria, ubuncinci ukuba amaqela anjalo anokungeniswa ngokuqhubekayo yi-DRS kwaye umkhosi ugcine indawo yawo ephezulu. Njengoko abaninzi baye babonisa, ama-Islamist ase-Algeria sele enegunya elikhulu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kurhulumente, njengoko kubonakaliswe sisigqibo sikaBouteflika sokuqhubela phambili nezicwangciso zokwakha e-Algiers eyona mosque inkulu emhlabeni ngaphandle kwe-Saudi Arabia.
Amaqela amaninzi amaSilamsi asele elungelelaniswe kakuhle kwaye enze i-tentative "green alliance" yonyulo lukaMeyi. Nangona kunjalo, la maqela sele engcoliswe yintsebenziswano yangaphambili kunye nolawulo. Ngokwahlukileyo, u-Abassi Madani kunye no-Ali Belhadj, iinkokeli ezimbini eziphezulu ze-FIS yangaphambili ye-Islamist eyaphumelela unyulo lokuqala lwe-1991 yonyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho (eyandulela ubhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi kaJanuwari 1992 kunye neshumi leminyaka elinegazi) bazibandakanye buqu kwikhwelo lokukwaya ulonyulo. ngoMeyi.[18] Ezinye iinkokeli ezazisakuba yi-FIS akukafane zithathe isikhundla.
Ngaphandle kobukho babakhi-mkhanyo bezizwe ngezizwe, ngokungathandabuzekiyo urhulumente uya kuzama ukunyusa kangangoko kunokwenzeka umlinganiselo wentatho-nxaxheba yabavoti kwakunye neetotali zeevoti zabo bakhethwayo. Ngoku, utyholwa ngokubala ngokungafanelekanga amashumi amawaka amajoni kwindawo yasemzantsi-ntshona yokwandisa uluhlu lwabavoti bommandla, ngokubiza abanye abagqatswa beFFS ukuba bancinwe ngamapolisa ezopolitiko kunye nokubamba amatsha ntliziyo aselula e-MJIC (iMovement of Independent Youth). for Change) eAlgiers ngokusasaza iiflaya ezixhasa ukukwaywa. Ukongeza uxinzelelo lwelizwi kurhulumente, uFarouk Kessentini, intloko yekomishini yamalungelo oluntu kurhulumente, nge-7 ka-Epreli.th ugxininise ukuba ukuvota kufuneka kube sisinyanzelo, kunye nezohlwayo kwabo bangavoti,[19] nangona ngokungathandabuzekiyo selidlulile ixesha lokuwisa lo mlinganiselo wonyulo lukaMeyi.
Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba ngubani ohlala kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ekwixesha elizayo elisikelwe umda, awona mandla, ukwakhiwa kunye nengqiqo yezopolitiko yentshukumo yokukwaywa kunye nenqanaba lokwenyani olu ngquzulwano lwezopolitiko olunika amandla inkcaso elungelelanisiweyo nengalungelelanisiweyo inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kumbutho. inqanaba elilandelayo lokuzivelela kwezopolitiko eAlgeria. Ewe, ekugqibeleni, owona mbuzo ubalulekileyo ngowokuba olu ngquzulwano luguqulela njani okanye hayi kwithuba elinentsingiselo lokuthatha izigqibo kwezopolitiko kunye nenkululeko yabantu base-Algeria emazantsi emva kweminyaka engama-50 yolawulo lobuzwilakhe lwasemva kwenkululeko.
UDavid Porter ngunjingalwazi weSUNY ophumayo kwisayensi yezopolitiko kunye nembali kunye nombhali wencwadi entsha, Amehlo ajonge eMzantsi: AmaFrench Anarchists kunye neAlgeria, ekhutshwe ngoNovemba ophelileyo ngu-AK Press. Unokuqhagamshelwa ku [imeyile ikhuselwe].
[1] Abderrahmane Mebtoul, โAlgรฉrie (2015/2020): comment รฉviter l'implosion sociale,โ Le Matin DZ, UEpreli 6, 2012.
[2] D. Benchenouf, โAlgรฉrie: les cruciales รฉlections,โ Le Quotidien d'Algรฉrie, Matshi 24, 2012.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Farid Abdeladim, โ150 dรฉlรฉguรฉs europรฉans superviseront le scrutin du 10 mai,โ inkululeko, Matshi 21, 2012.
[5] Benchenouf, op. inc.
[6] U-Yahia Bounouar, โLe 10 mai n'est pas une รฉlection 'eqhelekileyo,' c'est un REFERENDUM!" Kalima DZ, Matshi 17, 2012.
[7] Benchenouf, op.cit.; Abdelhafid Larioui, "Le Vert et le Rose: perversion d'un printemps algรฉrien," Kalima DZ, Matshi 27, 2012
[8] Bounouar, op. inc.; Djameleddine Benchenouf, โAlgรฉrie: le discours schizophrรฉnique d'un regime aux abois,โ Le Quotiden d'Algรฉrie, Matshi 17, 2012.
[9] Hocine Belalloufi, "Pourquoi il faut voter le 10 mai prochain," Lanation.info, Matshi 27, 2012.
[10] Djamel Zenati, "Iimithetho yolonyulo kunye nengcebiso yokuyalela," El Watan, UEpreli 3, 2012.
[11] Larioui, op.cit.
[12] Benchenouf, โAlgรฉrie: les cruciales โฆโ; Benchenouf, โAlgรฉrie: le discoursโฆ .โ
[13] Larioui, op. inc.
[14] Gqr. lanation.info, Matshi 13, 2012.
[15] Sadek Hadgeres, โInxaxheba aux รฉlections du 10 mai 2012, lanation.info, Matshi 29, 2012.
[16] Larioui, op. inc.
[17] SD, โLes bรฉgalements de l'Histoire dans la tragรฉdie algรฉrienne,โ Le Quotidien d'Algรฉrie, Matshi 18, 2012.
[18] Benchenouf, โAlgรฉrie: le discoursโฆ . "
[19] "Syndicaliste de lutte" (iblogi yaseAlgeria), ngo-Epreli 9, 2012.
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