Inguqulelo emfutshane yolu dliwano-ndlebe yapapashwa apha Thunti.
Ngaba sinako ukukhula koqoqosho ngelixa sijongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu? Kolu dliwano-ndlebe, ingcali yezoqoqosho uRobin Hahnel uthi ukuzinza kwendalo kuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nokunyuka kwentlalontle yezoqoqosho. Ngelixa kufuneka sinciphise kakhulu izinto eziphathekayo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye zikhutshwe kuqoqosho lwehlabathi ("imveliso"), sinokuphucula ubomi kubantu abaninzi ngaxeshanye. Ukulwela uhlobo lohlumo oluzinzileyo ngokwendalo kufuneka lube sembindini womsebenzi wentshukumo yobulungisa bemozulu.
Ingaba sinako ukukhula koqoqosho lo gama sisehlisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwerhasi ye-greenhouse (GHG)? Uninzi lwezazi ngemekobume ziphendula ngoHayi oqinisekileyo, ziphikisa ngelithi kufuneka sinciphise ukukhula koqoqosho okanye sithobe ukukhula. Kwelinye icala, izazi ngezoqoqosho ezininzi ziphikisa ngelithi, kunokwenzeka โukunciphisaโ ukukhula nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo, oko kuphembelela โukukhula kohlaza.โ Ngubani olungile?
Ngaphandle nje kwabambalwa oosoqoqosho bebelele bexhwithana kwaye bengayihoyi tu into yokuba uloliwe wethu wezoqoqosho wayesilela kwintlekele yokusingqongileyo. Ke sinetyala elikhulu "enkosi" kwiingcali zendalo ngokukhalisa intsimbi kwaye basilumkisa ukuba uhlobo lokukhula koqoqosho esilusukelayo aluyi kuqhubeka nje lonakalisa okusingqongileyo ngeendlela ezininzi, kuya kubangela utshintsho olungenakuguqulwa, oluyintlekele yemozulu ngaphakathi. kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuba ukukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse akuncitshiswa ngama-90% kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu izayo.
Nangona kunjalo, abo babonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho ngomntu ngamnye ikhule ngokungenasiphelo ngelixa ikhusela okusingqongileyo kunye nokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ichanekile. Ewe. Ukukhula okuluhlaza kunokwenzeka. Kwaye xa abakhulumeli beentshukumo ezizinzileyo kunye ne-de-growth bayakhanyela ukuba ukukhula okuluhlaza kunokwenzeka, xa besithi kufuneka sixolelanise nemigangatho yokuphila emileyo okanye ehlayo ukuphepha intlekele yokusingqongileyo, baphosakele, kwaye benza umonakalo omkhulu wokusingqongileyo. .
Into engenakho ukuqhubeka ikhula ngokungenasiphelo ukugqitha. Iingcali zezoqoqosho ngendalo zichaza ukugqitha njengamagalelo abonakalayo avela kwindalo esingqongileyo (edla ngokucingwa njengezinto ezingasetyenziswanga) ezisetyenziswa njengegalelo kwiinkqubo zemveliso ezifana nentsimbi ekrwada nomhlaba ongaphezulu; kunye neziphumo ezibonakalayo zemveliso (ezidla ngokucingwa njengenkunkuma okanye ungcoliseko) ezifana nesuntswana eliphuma emoyeni kunye neegesi zegreenhouse ezikhutshelwe umva kubume bendalo apho zifunxwa โkwiizinkiโ zendalo. Umthamo kufuneka ulinganiswe ngeeyunithi ezibonakalayo ezifanelekileyo ezifana neetoni zentsimbi ekrwada, ii-cubic metres zomhlaba ongaphezulu, iiponti zesuntswana, kunye neetoni zekyubhiki zekharbon dayoksayidi.
Kwelinye icala, oko iingcali zezoqoqosho zikuchaza njengokukhula koqoqosho akufani nokukhula kwemveliso. Xa iingcali zezoqoqosho zithetha ngokukhula koqoqosho zithetha ukukhula kweGDP, ixabiso leempahla neenkonzo zokugqibela eziveliswe enyakeni. Njengoguquko "lwexabiso" i-GDP ilinganiswa ngeedola eziqhubekayo ukuze kunikwe ingxelo yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngelixa ukukhula kwe-GDP yokwenyani kudla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokukhula kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho, ukukhula kwe-GDP yokwenyani kusilela ukumela ukukhula kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezaziwayo. (1). Nangona kunjalo, oko iingcali zoqoqosho zithetha ngokukhula koqoqosho kukukhula kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho ngomntu ngamnye, kucingelwa ukuba kunokulinganiswa ngokufanelekileyo, hayi ukukhula koqoqosho. Kwaye akukho sizathu sokuba impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho ayinakukhula nanjengoko i-output ihlala ingatshintshi, okanye iyancipha. Kuncwadi kubizwa oku ukuncipha, okuthetha ukwahlula ukukhula kwe inani oko sikuvelisa kwi- ubuninzi yemveliso esiyisebenzisayo ukuyivelisa.
Apho abagxeki bechanekile kukubonisa oko ishishini njengesiqhelo ukukhula koqoqosho lusilele ukuncipha. Ngapha koko, ukukhula kweshishini njengesiqhelo kusibeke kumkhondo wokuzibulala! Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokukhulaโukukhula okwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso ngesantya esifanayo neso lokwandisa imveliso yabasebenzi, lwaza ke ngoko lungabeki uxinezeleko ngakumbi kwimekobumeโalunakwenzeka. Yiloo nto ke ithetha ukuthi ukuqhawuka komtshato kuthetha ukuthi: Ukwandisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kangangoko sinyusa imveliso yabasebenzi. Kuba ukuba siyakwenza oko siya kuba nokukhula โkokudityaniswaโ ngokupheleleyo kwixabiso lezinto esizivelisayo nakuphi na ukonyuka kwemveliso esetyenziswayo. (2). Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba ukuqhawula umtshato kunokwenzeka. Senza ngoku ngoku kwi-greenhouse gas throughput. Ewe kufuneka sehlise i-GHG ephumayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukunqanda utshintsho oluyintlekele yemozulu. Kodwa nabani na ophikisa ukuba ukuqhawula umtshato akunakwenzeka akulunganga kuzo zombini izizathu zethiyori kunye neempirical.
Igama lomdlalo kukunyusa izinga lokunciphisa ukukhula kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho ukusuka ekukhuleni kwemveliso. Ewe, nathi kufuneka sitshintshe njani sifezekisa intlalontle yezoqoqosho. Kufuneka sitshintshe ukuzonwabisa okuthe kratya kusetyenziso oluncinci lwempahla. Kwaye kufuneka sitshintshe ukwakheka kwezinto esizisebenzisayo, sitshintshe iimpahla kunye neenkonzo eziphantsi komthamo othe kratya wempahla kunye neenkonzo. Kodwa ungaphazami ngaloo nto. Kufuneka sinciphise ukunyuka kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho ukusuka kwi-BIG TIME. Okukhona siwohloka kokukhona intlalontle yezoqoqosho inokwanda ngaphandle kokuthoba isidima semo engqongileyo. Abo balikhanyelayo ithuba lokuqhawula umtshato baphosakele bobabini kwaye bayasiphazamisa kumsebenzi esiwenzayo.
Okubi nangakumbi, benza ukuba kube nzima ukwakha imbumba yezopolitiko ngokwaneleyo kwaye inamandla okuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu. Kutheni le nto abantu abakumgangatho ophantsi kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho bexhasa intlangano ethi abantwana babo abanakunqwenela ukuphila ubomi obukumgangatho ophakamileyo? Kutheni le nto nawuphi na kubantu beebhiliyoni ezine abahlala kumazwe aphantsi kwezoqoqosho abangekaxhamli kwiingenelo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho enokuthi atyikitye intlangano ebaxelela ukuba bamele balahle naliphi na ithemba lokunandipha ezo ngenelo? Impendulo kukuba abayi! Intlekele kukuba intshukumo yethu yokusingqongileyo ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ishumayele le ntshumayelo yokuzeyisa. Ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu, nokukhusela ngcono okusingqongileyo ngokubanzi, kuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nokunyuka kwentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho.
Kwaye ngeli xesha ndisekulo, makhe ndibonise into emayicace kwakhona: Nokuba besine revolution ye-eco-socialist yehlabathi ngomso, nokuba sikhuphe ubungxowankulu eluthulini lwembali, kube kanye njengoko bufanele ubutyebi. ; uqoqosho lwethu lwe-eco-socialist kusafuneka lunciphe ngendlela eqatha ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu nokukhusela ngcono okusingqongileyo ngezinye iindlela ngokunjalo. Umahluko phakathi koqoqosho lwe-eco-socialist kunye noqoqosho lobukapitali kukuba olu lwangaphambili luya kubonelela ngenkxaso yeziko kunye neengcamango zoqhawulo-mtshato, ngelixa olu lwamva lubeka imiqobo yamaziko kunye neengcamango zokuqhawula. Kodwa isixa soqhawulo-mtshato esifunekayo siyafana kuzo zombini iimeko.
Abanye bathi ngelixa ukukhula okuzinzileyo kwendalo kuyenzeka ngokwentelekelelo, akunakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yongxowankulu. URichard Harris, umzekelo, mabango ukuba abaxhasi bokukhula kohlaza โbacingela ukuba ubukhapitali bunokuguqulwa ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba iziseko zobukapitali โzinokuguqulwaโ kangangokuba amaqumrhu anokuthi, ngandlelโ ithile, aphenjelelwe ukwenza ingeniso ephantsi โekusindiseni umhlaba.โโ Isihlwele sokukhula kohlaza ekugqibeleni sixhalabele kakhulu ukugcinwa kongxowankulu kunozinzo lwendalo.
I-Capitalism inokuba luhlaza ngakumbi kunokuba ibinjalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku-nto leyo enethamsanqa elikhulu kuba ukubuyisela ubungxowankulu nge-eco-socialism ayizukwenzeka ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu. Oongxowankulu basukela inzuzo ngendlela elula. Kakade abazukuwusindisa uMhlaba ngokulunga kweentliziyo zabo. Kodwa akukho sizathu sokuba singakwazi ukwenza indlela eya kwingeniso ngokutsala kunye nokutshisa amafutha efosili ibenzima ngakumbi. Kwaye akukho sizathu sokuba singakwazi ukwenza indlela eya kwingeniso ngokuvelisa amandla ahlaziyekayo kunye nokulungiswa ngokutsha kwezakhiwo ukugcina amandla kunengeniso eninzi. Zininzi iindlela zokungenelela kwiimarike ukutshintsha iziphumo, kwaye kuya kufuneka sizisebenzise zonke kule minyaka ingamashumi izayo kuba uhlobo lwesivumelwano esitsha esiluhlaza esisidingayo kuya kufuneka sisungulwe ngelixa uqoqosho lusenongxowankulu kakhulu.
Ewe, baninzi ongxowankulu abaluhlaza abaxhalabele kakhulu ukugcina ubungxowankulu kunokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokwenyani, uninzi lwabo aluboni nto malunga ne-capitalism ngomntu ngamnye, banomdla nje wokwenza ingeniso ngokuvelisa amandla ahlaziyekayo, ukwenza ingeniso ngokunyusa ukongiwa kwamandla, njl. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho osomathuba abane โajenda ezifihlakeleyoโ macala omabini! Njengakuzo zonke iimanyano zezopolitiko eziyimpumelelo, umfelandawonye ofunekayo ukusungula isivumelwano esitsha esiluhlaza uya kubandakanya abangeneleli bemigca emininzi. Kuba sinomsebenzi omkhulu wezopolitiko ophambi kwethu, siya kufuna umanyano olukhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka sibamkele bonke!
Inokujongeka njani โisivumelwano esitsha esiluhlazaโ phantsi kongxowankulu? Kwaye ngaba kukho nayiphi na imizekelo yolo hlobo lotshintsho olukhulu kwizinto eziphambili kwezoqoqosho?
Ukutshintsha amafutha efosili ngezinto ezihlaziyiweyo, ukuguqula kungekuphela nje ezothutho kodwa ishishini kunye nezolimo ngokunjalo ukuze zisebenzise amandla ngakumbi, kunye nokwakha ngokutsha iziseko zethu zoncedo ezakhiweyo zonke ukuze kugcinwe amandla kuya kuba linyathelo elikhulu, eliyimbali. Yintoni efunekayo ukuba sifuna ukunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu olungamkelekanga yeyona nto inkulu yetekhnoloji "yokuqalisa kwakhona" kwimbali yezoqoqosho, iguqula into esifanele sicinge ngayo. I-Fossil-fuel-estan kungena Hlaziya-conservve-estan. Le kuphela kwendlela yokuphepha ukuzibizela ekufeni ngexesha elithile kwinkulungwane ezayo, kwaye Ndingongeza, ekuphela kwendlela yokuqesha kwakhona amashumi ezigidi eziphulukene nemisebenzi kuKudodobala okukhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nekhulu lezigidi zabantu abatsha abaya kufuna imisebenzi kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini izayo.
Ingaba iSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza siquka ntoni? Uvuselelo olukhulu lwemali eluhlaza, ungenelelo olukhulu lukarhulumente kwinkqubo yetyala ukuhambisa ngokutsha utyalo-mali kude namaqamza e-asethi kunye nempahla yobunewunewu eyonakalisa indalo ukuze izityebi zibe yinto evuselelekayo kunye nolondolozo lwamandla, imigangatho yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwizinto eziluncedo, imigangatho yokusebenza kwe-auto, iikhowudi zokwakha ukonga amandla, iirhafu zekhabhoni, i-emission caps, iimvume zokukhupha izinto ezinokuthengiseka, ummiselo omhle wakudala, kunye nokunye okuninzi. Umzekelo lutshintsho olukhulu lwezinto eziphambili kwezoqoqosho uqoqosho lwase-US olwadlula kuzo phakathi ko-1939 no-1942. Kanye njengokuba siye sasabela kumngcipheko we-fascism yehlabathi ngokususa ngaphezulu kwe-50% yemveliso ukusuka kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo ukuya kwizixhobo zemfazwe, sifuna impendulo efanayo kwi umngcipheko olinganayo wokutshintsha kwemozulu.
URobert Pollin kunye nabasebenzisana nabo kwiZiko loPhando loQoqosho lwezoPolitiko baye bachaza iinkcukacha zokuba iSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza siya kujongeka njani kungekuphela e-United States, kodwa nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi zoqoqosho lwehlabathi. 'Yabona Ukukhula okuluhlaza: Inkqubo yase-US kwaye Ukukhula kokuHlaza kweHlabathi: Amandla acocekileyo, uTyalo-mali kunye neMisebenzi. Eyona nto ifunyanisiweyo kukuba ibiza xabiso lincinci kangakanani na kumashumi eminyaka aliqela azayo ukuba umhlaba ungabi namafutha efosili. Ngamafutshane, uPollin kunye nabalingane bakhe babonisa ukuba izithintelo zokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu zizopolitiko, kungekhona iteknoloji.
Ngokwembono yentshukumo yobulungisa bemozulu (CJM), zeziphi iimpembelelo ezibambekayo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga nokukhula?
I-Climate Justice Movement sele yenze iimpazamo ezimbini ezinkulu zobuchule. Ayinakukwazi ukufikelela kwisithathu ngokuzimanya namandla okunciphisa ukukhula.
Kwi-COP 21 eParis ilizwe ngalinye libhengeze isibhambathiso salo sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi [iGalelo eliJongene neLizwe eliMiselweyo kuZwelonke, INDC]. I-CJM ibe nethuba lokusungula iphulo elikhulu lezizwe ngezizwe elicacisa ukuba zeziphi izithembiso ezihambelana noxanduva lwelizwe (ekudaleni ingxaki) kunye nobuchule (ukwenza igalelo ekusombululeni ingxaki.) Phambi kweentlanganiso zaseParis abaphandi bolingano bafikelele kwimvumelwano ebanzi malunga noku. indlela yokugweba izindululo, novavanyo lwalufumaneka lula. Jonga umzekelo iClimate Equity Calculator kwi www.ecoequity.org. Into eyaboniswa lolu vavanyo yayikukuba izithembiso zamazwe aphuhlileyo kwiimeko ezininzi zasilela kakhulu kwisabelo sawo esifanelekileyo, ngelixa izithembiso ezivela kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako zingqinelana nezabelo zawo ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi. I-CJM bekufanele ukuba yenze inkxaso kumazwe enza izibhambathiso ezinobulungisa, kunye nokugxekwa kwamazwe anezithembiso eziye zasilela, eyona nto iphambili eParis. Ngokwenza njalo i-CJM yasilela ukubonelela ngenkxaso ecacileyo koorhulumente bamazwe abanikezela ukwenza isabelo sabo esifanelekileyo kwaye bahlanganise uxinzelelo loluntu ngokuchasene noorhulumente bamazwe abasilelayo.
Ngaphambili i-CJM yenze impazamo yokwala ngokuthe ngqo naluphi na uhlobo lorhwebo lwekhabhoni lwamazwe ngamazwe njengobuqhophololo kunye "nesisombululo sobuxoki." Oku kulishwa kakhulu kwaye kungaboni kakuhle kuba ekuphela kwendlela yokufumana amazwe ahambele phambili kakhulu ukuba ahlawule isabelo sawo esifanelekileyo sokunciphisa umhlaba kukunyanzela ukuba bathenge amatyala okunciphisa kumazwe angaphuhliswanga kangako. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingcamango yokulungiswa kwemozulu โilungileโ kangakanani na, akukho ndlela yakuthi amazwe afumileyo ahlawule imbuyekezo. Amazwe afumileyo sele erhoxile kwizibhambathiso ezincinane kakhulu zokubonelela amazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ngoncedo lwezemali nolweteknoloji. Kuphela kukwenza ukuba kube kukuzingca kwabo bathumela umbane kumazwe afumileyo ukuba bathenge amaxabiso afunekayo aphuma kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kuya kuthi kuthintelwe ukuguquka kwemozulu ngokufanelekileyo. Endaweni yokwamkela eli thuba iCJM yagxeka urhwebo lwekhabhoni nangaluphi na uhlobo, yala ukuxhasa iindlela ezilula zokulungisa iinkqubo zokurhweba ukuze zisebenze kwaye zisebenze kakuhle, kwaye yabetha isifuba sayo ifuna imbuyekezo kungekho nto. (3).
Ukuba i-CJM ngoku iyamkela intshukumo yokunciphisa ukukhula baya kuzithumela ngakumbi kumgqomo wothuli wembali. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhula koqoqosho kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphuculwe ubomi boninzi lwabemi behlabathi, iqonga โlokunciphisa ukukhulaโ lifuna ukuzibulala xa kuzanywa ukwakha intshukumo enkulu yokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu.
Abanye bathi xa kujongwe ubutyebi obuninzi obulawulwa zezona zityebi 1% ukwabiwa kwakhona kobutyebi okukhulu kunokubonelela ngeemfuno ezisisiseko zomntu wonke ngaphandle kokukhula koqoqosho ngakumbi.
Gxumisa izityebi ukuze uphelise ubuhlwempu. Ngaba bekulula ngolo hlobo! Akulula nje ukufunxa izityebi, asiyonyani into yokuba singayiphelisa intlupheko ngokwabelana ngokutsha kwengeniso evela kwizityebi ukuya kwabangathathi ntweni ngaphandle kokukhula koqoqosho. Baninzi kakhulu abangamahlwempu kwaye bambalwa abazizityebi.
Liyinyaniso elokuba le meko iye yatshintsha ngandlelโ ithile kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idluleyo. Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo kukuba i-1% ephezulu ngoku inokuninzi kunoko ibikuko. Ngoko ukufunxa izityebi bekuya kubangela ubuhlwempu obungakumbi ehlabathini kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo emva phayaa phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini xa ulwabiwo lwengeniso lwalungalingani njengoko kunjalo namhlanje. Kodwa ayiyonyani nokuba wonke umntu e-US namhlanje unokunyuselwa kudidi oluphakathi olusezantsi ngokufunxa izityebi e-US. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo asiyonyaniso ukuba iimfuno ezisisiseko zomntu wonke zinokuhlangatyezwa kwihlabathi liphela ngokusasazwa ngokutsha kwengeniso kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngokufutshane, ukukhula kumndilili wentlalontle yoqoqosho kusafuneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko zomntu wonke. Ngethamsanqa oku kunokwenzeka ngokugqibeleleyo nanjengoko siphelisa ngokukhawuleza ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili kwihlabathi liphela.
Le asiyongxoxo echasene nokufunxa izityebi. Kufuneka sibafunxe ngepeni nganye esinayo ukuze sinyuse umgangatho wokuphila kwabahluphekayo. Kodwa ukufunxa izityebi akwanelanga ukuphelisa intlupheko kwihlabathi jikelele, ngoko ke ukukhula koqoqosho kuyafuneka. Ndingaphinda ndibonise ukuba kudla ngokuba lula ukusasaza ubutyebi obutsha ngokulinganayo kunokudlulisa ubutyebi obukhoyo busuka kwabo banobuninzi baye kwabo bancinci. Le asiyongxoxo yokuziphatha echasene nokugqithiselwa kobutyebi, ngumbono nje obonakalayo. Kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo ubutyebi obutsha obuninzi buya kwenziwa ngendlela yezabelo ezitsha zesitokhwe, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso epropathi kwimimandla yemetropolitan, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, amalungelo okukhupha ii-GHGs kwiatmosfera engaphezulu kunobuninzi bobutyebi obukhoyo namhlanje. Indlela enemveliso ngakumbi yokulinganisa ukwabiwa kobutyebi isenokuba kukugxila ekubeni ngubani ofumana ubutyebi obutsha, endaweni yokuzama ukwaba ngokutsha ubutyebi obukhoyo.
Ingaba ukujongana nengxaki yemozulu kufuna kangakanani utshintsho olusisiseko kwindlela yokuphila kunye nokusetyenziswa komntu oqhelekileyo osebenzayo kwiGlobal North?
Into esiyidlayo kuya kufuneka itshintshe. Indawo esihlala kuyo kwaye sisebenza kwaye sithutha ngokwethu kuya kufuneka sitshintshe. Umgangatho wokuphila okumgangatho ophakathi awusayi kuphinda ube nekhaya elivuza amandla kwindawo yekota yehektare enegaraji eneenqwelo-mafutha ezimbini kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye namashumi amawaka eemayile ezihambayo ngonyaka. Siza kuphila ngokuhambelana ngakumbi. Siza kwabelana ngeendawo ezinkulu, ezivulekileyo eziphezulu kunanamhlanje. Siza kusebenzisa iimpahla zikawonke wonke nezimbalwa zabucala. Ubungakanani bomthamo wokusingqongileyo kwingobozi yethu yosetyenziso lwabucala buya kuba buncinci kakhulu. Kwaye njengokuba abantu befikelela kuhlobo olutsha lomgangatho wokuphila wodidi oluphakathi baya kuthatha ukwanda okuthe kratya kwimveliso yabo yabasebenzi njengokuzonwabisa nangaphantsi njengosetyenziso. Kodwa akukho sizathu sokuba impilo-ntle yezoqoqosho ayinakonyuka kwizizukulwana ezizayo kwiGlobal North ngelixa ikhusela ngokufanelekileyo indalo esingqongileyo-nanjengoko abemi beGlobal North besamkela isabelo sabo esifanelekileyo soxanduva lokuthwala iindleko zotshintsho olukhulu, lwehlabathi, lwetekhnoloji ngexesha. kwisiqingatha senkulungwane elandelayo. I-De-carbonization iya kufuna ukuba siphile ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa sonke sinokuphila ngcono kakhulu-kwaye lowo ngumyalezo intshukumo yokusingqongileyo efuna ukugxininisa.
Ndicinga ngezona zikhupha igesi enkulu yegreenhouse ngushishino kwi eunited States (kwaye jikelele): amaziko ombane, imveliso yemizi-mveliso, inkqubo yezothutho, kunye nezolimo. Kubonakala ngathi ezimbini zokuqala (izityalo zamandla kunye neshishini) zinokuguqulwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba zisebenze kumandla acocekileyo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakubi ubungakanani bombane wexabiso eliveliswayo. Kweyesithathu, ukutshintshela kwindlela yokuthutha abantu abaninzi kuya kuthetha utshintsho lwendlela yokuphila kubantu abaninzi abasebenzayo nabakumgangatho ophakathi abaqhele ukuqhuba, nangona ingelulo utshintsho olubi. Kodwa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kumthombo wokugqibela-ulimo lwezorhwebo-kuya kubonakala kufuna ukuhlengahlengiswa okumangalisayo kokutya kwabantu abaninzi benyama. NakuMzantsi weHlabathi, abantu abaninzi abaphangelayo batya inyama yonke imihla.
Ngokwe-EPA GHG ekhutshwa licandelo e-US ngo-2011 yayi: amandla ombane angama-33%, ezothutho 28%, ishishini 20%, ulwakhiwo 11%, kunye nezolimo 8%. Inguqu kumbane sele iqhuba nanjengoko inkosi yamalahle ifile kwaye amaxabiso omoya nesola ehla. Umceli mngeni omkhulu wezobuchwepheshe kwicandelo lombane kukwakha ngokutsha igridi ethambileyo nekrelekrele ngakumbi. Uninzi lwethu lucinge ukuba ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweemoto zothutho kuya kufuneka kutshintshwe ubukhulu becala zizithuthi zikawonke-wonke kunye notshintsho kucwangciso lwedolophu ukuze abantu bangazuhamba kakhulu kuba banokuhlala, basebenze, baye esikolweni, kwaye bathenge ikakhulu iindawo zabo zokuhlala. Ngoku kubonakala ngathi iimoto zombane ziya kulawula ezindleleni kwenye ishumi leminyakaโkukuhle okanye kubi. Ngokwenyani, sikwisantya sokuhambisa uninzi lonikezelo lwamandla othutho lusiwe kwicandelo lombane oxhotyiswa ngezinto ezihlaziyiweyo. Okokugqibela, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukuguqula uninzi lweshishini ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuya kuba lula kunokunciphisa izinto ezikhutshwayo kwezolimo, njengoko ucebisa. Kodwa nokuba akukho namnye kuthi otya inyama ngoku othe watya inyama sinokufumana i-92% yendlela egodukayo. Ngamafutshane, ukutya kwemifuno kunokuba yinto elungileyo. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo ngokuyintloko ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kunye nezizathu zamalungelo ezilwanyana, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba sinokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu ngokungatyi inyama.
Le asiyompikiswano echasene notshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo yethu yezolimo ukuyenza igcineke kwaye ibe nempilo. Njengenxalenye yophando lweminyaka emininzi "Amanyathelo oQoqosho lwexesha elizayo," i-Economics for Equity kunye ne-Environment igunyazise izifundo ezimbini malunga nezolimo ezizezinye e-US-enye e-Hardwick, i-VT, enye kwi-Pioneer Valley e-Western MA. Abo banomdla kuvavanyo olusekwe kwidatha yeenzuzo zolunye uhlobo lwezolimo, izitshixo zempumelelo, kunye nemiqobo engenye ekumele yoyiswe e-US banokuzifumana izifundo www.futureecon.com.
Ingaba ukukhula koqoqosho oluzinzileyo phantsi kwenkqubo yobusoshiyali kujongeka njani?
Ngaphambi kokujongana nokuba i-eco-socialism iya kujongeka njani ngokubambekayo, makhe ndigxininise inqaku elinye ekubonakala ngathi libalekile abo bangasekhohlo abathi utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuthintelwa kuphela ngokususa ubungxowankulu behlabathi kunye ne-eco-socialism yehlabathi, kwaye ke ngoko onke amanyathelo aphakathi. okufutshane "kutshintsho lwenkqubo" "zizisombululo zobuxoki." Ukuba onke amazwe ehlabathi ebenoqoqosho lwe-eco-socialist kwakusafuneka athethathethane ngesivumelwano semozulu samazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye isenokukhangeleka njengesivumelwano endisichazeyo esisidingayo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje (4). Oorhulumente bamazwe e-eco-socialist kuya kufuneka:
- Misela umyinge wezinto ezikhutshwayo zehlabathi ngokuhambelana noko izazinzulu zisixelela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukugcina umndilili wobushushu ekunyukeni ngaphezu kwe-1.5 degrees celsius.
- Ukusasazwa kwamalungelo aseleyo okukhutshwayo ngokufanelekileyo phakathi kwamazwe, okt ngokokwahluka koxanduva kunye nokubanako.
- Vumela amazwe ukuba arhwebe ngeekhredithi zekhabhoni omnye komnye.
Umahluko kuphela kumazwe ngamazwe kukuba oorhulumente bamazwe e-eco-socialist banokuthi bazimisele ngakumbi ukuthetha-thethana, basayine, kwaye baphile ngokwesivumelwano esinjalo.
Ngaphakathi, uqoqosho lwelizwe loqoqosho lwentlalo yoluntu kuya kufuneka lubandakanyeke kucwangciso lophuhliso lwexesha elide, ucwangciso lotyalo-mali lweminyaka emi-5, kunye nocwangciso lothatho-nxaxheba lonyaka ngokwemigaqo ecetywayo ngabanye bethu kumfuziselo wethu wothatho-nxaxheba loqoqosho. (5). Le kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo yendalo iyajongwa, umonakalo ophuma kwizinto ezikhutshwayo ubalwa xa kuthatyathwa izigqibo, kwaye ukonyuka kobuchule bokwenza umsebenzi kuhambelana nokwanda kwemveliso yabasebenzi.
Uninzi lwabantu abazazisayo bobusoshiyali kwiGlobal North babonakala bekhaba iimarike zekhabhoni ngokungathandabuzekiyo, njengobuqhophololo obuyilwe ngabangcolisi ukuthintela utshintsho lokwenyani. Iintshukumo zentlalo kwiGlobal South-in ilatin America umzekelo-kubonakala ngathi iyantlukwano kulo mba. Abachasi bahlala becaphula iNkqubo yoRhwebo ye-Emissions ye-European Union njengobungqina bokuba iimarike zekhabhoni aziyinciphisi i-net greenhouse gas. Kuthetha ukuthini ukusilela kwenkqubo ye-EU, kwaye ngaba kukho imizekelo echaseneyo yeenkqubo zokuthengisa ezinempumelelo ngakumbi?
Isixa sokugxekwa okungazi kakuhle kweemarike zekhabhoni, ukuthengiswa kwekhabhoni, i-carbon offsets, njl. Zimbini izinto eziqhuba lo msindo: Okokuqala, akukho mntu uthanda umbono wokubeka ixabiso kwindalo kunye nokuthengisa indalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukugatywa kweemarike zekhabhoni naluphi na uhlobo luyingxenye yokunyanyiswa okufanelekileyo kunye nokuthengiswa kobomi. Okwesibini, abaninziโnangona bonke bengasekhohloโbayaqonda ukuba iimarike ziyinxalenye yengxaki. Ingxaki ayibobunini babucala beendlela zokuvelisa. Ukulungelelaniswa kwemisebenzi yethu yoqoqosho enxulumeneyo ngeemarike kukwayinxalenye yezoqoqosho lokhuphiswano nokubawa esizifumana sixakeke kuko, kwaye kufuneka sizikhuphe kulo. (6). Ngoko abantu baqiqa, ukuba iimarike ziyinxalenye yengxaki, ingaba imarike yekhabhoni ingaba yinxalenye yesisombululo njani?
Kodwa ngaphandle kokungazi okukhulu malunga nendlela iimarike zekhabhoni ezisebenza ngayo kwaye zinokusebenza, nantsi into abantu abaninzi abasekhohlo abasilelayo ukuyiqonda: Siphila kwinkqubo yentengiso. Kwaye de singenzi, ekuphela kwendlela yokutshintsha okwenzekayo kukungenelela okanye ukulawula iimarike ngendlela enye okanye enye. Ngaba ama-socialists ayawagxeka amaphulo okunyusa owona mvuzo uphantsi ngezizathu zokuba nantoni na enganeno ekupheliseni ubukhoboka bomvuzo ngokupheleleyo โsisisombululo sobuxokiโ? Akunjalo. Siyaqonda ukuba de sibuphelise ubukhoboka emvuzweni ixabiso eliphezulu lamakhoboka libhetele kunelo eliphantsi. Kuyafana nokuchaphazela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. De sibe sithatha indawo yenkqubo yemarike kufuneka singenelele kwinkqubo yokuthengisa ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweGHG. Kungoku nje abo bakufumanisa kusemdleni wabo ukusebenzisa kakubi indalo ngokukhupha ii-GHGs kwi-atmosfera bakwenza oko ngaphandle kokuhlawula nesentiโkungoko ii-megatons ezininzi ziye zakhutshwa, kwaye ziyakhutshwa. Kwinkqubo yemarike enye indlela yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kukunyanzela abakhuphayo ukuba bahlawule umonakalo abawubangelayo ngokubahlawulisa irhafu ngeyunithi nganye yezinto ezikhutshwayo. Enye indlela kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo kwaye kufuna ukuba abathumeli bathenge amaphepha-mvume ngayo nantoni na abayikhuphayo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko sithengisa ngamalungelo okuxhatshazwa kwendalo. Uxolo ngaloo nto, kodwa de sithathe indawo yenkqubo yentengiso akukho ndlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuvumela amashishini axhaphaze indalo simahla. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, iimpembelelo zifana ngokufanayo zombini irhafu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo we-cap-and-trade, nangona irhafu ingenzi imarike entsha ngelixa inkqubo ye-cap-and-trade yenza. Ukhetho lwam lokuqala lwesixhobo sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwasekhaya ngokuqhelekileyo irhafu yekhabhoni, ngokuyinxenye kuba ayidali imarike entsha. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kwezopolitiko kunye neemeko zasekhaya zihlala zenza esinye isixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo okanye indibaniselwano yezixhobo zisebenze ngakumbi, kwaye amatsha ntliziyo e-CJM ahlala engenzi nto xa egxeka ukusetyenziswa kwayo nantoni na, ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo abawuthandayo ngaphandle kokuwuqonda ncam. kuqala amabala.
Noko ke, imeko yahlukile xa siqwalasela umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye le yinto yesibini amatsha ntliziyo e-CJM ayasilela ukuyiqonda. Abaninzi babo bazimisele ukuxhasa irhafu yekhabhoni kodwa bayayigxeka imarike yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe. Bacinga ukuba ukurhafisa abangcolisi kulungile, kodwa iimarike zimbi. Kodwa nantsi isigqebelo. Akukho ndlela yokuba irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe inokuba nobulungisa kumazwe anoxanduva olungaphantsi kunye namandla. Irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe iya kufuna ukuba amazwe aphantsi anoxanduva kwaye angakwazi ukuhlawula ixabiso elifanayo ukuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu njengamazwe anoxanduva ngakumbi kwaye akwaziyo. (7). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba ii-caps kukukhutshwa kwelizwe zibekwe ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ukuba iikhredithi ezikhutshwayo zinokuthengwa kwaye zithengiswe kwimarike yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe, amazwe anoxanduva ngakumbi kwaye anamandla aya kunyanzeliswa ukuba ahlawule isabelo sawo esifanelekileyo sokuthintela ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokunciphisa uxanduva. yaye amazwe afanelekayo ebeya kuhlawula kuphela oko kufanelekileyo ukuba ahlawule. Ngamafutshane, abagqugquzeli be-CJM kufuneka bachase iziphakamiso zerhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokuba ayiyi kulunga, kwaye kufuneka ixhase iziphakamiso zomgaqo-nkqubo we-cap-and-trade wehlabathi apho amalungelo okukhutshwa kwelizwe abekwe ngokuhambelana noxanduva kunye nokukwazi. Kunoko, amaxesha amaninzi baye benza okwahlukileyo koko.
Inkqubo yoRhwebo ye-EU Emission iye idanisa. Isizathu silula. Iimvume ezininzi kakhulu ziye zakhutshwa, nto leyo elingana nokubeka irhafu yongcoliseko ephantsi kakhulu inesiphumo esincinane kakhulu. INkqubo yoPhuhliso eCocekileyo eyayiyinxalenye yeProtocol yaseKyoto yayiyilwe kakubi, nangona yayingekho phantse ukusilela abahlalutyi be-CJM bayenze ukuba ibekho, kwaye ayizange isilele ngenxa yezizathu ababephikisana ngazo. (8). AB [i-Assembly Bill] 32 eCalifornia ibe yimpumelelo kakhulu, kwaye ngoku iQuebec kunye ne-Ontario bajoyine inkqubo yorhwebo yaseCalifornia. I-RGGI [iNyathelo loMmandla leGesi yokuHlaza iNqanaba] kuMntla-mpuma nalo liye lasebenza. Ngokufutshane, xa ziyilwe kakuhle, ezi nkqubo ziyasebenza. Xa ziyilwe kakubi azenzi. Kodwa into engayi kusebenza ngokuqinisekileyo kukwala ukuxhasa ungenelelo oluyilwe kakuhle, ukugxeka "njengezisombululo zobuxoki," kwaye ulindele ukuba i-capitalism yehlabathi ithathelwe indawo yi-eco-socialism yehlabathi.
Ubhale ngokubaluleka kokunciphisa iiyure zokusebenza kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokuphumla njengenxalenye yokujongana nengxaki yendalo. Kutheni le nto oko kubaluleke kangaka?
Ndicinga ukuba ukulwa ukutshintsha imikhwa yabantu malunga nokuzonwabisa xa kuthelekiswa nosetyenziso kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzama ukweyisela abantu ukuba babe ngabatya imifuno, ubuncinci ngokwembono yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Kodwa umntu obhale kakhulu enolwazi malunga nokuthengwa kwempahla nguJuliet Schor, hayi mna. Ndicinga ukuba uthetha kakuhle, yaye abaninzi ngoku bayamphulaphula. Ingxoxo ngokusisiseko yile: Xa abantu befikelela kwinqanaba elithile lokusebenzisa izinto eziphathekayo, ukusetyenziswa okuthe kratya kukhawuleza kufikelele kwimbuyekezo enciphayo malunga nokuvelisa ulonwabo ngakumbi, okanye impilo-ntle. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokuba oku kunjalo. Oku akuyompikiswano echasene nokuqhubeka ukuzama ukwandisa imveliso yabasebenzi. Endaweni yoko yingxoxo yokuthatha ukwanda kwemveliso yabasebenzi njengolonwabo olukhulu endaweni yokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo. Kakade ke, ukuba ukwanda kwemveliso yabasebenzi kukhokelela kwiiyure ezimbalwa ezisetyenziweyo endaweni yeempahla ezininzi eziveliswayo, okusingqongileyo kukwangcono kuba umsebenzi wokusingqongileyo awuyi kunyuka. Ngamafutshane, ukonyuka kokuzonwabisa kunokuphumelela abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ndiyakhawuleza ukongeza ukuba siyafuna ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo basentlungwini kuqoqosho olukwinqanaba eliphezulu, kunye nesininzi esikhulu kuqoqosho olungaphuhlisiyo abangekaxhamli kuphuhliso loqoqosho. Xa iimfuno ezisisiseko zingafezekiswanga ulonwabo olungakumbi alunakuthatha indawo.
Ngexesha apho izazinzulu ngemozulu zizisa izilumkiso ezoyikisayo phantse yonke imihla, ngaba uyayibona imizekelo ethembisayo yolungelelwaniso oludumileyo malunga nemozulu?
Ewe, izilumkiso ngokwenene zinzima ngakumbi mihla le. Kwaye kufuneka siyikhumbule le nto. Nangona kunjalo, ndinethemba ngakumbi kunokuba ndandinjalo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo malunga nempendulo yethu. Okokuqala nokuphambili, ndiyakholelwa ukuba siyaliphumelela idabi leengcamango, kwaye abakhanyelayo baya bengamakheswa. Okwesibini, iindleko zomoya kunye nelanga ziyehla ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bendilindele. Kwaye okwesithathu, ubungakanani bemigaqo-nkqubo elungileyo ephunyezwa ngoorhulumente belizwe obunokufezwa bubonakaliswa kwiindawo ezifana neJamani neTshayina.
Nalapha e-US kukho inkqubela enkulu kwimimandla ethile-iCalifornia, kunye ne-Northeast ngokukodwa. Amaqhawe am ngabaququzeleli kunye nee-NGOs ezifunde indlela yokudibanisa kunye imbumbano ebanzi enenkqubela phambili yokwenene kwihlabathi lokunikezela kunye nokuthatha kwezopolitiko zasekhaya nezaseburhulumenteni. Abanye abaphembeleli be-CJM basekhaya kunye namaqela badlale indima enemveliso kule mizamo. Nangona kunjalo, ndiyazisola ukuthi ndicinga ukuba intshukumo yobulungisa bemozulu yamazwe ngamazwe eyazichaza ibe yintlekele enkulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Oku kulishwa ngokwenene kuba i-CJM inokudlala indima eluncedo kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngethemba ukuba i-CJM iya kufunda kwiimpazamo zayo, kwaye ifunde ukuba abanye baye bakwazi njani ukwenza okungakumbi.
amanqaku:
1. Ukuxoxa ngeendlela ezininzi apho i-GDP iyasilela ukulinganisa intlalontle yezoqoqosho, kunye novavanyo lweenzame ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula amandla ethu okulinganisa ukuba uqoqosho lukhula kangakanani, bona uRobin Hahnel, I-Green Economics: Ukujongana neNgxaki yezendalo (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2011), iSahluko 3, kunye โneMpembelelo yokuKhula: Ngaphandle kweZigqibo zokuQinisekisa,โ Uphononongo lweRadical Political Economics 45, akukho. 1 (2013): 24-41.
2. Jonga uRobin Hahnel. "Uzinzo lokuSingqongileyo kwiSikhokelo seSraffa," Uphononongo lweRadical Political Economics (ozayo), umboniso ongqongqo wokuba okoko izinga lokukhula kwemveliso linganyuki ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhula kobuchule bokuphuma kweziphumo, impumelelo ayisayi kunyuka nokuba iiyure ezisetyenziweyo zihlala zifana kwaye akukho tshintsho kulwakhiwo lwemveliso. imveliso ithatha indawo yempahla ephantsi kakhulu kwimveliso engaphezulu kwemveliso.
3. Jonga uRobin Hahnel, "Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy," Uphononongo lweRadical Political Economics 44, hayi. 2 (2012): 141-159, kunye http://newpol.org/content/
4. Jonga uRobin Hahnel, "Ukufuna ngamandla Umanyano lwasekhohlo kuMgaqo-nkqubo woTshintsho lweMozulu," Ubungxowankulu, iNdalo, ubuSoshiyali 23, akukho. 4 (2012): 83-99.
5. Ukufumana inkcazo malunga nokuba uqoqosho olunjalo lwe-post-capitalist lunokusebenza njani bona uRobin Hahnel, Yabantu, Ngabantu: Ityala loQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2012). Kuhlalutyo oluqatha lwendlela ungcoliseko oluya kuphathwa ngayo kuqoqosho olunjalo bona uRobin Hahnel, โOkufunwayo: Ukonakala Kongcoliseko Olutyhila Indlela Yokusebenza,โ Uphononongo lweRadical Political Economics (izayo).
6. Bona uRobin Hahnel, "Ngokuchasene noQoqosho lweMarike: Ingcebiso kubahlobo baseVenezuela," Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga 59, hayi. I-8 (2008).
7. Kuphela kuxa i-arhente yamazwe ngamazwe iqokelele irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ize iyisasaze kwakhona kumazwe asusela kuxanduva olwahlukileyo kunye nobuchule apho irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe inokulunga. Kodwa akukho lizwe liya kuvumela i-arhente yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba iqokelele irhafu kubahlali kunye namashishini. Ngapha koko, zibuze ukuba unokucinga ukuba urhulumente wase-US ethumela i-chunk enkulu yerhafu yekhabhoni eqokelelwe kubantu baseMelika ukuya eTshayina, umzekelo. Kuba oku kuya kufuneka kwenzeke ukuze irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ilunge.
8. Jonga iHahnel, "Left Clouds Over Climate Change Policy."
URobin Hahnel nguNjingalwazi Emeritus kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika eWashington DC, iAffiliate yoPhando kwiYunivesithi yasePortland State, uNjingalwazi oNdwendwelayo eLewis naseClark College, kunye noCo-Director of Economics for Equity and Environment. Ukwangumbhali, phakathi kwezinye iincwadi, I-Green Economics: Ukujongana neNgxaki yezendalo (2011) Yabantu, Ngabantu: Ityala loQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba (2012) Ii-ABC zoQoqosho lwezoPolitiko (2014) kunye Iindlela ezizezinye kwi-Capitalism: izindululo zoQoqosho lweDemokhrasi (kunye no-Erik Olin Wright, ngo-2016).
Kevin Young nguNjingalwazi oNcedisayo weMbali kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts Amherst.
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Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba liyinyaniso elokuba ummandla ofanayo womhlaba onemveliso ovelisela abantu ukutya kwezityalo ufanele uphindaphindwe izihlandlo ezili-12 ukuze kuvele ixabiso lokutya elifanayo nelokutya kwezilwanyana, ngoko ngokuphathelele ukusebenza kakuhle bekuya kubakho inzuzo enkulu? Ngokunyuka kwamanani abantu kunye nokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle (ukunciphisa ummandla womhlaba onemveliso) singayifumana njani inkunkuma enkulu ebandakanyeka kukutya kwethu inyama?
Ividiyo ye-Cowspiracy (ebonakalayo kwiNetflix) ibalisa ibali elahluke kakhulu kolu hlalutyo lubalaseleyo.