Kwinyanga ephelileyo ndifunde ngembubhiso endingazange ndiyazi ngaphambili. Akwenzekanga kwindawo ekwanti engaziwayo yehlabathi, kodwa kuMzantsi Itali, ikhaya lezinyanya zamalungu entsapho yakowethu. Okona kukhwankqisa nangakumbi kum, amaTaliyane aseMazantsi ngokwawo aqala ngoku ukufunda iinyani zolu hlambululo lobuhlanga, ubukhulu becala enkosi kwiincwadi zikaPino Aprile, intatheli kunye noMazantsi. Terroni: Yonke into eyenziweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaTaliyane aseMazantsi aba "ngabemi baseMzantsi" yaba nefuthe elinamandla kumhlobo wam uEnzo Fina ovela eLecce, kwisithende se-Italian boot. UEnzo sisiqingatha sesibini Umculo, esinye isiqingatha nguRoberto Catalano, i-ethnomusicologist yaseSicily. Ngokusekwe eMazantsi eCalifornia, bagcina umculo kunye nezithethe zaseMazantsi e-Italiya ziphila.
โUkhula uyazi ukuba kukho into engalunganga,โ watsho uRoberto kum.
โUneemvakalelo, nokuba akukho zingqondweni,โ watsho uEnzo.
Terrone, isinye, okanye teroni, isininzi, yi-epithet esetyenziswa ukuchaza abantu baseMazantsi njengabangcolileyo nabasemva. Xa incwadi yaphuma ngesiNgesi - nangona ndiyifumene inguqulelo ngandlel' ithile kunzima ukuyilandela - kwafuneka ndiyifunde. Ndafumanisa ukuba oko kwakubizwa ngokuba kuManyano lweItali ngowe-1860, kwakuseMazantsi, luhlaselo nokuhlasela abantu abamalunga nesigidi; kubulawa abafazi nabantwana; amadoda athunyelwa emantla ukuya kufela kwinkampu yoxinaniso, amanani abo angaziwa njengoko izidumbu zachithwa kwi-caustic lime; amakhulu amawaka avalelwe entolongweni ngaphandle kwezityholo okanye amatyala; intuthumbo; udlwengulo; imisebenzi yentsimbi kunye nezixhobo zentsimbi kunye nezolimo zitshatyalalisiwe; imizila kaloliwe ikrazukile; imisebenzi yamapolisa ephathiswe (ngaloo ndlela kumiselwa amandla) eMafia neCamorra; igolide evela kwi-treasury ye-Spanish Bourbon Kingdom yeeSisili eziMbini zathwalwa emantla ukuhlawula amatyala e-Piedmont.
Ukugxothwa koMzantsi akuphelelanga apho. Ukungalingani phakathi koMntla noMzantsi kwakhula ngakumbi ngemigaqo yolawulo lukaMussolini lobuFasi. Kwaye u-Aprile ubonisa indlela esemthethweni, irhafu, kunye nezakhiwo zezivumelwano zaseItali ziqhubeka nokusasaza ubutyebi ukuze buqukuqele emantla, ushiya uMzantsi unerhafu ephezulu, izikolo ezikumgangatho ophantsi, intswela-ngqesho ephezulu, ukunqongophala kweziseko ezingundoqo. Emva koko uMzantsi utyholwa ngokubuyela umva.
Ndandifuna ukwazi ukuba kuthetha ukuthini kubahlobo bam ukuhlala nale mingxuma nezikhewu kwimbali, baze bafunde inyaniso ngequbuliso. Kodwa ndaye ndacinga ukuba imbono yohlaziyo lwaseMzantsi, ngelixa impikiswano e-Italiya, inokuba yindlela engathathi hlangothi yabantu baseMelika ukwazisa incoko malunga neembali ezicinyiweyo kunye nokuchacha kwenkcubeko.
"Xa ukwisizukulwana se-6 okanye se-7 emva kokubulawa," watsho u-Enzo, "awazi ukuba yintoni eyenzekayo ngokwenene. Into ovakalelwa kukuba luhlobo lwe-paranoia engachazwanga kwaye siluhlobo lwabantu abangekho. silunge ngokwaneleyo ukuba sisityebi, asikho ngokwaneleyo ukwenza nantoni na. Kodwa asicingi ngayo ngokuqonda. Yindlela nje izinto eziyiyo. "
โUkhula unengcamango yokuba uGaribaldi weza wakhulula uMzantsi kwingcinezelo,โ utshilo uRoberto.
Imfundo yam eNew York yafundisa ukuba uGaribaldi wayenguYise weLizwe Lakhe, iWashington yaseMelika eyayoyisa ubukhosi. Kwaye uManyano kufuneka lube yinto entle, eza phantse ngexesha elinye njengoko abantu baseMelika bephalaza igazi kwimfazwe yethu yamakhaya kwaye bagcina uManyano.
โBendisazi ukuba uNjengele Nino Bixio waxhela abafazi nabantwana kwidolophu ekufutshane nalapho ndazalelwa khona,โ utshilo uRoberto. "Into abayenzayo yayimbi kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na into eyenziwa yiBourbons. Kutheni? Ndibuyela ukutyelela idolophu encinane usapho lwam luvela kuyo. Ubona izindlu ezingenanto, izitrato ezithuleyo, zonke zilahliwe. Kutheni le nto wonke umntu ehamba?"
URoberto wayengazange alive eli lizwi terrone de waneminyaka eli-13 ubudala wathunyelwa kwisikolo ekuhlalwa kuso eMntla yaye yiloo nto awayebizwa ngayo ngamanye amakhwenkwe. Kwakhona banokuthi, 'Uvela eTeronia, kodwa awunguye ngokwenene omnye wabo.' Yandicaphukisa loo nto kanye xa ndiyiqonda ukuba ithetha ukuthini, kuba ndandinamehlo aluhlaza kunye neenwele ezimhlophe andingomntu onukayo. terrone. Ilizwi libuhlungu. Jonga, kunye nama-Afrika aseMelika, kweli lizwe, asisathethi kwa eli gama, silibiza ngokuba N-igama. Ngoko ke le yethu T-igama. Nangona akufani. Zange ndaxhonywa okanye ndirhuqelwa emva kwe truck yakwa Chevy ngabantu bekhwaza terrone. Nangona ngo-1960, wongezelela, "abaphambukeli abavela eSicily benyuka baya eMilan kwaye batshiswa bephila."
Ndiye ndafumanisa ukuba kule mihla kuMntla, abantu abasuka kwamanye amazwe baseAfrika badla ngokubizwa terroni kunye nabantu baseMzantsi ekubhekiselwe kubo njenga maAfrika.
"Ngaloo nto iza nengqondo ekuxelela ukuba awusoze ube nantoni na," utshilo uRoberto. "Uyonqena kwaye uyibhum. Awuvelisi nto. Kodwa njengoko ndifunda u-Aprile, ndacinga ukuba ewe! ewe! Emva koko ujonge izinto ozibonileyo nozivileyo. Intlupheko egqubayo. Umbane uyafika. ngeminyaka yee-1970. Uyazi ukuba usemva yaye ukude kodwa ngoku uyabuza, Kutheni kunjalo nje?โ
U-Aprile unike iimpendulo, ebonisa ukuba intlupheko kunye nokulahlwa koMzantsi akuyonto yendalo, kwaye akuzange kwenzeke nje ngengozi.
"Xa usuka eMzantsi," u-Enzo wandixelela kanye, "ungena kudliwano-ndlebe lomsebenzi sele ucinga ukuba awuyi kuqeshwa." Kodwa wayehlala ekholelwa-njengengcamango okanye iphupha-ukuba yayikhe yahlukile. "Kuze kube nguPino Aprile, yonke into endandinayo yayiyimvakalelo yokuba kwakukho la mandla kunye namandla eMzantsi Italy. Uya eFlorence kwaye ubone zonke izakhiwo ezintle kwaye ucinga, O, zizityebi. Uya eLecce kunye nazo zonke. Idolophu yasephondweni inecawe entle nezindlu ezintle kodwa akukho mntu uzihoyileyo, zindala ziyaqhawuka akukho nto imbi ngaphandle kosizi." Ngapha koko, ukusukela oko ndafunda izikhokelo zokuhamba ngolwimi lwesiNgesi ezithelekisa iLecce neFlorence kwaye ndibongoza abakhenkethi ukuba bazame le ndawo yokufikela ukuze babone izakhiwo ezingaqhelekanga ezenziwe ngelitye lentlabathi yendawo eyahlukileyo. โNgoko ke ndandisoloko ndiziva xa kwahlukile,โ watsho uEnzo. "Emva koko basibiza ngamavila, kodwa ndibone umama esebenza ngalo lonke ixesha. Ibingavakali kodwa andinamaphepha, andinabungqina, khange ndithethe."
Ndacinga ukuba kaninzi kangakanani ukuthula kuqondwa kakubi njengokungazi, ubutshaba, ukungabi namdla ndaza ndabuza uEnzo ngakumbi malunga nokuzihlola.
โNdicinga ukuba ibali lam lobuqu belifana kakhulu nembali yaseMzantsi,โ utshilo. โNdandisoloko ndiphathwa kakubi ngenxa yokwahluka kwam, ndandineenwele ezinde, ndingalwi okanye ndidlale ibhola ekhatywayo. Yile nto ndiyiyo. Yile nto ndiyiyo ngokwenene. Ukuba awuthethi, abantu banokuthetha kwaye bakholelwe nantoni na abayifunayo. Emva kokuba uthethe, uyazazi ukuba ungubani.โ Kodwa ukuziva ungakhuselekanga kwaqhubeka. โNangoku,โ watsho, โxa ndibhala okuthile, oonobumba bokuqala ephepheni bancinane kakhulu. Kuphela emva kwexesha ndibhala ngokukhululekileyo.
Kwiyunivesithi yaseLecce, wazigcina iingcinga zakhe kuye. Usakhumbula xa wayeqala ukuthetha eklasini, indlela awayethintitha ngayo ezama ukukhupha amagama. "Kwakunzima, kodwa ndazikhulula kwaye abanye bacela ukuba ndithethele kubo. Ndibaxelele, hayi, utsho. Ndaqala ukuziva ndingendodwa kwaye ndinamandla. Uqala ukuthetha nabanye abantu abaninzi. Thetha. Kum, luvukelo-mbuso.
Olunye uguquko lwafika xa wayesiya eSpeyin waza wafumana abantuโkuquka uCarmen Garcรญa, ngoku oyinkosikazi yakheโababenamandla kwiimbono zabo nakwimvakalelo yokuzingca. Esi sibini safudukela e-US, kodwa u-Enzo wayesathulisiwe. Ngexesha lokuqala wayengumhlohli weendwendwe e-UCLA, waphendula yonke imibuzo ngokuthi "Andazi." Ngokuqinisekileyo wayezazi iimpendulo, kodwa oku yayikukuziqhelisa ukuziphatha, ukuzama ukwenza abanye bazive bekhululekile ngokungazibanga bazi ngaphezu kokuba besazi. Kwaye wakhula ekholelwa ukuba "ukuba umntu unekratshi kwaye uxakeke kakhulu ekubonisa into, ungathembeli. Lumka."
Kuko konke ukuqiniseka kwakhe ukuba imbali yommandla wakhe igqwethiwe, akazange athethe ngayo, elindele ukuba abantu abacinga ukuba bazi ngakumbi baza kumbeka phantsi. "Ukuqala kwam ukubona uPino Aprile edliwano-ndlebe, kwafana nokuva into oyiphuphayo, into oyaziyo kodwa ayizange ifike kuwe ngamazwi. UPino Aprile unamaxwebhu. Unobungqina. Akathethi nje uluvo. Kum, umngxuma wawunjalo kanye, utshilo uEnzo, "ukuziva ungekho ekukhuleleni kwindawo apho imbali yakho ingaziwa."
Wayengazi ukuba ngaphambi koManyano, iNaples yayiyeyesithathu isixeko esibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu, inoshicilelo lwasimahla olunamandla, kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo. UMzantsi yayingowona mmandla unemizi-mveliso owawuza kuba lilizwe lase-Italiya. Ngaloo mihla, abantu baseMntla bafuduka ngenxa yobuhlwempu; Abantu baseMzantsi abazange benze njengoko wonke umlimi ubuncinane wayenomhlaba othile kunye nomhlaba kawonkewonke wawufumaneka kuye nabani na ozimisele ukuwulima.
UEnzo wakhula enomdla wokwazi briganti - Abanqolobi abadumileyo abathi bapheliswa emva koManyano lwemikhosi yasePiedmont. Abanye abantu bathetha ngesigebenga njengohlobo lwebhogeyi, kodwa kwakutheni ukuze igama, elisetyenziswe njengesichazi, libonise intlonipho? Ngokwembali yohlaziyo, izigebenga yayingezozaphuli-mthetho eziqhelekileyo kuphela kodwa inkcaso equka amajoni aseBourbon, abasebenzi baseburhulumenteni, kunye nootitshala abagxothwa ngequbuliso kwaye bemka bengaqeshwanga; abalimi ngequbuliso bashiye bengenamhlaba; abemi abacatshukiswa yinkohlakalo. (Ivakala iqhelekile?)
Njengakuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yemfundo yobukoloniyali, "Yonke into oyifundayo imalunga nendawo eyahlukileyo," utshilo u-Enzo. "Ukhumbula iingoma zokuthand' izwe kwaye uzame ukuqonda ukuba bathetha ngantoni. Ucula ngoMlambo wasePiave kwaye awukwazi ukuba yintoni na, kwaye ucula ngemfazwe phakathi kwePiedmontese kunye nama-Austrian. Yayingeyiyo imfazwe yethu. . Yonke into imalunga nendawo engeyiyo indawo yakho. Ugcwele inkcubeko engeyiyo inkcubeko yakho." Kwaye ke kukho imvakalelo yokungaphantsi, kodwa kunye nokuchithwa.
Njengomculo we-Musicร ntica, u-Enzo noRoberto baye benza kwaye bafundisa kwiindawo ezihloniphekileyo njengeGetty Villa kunye neDorothy Chandler Pavilion, kodwa, ngamazwi kaRoberto, ngamanye amaxesha bafumana "Abaninzi baseNtaliyane baseMelika bafuna ukugcina isithethe siphila, kodwa kungekhona izandi. siwudlala, umculo oomakhulu nootatomkhulu babo ababewuqhelile. Yonke le nto iyinxalenye yale ntlekele, 'yeyamandulo' kwaye ibuyela umva ngelixa kweli lizwe, baye banyathela baze bakhululeka."
"Mna noRoberto sazalelwa kwindawo yokugqibela yenkcubeko yewaka leminyaka ubudala," kusho u-Enzo, inkcubeko exhunywe kuMama woMhlaba, "inkcubeko yezolimo. Sithi sibone uluntu lwethu lutshintsha, ekusebenzeni inkcubeko. Ukuwungcolisa ngokukhula kwam mhlawumbi iimoto zaziyi-15 kwidolophu yonke. Ngoku zibonakala iimoto ezininzi kakhulu, kodwa iindlela zethu zisezincinci, zenzelwe abantu abahambayo kuphela okanye mhlawumbi ezenqwelo.
Ukholelwa ukuba, "Into eyenzekayo eMzantsi Italy iphinda ibonakalise indlela izinto ezihamba ngayo kuluntu. Okwenzekileyo kwakukho inyathelo lokuqala kwintsebenziswano yehlabathi. Ngoku i-European Union ikhathalele uphuhliso lwezoshishino, kungekhona malunga nemithi yomnquma ye-3,000 ubudala, "kwaye. ngoko inkampani yaseJamani iye yaseka umzi-mveliso wepaneli yelanga kwindawo eyayikade ingumhlaba ochumileyo wezolimo" - nangona, wayevuyiswa ukongeza, i-Obamas ngoku isebenzisa ioyile yomnquma evela eLecce. "Kukho indawo yokutshisa amalahle ePuglia kwaye abantu bafumana umhlaza kunye neeartichokes ezidumileyo zizele luthuli lwekhabhoni. Umbane uthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle ngenzuzo. Asiwafumani namandla." Ngokubhekiselele kwingcinga yokuba i-Italiya yaseMazantsi ilingana neMafia, "Apho ndisuka khona, asizange sibe nayo iMafia de ibe yindawo yombane. IMafiya yeza ukwakhiwa kwaye yanika amafama imali eninzi ngomhlaba kwaye ukuba abantu abakathengisi, babeka ibhombu kwaye batshabalalisa konke onakho. Emva kokuba ukwakhiwa kuphelile, abantu baphinde bangasebenzi kwaye sisele nalo lonke ungcoliseko. "
U-Aprile ubhala malunga neebhanki zaseMilan zihlamba imali yeMafia kwaye ndacinga ngeebhanki ze-El Paso ezigungxulwa ngemali evela kwi-cartel ye-Juarez. Ulimo lwase-Italiya lwaseMazantsi lwajongelwa phantsi njengoko amafama amancinci eMexico aye anyanzelwa ukuba aphume kwintengiso yi-NAFTA. Abemi baseSiciliya bafudukela phesheya okanye bafudukela emantla eMilan eItaliyane ekucingelwa ukuba imanyene (apho nangona kunjalo bajongwa njengabaphambukeli), abasebenzi abadelekileyo nabahlawulwa kancinci abatyholwa ngokuthatha imisebenzi "yamaTaliyane"; abagxothiweyo Mexicans intloko emantla ukuya maquiladoras emdeni, okanye, ngaphandle amaxwebhu ukuba kufuneka, ngakumbi emantla ukuya US. AmaTaliyane aseMazantsi kunye nabaseMexico bashiya ngasemva inkcubeko eyaphukileyo kunye needolophana kunye needolophu eziyinkangala.
"Baxhaphaza uMzantsi kwaye bakhuphe yonke into kuwo," utshilo uRoberto, "kwaye bathi sihlala sifunxa igazi labo." E-US thina abangeneleli bebhokhwe kunye nabamkeli bentlalontle kunye nabahluphekileyo.
Ndacinga ngemithetho ekuthiwa ayithathi cala ngokobuhlanga nemigaqo-nkqubo edala iyantlukwano enkulu kwinkxaso-mali yesikolo; iinkqubo zikarhulumente zenkxaso-mali ezingabizwa ngokuba "zentlalontle" kwaye eziphantse zaxhamlisa abamhlophe kuphela; ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwindlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo; Imibutho yerhafu ehlehlayo ewela ngakumbi kwabo bahluphekayo basebenzayo. Kulwakhiwo lwezopolitiko oluqhubeka lususa ubutyebi baseMelika ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1%.
U-Aprile ubhala indlela iimali ezijoliswe ekuphuhliseni i-South eziye zatshintshelwa ngayo rhoqo eNyakatho kwaye ndicinga ngeebhanki ezikhutshwe ngebheyile kwaye zinikwe imali ngaphandle kwenzala kwi-Fed ngelixa ziqhubeka zixhaphaza abathengi kwaye zithatha amakhaya abantu.
Ndacinga ngo-Ali H. Mir, uMlawuli woBomi boMfundi wamaSilamsi kwiYunivesithi yaseSouthern California, owathetha ngembali engaziwayo yamaSilamsi e-US, ayingabo bonke abafuduki bakutshanje eMelika, wathi, kodwa inxalenye yeli lizwe ukususela kwikoloniyali. Ixesha njengoko uninzi lwama-Afrika aziswa kula manxweme ebukhobokeni yayingamaSilamsi. Ngendazile. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo eGeorgia ndabona ijenali eyayibhalwe ngumAfrika owayekhotyokisiwe kodwa nangona yayibhalwe ngesiArabhu ayizange ithi qatha kum ukuba le ndoda yayingumSilamsi. Kwakutheni ukuze icinywe le nyaniso? Ngenxa yokuba imbali yase-Afrika yaseMelika ayizange ibale, okanye ngenxa yokuba amaSilamsi ayengafanelanga ukuba abe apha?
โSikuyo yonke indawo,โ yayisilogeni sakudala esiphuma kumbutho wamalungelo abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana nabo kodwa ndicinge ngabantu abaninzi baseMelika abathandana nabasetyhini abathe cwaka ngoku ngobomi babo.
Kulo nyaka iZiko loFundo lwaBantwana leYunivesithi yaseYale lifumene indlela engaguqukiyo yempatho-mbi yabafundi base-Afrika baseMelika, ngakumbi amakhwenkwe, ukusuka kwisikolo sabantwana abancinane ukuya phambili. Ngaba ngokwenene kuthathe isifundo saseYale ukuba siqaphele?
E-Arizona, ngenxa yenkqubo yezifundo ze-Mexican-American yaseTucson, i-94% yabafundi kule nkqubo baphumelele ngelixa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sabafundi baseLatino abangafundanga inkcubeko yabo bakwazi ukuphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo. Kodwa ngoku ikharityhulamu ivaliwe ngesizathu sokuba ikhuthaza inzondo kwaye ikhuthaza ubumbano lobuhlanga.
Ndazibuza ukuba u-Enzo noRoberto, ngoku banezibakala, banenzondo yokuba abezopolitiko kunye nabaphathi base-Arizona bathi bayoyika.
โUkuba ndiyawacaphukela amaTaliyane aseMntla, ndisetyenziswa njengonopopi,โ utshilo uEnzo. "Ukuba amaTaliyane aseMntla anocalucalulo kungenxa yokuba aphenjelelwe. Sisiqhamo saloo maqhinga."
URoberto waphawula ukuba ngelixa abanye abafana besikolo besikolo bemgculela, abanye baba ngabahlobo abasondeleyo kwaye ngelixa ethanda iSicily - "Kuthetha ihlabathi kum" - uhlala ezithatha njengeTaliyane. Into ayibonayo yi-Italiya emanyene ngokwenene "ngentlonipho nokuqonda."
Okwangoku, uEnzo akakwazi ukuyeka ukuthetha Terrone kunye noPino Aprile. "Kufana naxa ufumana isipho esihle kwaye ufuna ukuthetha Khangela! Okanye ukuba umntu undinike iglasi entle, iba ntle ngakumbi xa ndibelana ngayo kwaye wonke umntu unokusela kuyo. Isixhobo somculo siba mnandi ngakumbi xa sidlalwa kwaye wonke umntu ufumana umculo. Emva koko khawucinge ukuba omnye umntu udlala isixhobo kwaye uya kuba sisityebi ekufumaneni indlela yokwenza. "
Ndinqwenela ukuba iLizwe lase-Arizona liqonde oku: Wonke umntu kufuneka abhiyozele kwaye abelane ngolwazi oluqinisekisa isidima sabo bonke.
Ukwazi inyaniso ngembali akubaxabanisi, utshilo uEnzo. "Kufana nokuba ufumene isitshixo kwaye unokuvula umnyango kwaye ujabulele yonke into engaphakathi. Emva koko isitshixo sivumela wonke umntu ukuba angene kwaye onwabe."
UDiane Lefer ngumbhali, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, kunye netshantliziyo. Iincwadi zakhe zamva nje ziquka iSikelelo ecaleni kwenxeba, intsomi ebhalelwe kunye nokugxothwa kwaseColombia uHector Aristizabal, kunye nenoveli yolwaphulo-mthetho, Nobody Wakes Up Pretty, evela kwiRainstorm Press, ophumelele imbasa ka-Edgar uDomenic Stansberry ayichaza โnjengokuhluza uthuthu lwaseMelika olungapheliyo. imfazwe yodidi.โ ULefer ubhalela i-LA Progressive, kwaye unguMbhali oFanayo kuMbono oMtsha ocacileyo.
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