Kwakungenjalo okokuqala uMuhammad Rabbani waba neengxaki xa ebuyela e-United Kingdom evela kwiihambo zaphesheya. Kodwa ngesi sihlandlo kwakukho into eyahlukileyo - wabanjwa, wabotshwa izandla, waza warhuqwa kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya esona sikhulu saseLondon, emva koko wafakwa ngasemva kwiveni yamapolisa eyayilindile.
URabbani uneminyaka engama-36 ubudala umlawuli wamazwe ngamazwe weCage, iqela laseBrithani elasekwa kwi-2003 ukwazisa malunga nengxaki yamabanjwa agcinwe kwindawo yokuvalelwa kurhulumente wase-US eGuantánamo Bay. Namhlanje, lo mbutho ugxininise ngakumbi kwaye uthi usebenza ukuqaqambisa "ukukhukuliseka komthetho kwimeko yemfazwe yobunqolobi." Ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo wokukhankasela amalungelo asemthethweni abarhanelwa bobugrogrisi, iCage iye yatsala ingxabano, kwaye uRabbani uye wajamelana nengqumbo karhulumente.
Ingxaki yakhe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya iHeathrow ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba yaqala ngenkqubo eqhelekileyo. Ngokufuthi, ekubuyeleni kwakhe eU.K. evela kuhambo lwangaphandle, wayemiswa ngamapolisa aze ancinwe phantsi IShedyuli yesi-7 yoMthetho woBunqolobi - amandla atshabalalisayo amagunya aseBritani angasebenzisa emngceleni ukugocagoca kunye nokukhangela abantu ngaphandle kokufuna nakuphi na ukukrokrela ukwenza okubi. Abantu ababuzwayo phantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7 abanalungelo lokuthi cwaka, kwaye banokuncinwa ukuya kutsho kwiiyure ezintandathu. URabbani uqikelela ukuba uye wamiswa phantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7 malunga nezihlandlo ezingama-20. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wayekhululwa emva kwemibuzo embalwa engakhange atyholwe okanye abanjwe. Kodwa hayi ngeli xesha.
URabbani wayebuyela eLondon emva kohambo lomsebenzi kwelinye lamazwe aseGulf. Wayedibene nomntu athi wayekade evalelwe ngabasemagunyeni base-US kwaye wabandezeleka “iminyaka yokungcungcuthekiswa” ezandleni zabathimbi bakhe baseMelika. Lo mntu wanika uRabhani inkcazelo ephathelele unyango lwakhe, kuquka namagama abantu abathile ekutyholwa ukuba babebandakanyekile ekwenzeni izenzo zokungcungcuthekisa. Ezi nkcukacha, uRabbani uthi, zinikezelwe ngokuyimfihlo kwaye zaziza kusetyenziswa nguCage njengenxalenye yenyathelo lomthetho elilindelekileyo kurhulumente wase-US.
Ukufika kwakhe eHeathrow, uRabbani watsalwa ecaleni lipolisa elichasene nabanqolobi kwidesika yolawulo lwamapasi. Ekuqaleni, incoko yayichubekile. Kodwa ithoni yatshintsha xa igosa laqala ukubuza uRabbani ngomsebenzi wakhe eCage. Wacela uRabbani ukuba amkhaphe ukuya kwigumbi elingaphakathi kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya apho wayeza kuvavanywa “ngokusemthethweni” phantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7, ekufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukufumanisa ukuba umntu ubandakanyeke ngokuthe ngqo “kwikhomishini, ekulungiseleleni okanye ekuphembeleleni. izenzo zobunqolobi.”
Kwigumbi lokuncinwa kwakukho amapolisa amabini awagqogqa yonke imithwalo kaRabbani aza ambuza ngokuqhubekayo malunga nohambo lwakhe - Ngubani awadibana naye? Waya phi? Wahlala phi yaye ixesha elingakanani? Emva kwexesha incoko iguqukele kwizixhobo zombane zikaRabbani, eziquka iMacBook Air yesiliva, iSIM khadi, i-flash drive, kunye ne-iPhone. La magosa acela uRabbani ukuba aguqule amagama akhe ayimfihlo ukuze akwazi ukufikelela kwezo zixhobo—aza athi ukuba akaziniki, aza kumbamba.
Ngo-Agasti 2013, uDavid Miranda, iqabane lomhleli we-Intercept ongumseki uGlenn Greenwald, ubanjiwe kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseLondon kwaye ngokufanayo wancinwa phantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7. UMiranda wayencedisa ingxelo kaGreenwald ngamaxwebhu amalunga nokucupha urhulumente avuzwe ngummeli we-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweSizwe u-Edward Snowden. Kunyaka ophelileyo, ekuphumeleleni okubalulekileyo kwamalungelo obumfihlo, ijaji kwityala le-Miranda lawula ukuba iShedyuli yesi-7 “yayingaxhomekekanga kukhuseleko olufanelekileyo nxamnye noqheliselo lwayo olungenamthetho.” Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente wase-Bhritane wenza utshintsho kwikhowudi yokusebenza eyayichaza indlela amagosa afanele ukuphanda ngayo. Amagosa ngoku axelelwe ukuba kufuneka "ayeke ukuphonononga, kwaye angakopi" ulwazi analo ngezizathu zokukholelwa ukuba lilungelo lomxhasi wegqwetha, luncwadi lwentatheli, okanye lolunye uhlobo lolwazi olugcinwe ngokuzithemba, athe umntu “alufumeneyo okanye walwenza. kulo naluphi na urhwebo, ishishini, ubugcisa okanye omnye umsebenzi.”
URabbani wayelwazi olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo kwaye wayevakalelwa kukuba amapolisa ayegqitha igunya lawo elalisandul' ukucuthwa. "Ndibaxelele ulwazi olulapho [izixhobo zam zombane] ziyimfihlo kwaye zinobuntununtunu - ngokunxulumene nabantu abasesichengeni," uRabbani uxelele I-Intercept. Kodwa abazange bakunanze oko. Bathi, ‘Hayi, sinegunya lokuthatha izixhobo zakho nokukunyanzela ukuba unikele ngeepassword zakho.’”
Imeko yafikelela esiphelweni. URabbani waxelela amapolisa ukuba akazukuwajika amagama ayimfihlo, yaye wayengazukuyitshintsha ingqondo yakhe. La mapolisa ambamba aza amkhonkxa izandla, emva koko amkhapha enqumla kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya ukuya ngasemva kwiveni yamapolisa. Wasiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa esikufuphi, wagcinwa esiseleni kangangeeyure ezisithoba, waza kamva wakhululwa ngebheyile.
Ukujamelana Nesilingo
NgoMeyi, uRabbani wamangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthintela ngabom okanye ukufuna ukuphazamisa ukukhangela kwiShedyuli yesi-7. Ulikhanyele ityala kwaye kulindeleke ukuba avele enkundleni kwiveki ezayo — ukuqala nge-25 kaSeptemba — kwiNkundla kaMantyi yaseWestminster eLondon. Ukuba ufunyaniswe enetyala, unokuvalelwa iinyanga ezintathu entolongweni kunye nesohlwayo. Uceba ukuxoxa ukuba amapolisa enze ngokungekho mthethweni kuba ezama ukufikelela kulwazi oluyimfihlo olunxulumene nomsebenzi wakhe. “Kwenzeka njani ukuba imfihlo yomntu ingenelwe ngolu hlobo xa engatyholwa okanye erhanelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho?” uyabuza. "Kufana nokukhangela umcu wedijithali."
Eyona nto ingaqhelekanga ngetyala likaRabbani kukuba wayekhe wanqunyanyiswa kumatyeli amaninzi angaphambili — ukusukela ngo-2008— kwaye akazange abanjwe ngamapolisa xa engazange avume ukuvula ifowuni yakhe okanye iipassword zelaptop. Sele esaziwa kwabasemagunyeni ngenxa yengqesho yakhe eCage, kwaye akazange atyholwe ngokubandakanyeka kulo naluphi na uhlobo lobunqolobi. Kulo nyaka, amapolisa aseBritani akwimeko ephaphileyo kunesiqhelo emva kwezenzo zenkohlakalo zabanqolobi, eziquka iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala eManchester nohlaselo lwaseLondon olushiye abantu abangaphezu kwama-30 befile. Kodwa ukuvalelwa kukaRabbani kwenzeka ngoNovemba 2016, iinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kweziganeko zamva nje zelizwe.
Enye into enokuthi, phakathi kokunyuka kwe-Islamic State, i-Cage iye yazifumana iphantsi kokuhlolwa okukhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Lo mbutho uvuse umsindo kurhulumente wase-Bhritane emva kokutyhola iinkonzo zokhuseleko zelizwe ngokuhlukumeza amadoda aselula angamaSilamsi kunye negalelo kwi-radicalization kunye nokwamkela ingcamango ye-Islamic State. Amagosa aphezulu karhulumente, kuquka owayesakuba yinkulumbuso, basigxeka esidlangalaleni isikhundla sikaCage. Abakhuseli beli qela banyanzelisa ukuba lenze umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokumela abantu abangamaSilamsi abahlelelekileyo, abathe ukusukela ngo-9/11 bajongana nokubekw’ esweni, ukukrokrelana, kunye ne-Islamophobia.
URabbani ukholelwa ukuba izixhobo zakhe zinokuthi zijoliswe kulo mcimbi othile njengesenzo "sokuphazamisa urhulumente" ngamabomu kumsebenzi weCage. Kungenzeka, wathi kudliwano-ndlebe lomnxeba, ukuba amapolisa afuna ukufumana ulwazi kuye - ngokukodwa, ikopi yolwazi alunikwe ngoqhagamshelwano lwakhe kuMbindi Mpuma, athandabuza ukumchaza. Ukuba umntu ebenokubizwa ngegama, bekunokubakho “iimpembelelo kuye nakwintsapho ngoku apho akhoyo,” utsho uRabbani. “Usesichengeni kwaye sele enyamezele iminyaka yokungcungcuthekiswa. Into ayifunayo lukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, uzinzo.”
Amapolisa kaMasipala waseLondon, owayenoxanduva lokukhangela nokubamba uRabbani, akavumanga ukuphawula ngeli bali. Umkhosi uthe "ayizukulunga" ukwenza oko ngenxa yetyala lakhe elizayo.
UGareth Peirce, igqwetha eliphambili lamalungelo oluntu laseBritane elimele uRabbani kwityala lakhe, uthi eyona ngxaki ngeShedyuli yesi-7 kukuba “uyaphawulwa ubomi bakho bonke” lakuba igama lakho lifakwe kwinkqubo.
"IShedyuli yesi-7 yi-blunderbuss enkulu esetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye umphumo wokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokugqithiseleyo kukuba ixhaphaza," kusho uPeirce. “Ichaphazela phantse wonke amaSilamsi ngamanani akhula rhoqo acinga ukuhamba. Ayilonani nje lamaSilamsi amisiweyo kodwa abantu abafanayo baye banqunyanyiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.”
Phakathi kuka-2009 no-2016, abasemagunyeni baseBritani baye “bavavanya” abantu abayi-400,058 abangaphantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7— umlinganiselo wama-50,000 ngonyaka, okanye abayi-137 yonke imihla. Kodwa bambalwa kwaba bantu ababanjiweyo okanye abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngexesha elifanayo leminyaka esixhenxe, ngokweenkcukacha-manani zikarhulumente, abantu abangama-370 e-UK bajongana nezityholo ezinxulumene nobunqolobi. Yi-0.09 yepesenti yokukhangela kwe-400,058 yeShedyuli yesi-7, nangona ipesenti yokwenyani inokuba ncinci kuba ayizizo zonke iintlawulo ezingama-370 eziya kuba zivela ngenxa yokumisa kumda.
Iinjongo zikaShedyuli 7 kukuncothula neengcambu abanqolobi, kodwa kukho iimeko ezininzi apho iye yasetyenziswa ukujolisa amatshantliziyo. NgoNovemba 2015, umzekelo, amapolisa ezisetyenzisiweyo amandla okuvalela amatsha-ntliziyo awayesiya kunceda kwinkampu yeembacu kumntla weFransi. NgoMatshi waloo nyaka, iqela labakhankaseli boxolo baseYurophu, ababesiya eNgilani ukuya kuqhankqalaza ngaphandle kwesixhobo senyukliya, yekile yaza yabuzwa phantsi kweShedyuli yesi-7. Ngo-2013, umsebenzi weqela laseLondon lamalungelo oluntu iReprieve kunye nomphandi wewebhusayithi Corporate Watch uncinwe ngokwahlukeneyo phantsi kwamandla okulwa nobunqolobi.
I-GCHQ ifumana iikopi
Ngelixa ubukho beShedyuli yesi-7 busaziwa ngokubanzi e-U.K., urhulumente uye wagcina imfihlo ezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo malunga nomsebenzi wakhe.
Abo bavavanywa phantsi komthetho badla ngokusetshwa baze bancinwe ngamagosa. NjengoRabbani, basenokuba neeselfowuni okanye iilaptop abaziphethe zihloliwe okanye zithinjwe.
Akwaziwa ngabantu abathe bahamba kule nkqubo, nangona kunjalo, kukuba amapolisa asenokuba akhuphele ngokufihlakeleyo imixholo yefowuni yawo kwaye athumela iikopi kwi-arhente ye-Bhritane yokulalela i-Government Communications Headquarters, okanye i-GCHQ.
Rhoqo ngenyanga i-arhente yayifumana ikopi yedatha yefowuni "ekhutshelweyo kubantu abamisa kumazibuko ase-U.K. (oko kukuthi ulwandle, umoya kunye nomzila)," ngokutsho kweGCHQ ehleliweyo. uxwebhu efunyenwe yi-Intercept evela ku-Edward Snowden. Idatha ifakwe kwi-database ephakathi ukuba abasebenzi be-GCHQ banokukhangela, kwaye yayiquka "nantoni na egcinwe kwifowuni ekujoliswe kuyo," njengoluhlu loqhagamshelwano, imiyalezo, kunye neerekhodi zokufowuna.
Uxwebhu lwe-GCHQ, olungazange lupapashwe ngaphambili kwaye lubhalwe phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2010, luchaza ukuba idatha ithathwa ngokuba "yivolontiya ngokusemthethweni" phantsi koMthetho wobugrogrisi. Nangona kunjalo, yongeza ukuba umntu okhangekileyo "akayi kuxelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba ifowuni yakhe ikhutshelwe." Uninzi lwedatha luthatyathwe kwizixhobo ezizezabantu abaye bamiswa ngokucelwa yi-arhente yezobuntlola yasekhaya i-MI5. Ezinye ziqokelelwa kubantu abathe bamiswa ngamapolisa "ngokungathandabuzekiyo okanye ngokusekwe kwiprofayili," kodwa ngaphandle kokuba "kufunyenwe umkhondo obalulekileyo kulo mntu," ulwazi lweefowuni zabo luyacinywa, ngokutsho koxwebhu.
Inkqubo yokuqokelelwa kwedatha yeselula yayiyikhowudi ebizwa ngokuba yi-PHANTOM PARROT, kwaye yadityaniswa njengenxalenye yenkqubo enkulu yokucupha i-GCHQ ebizwa ngokuba yiLUCKY STRIKE. Ukusukela ngo-2012, iLUCKY STRIKE ibiqulathe iirekhodi ezimalunga nebhiliyoni enye kunye neeseti zedatha ezingaphezu kwama-40 ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iifowuni zokufowuna zabantu, imiyalezo ebhaliweyo, kunye neerekhodi zemali, iGCHQ. amaxwebhu achaza.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-U.K. watchdog echongwe ngurhulumente ukuba longamele amagunya obunqolobi — eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation - iphinde yaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nendlela amapolisa ayiphatha ngayo idatha ekhutshelwe kwizixhobo zombane zabantu ngexesha lokukhangela imida yeShedyuli yesi-7. Kwingxelo yakhe yowama-2013, uMhlekazi uDavid Anderson walumkisa ngelithi “akukho zirekhodi zelizwe ezikhutshelweyo ezithatyathiweyo” — esenza kube nzima ukuhlala uqwalasela ubungakanani bokwenza. "Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukukopishwa kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha kwiifowuni eziphathwayo kunye nezinye izixhobo kufuneka kubonelelwe ngumthetho ocacileyo, ofikelelekayo kunye nobonakalayo," u-Anderson wabhala. Ucele ukwaziswa "kokhuseleko olwaneleyo kunye nesikhokelo esaneleyo sokuqinisekisa ukuba [ukukhuphela idatha yabantu ngexesha lokukhangela] kwenziwa kuphela xa oku kuyimfuneko kuluntu lwentando yesininzi."
UAnderson waqhubeka ephakamisa lo mbandela kwixesha lakhe elilandelayo iingxelo zonyaka, ebhekisela kulo “njengeshishini elingagqitywanga.” Ngo-2014, wachaza ukuba, naphi na kwelinye ilizwe, "kuya kufuneka iwaranti yokuhlolwa okunjalo," kwaye wathi kukho "imfuneko yemithetho ecacileyo nelungeleleneyo elawula idatha ethatyathwe kwizixhobo zombane" kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya nakwezinye iindawo. -amanqaku okungena.
NgoDisemba ka-2016, u-Anderson wafumanisa ukuba kunyaka ongaphambili, amapolisa aye akhuphela idatha ngexesha lokukhangelwa kwemida ukusuka kwizixhobo ezingama-4,300 eziphethwe ngabantu abayi-1,677 — echaphazela umndilili wabahambi abangama-32 ngeveki. Uphinde waliphinda ikhwelo lakhe lokuba kuqaliswe izikhuselo, esithi ukholelwa ukuba abasemagunyeni kufuneka babe nokukrokra okuthile ngomntu ukuba bafuna ukukopa idatha yakhe. Wacebisa lo mbono kurhulumente, waphawula, kodwa uNobhala Welizwe “walile ukusebenzisa” isindululo sakhe.
Ebuzwa yiThe Intercept ukuba wayesazi na ukuba amapolisa ahlala ethumela idatha kwindawo yokugcina yokugcina elawulwa yi-GCHQ, u-Anderson - oye warhoxa kwisikhundla sakhe somlindi ngoMatshi - wala ukuphawula.
U-Shamik Dutta, igqwetha lamalungelo oluntu eliseLondon elijongene nokuphulwa kwamatyala angasese, wabuza ukuba semthethweni kwenkqubo ye-GCHQ.
"Ukuhambelana nomthetho kufuneka kubekho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imithetho ecacileyo nefikelelekayo ekusebenziseni amandla kwabasemagunyeni," uDutta uxelele I-Intercept emva kokuba inkqubo ichazwe kuye. "Kwaye andiyazi nayiphi na imigaqo ecacileyo nefikelelekayo elawula oku."
Ukuqokelela kwe-GCHQ kunye nokugcinwa kwedatha yefowuni, u-Dutta wongezelela, unokwaphula iSiqendu 8 soMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu wase-UK, othi "wonke umntu unelungelo lokuhlonipha ubomi bakhe babucala kunye nosapho, ikhaya lakhe kunye nembalelwano yakhe."
"Ifowuni yomntu ehlakaniphile inokunika ukuqonda ngobuntu babo, imibutho yabo yezopolitiko, iinkolelo zabo, ubulili babo kunye neemeko zonyango," kusho uDutta. “Ayinakuphikiswa into yokuba ukukopa imixholo yayo kunye nokugcina ezo ziqulatho ngokungenasiphelo kulinganisa uphazamiseko olubalulekileyo kubomi babucala bomniniyo. Kunzima ukubona ukuba olu ngenelelo lunokuthetheleleka njani xa olo lwazi luthatyathwa kubantu abangarhanelwanga nakweliphi na icala.”
U-Eric King, ingcali yokubeka iliso kunye nomhlohli otyeleleyo kwiYunivesithi yase-Queen Mary yaseLondon, uvakalise amanye amagqabaza kaDutta. Uphonononge amaxwebhu e-Intercept kwaye wathi inkqubo ye-GCHQ ibonakala ingenalo iliso elaneleyo.
"Ukwenza amawaka ezixhobo zabantu sisenzo esiphazamisayo," utshilo uKumkani. "Into yokuba inokwenziwa ngaphandle kokurhanelwa kwesenzo sobubi kuyingxaki ngokwayo, kodwa into yokuba idatha ekhutshelweyo iyavunwa, idityaniswe neminye imithombo yedatha, kwaye igcinwe ngaphandle kwe-iota yokufihlwa okanye isaziso iphakamisa inkxalabo yokwenyani."
I-GCHQ yalile ukuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo yeli bali. I-arhente endaweni yoko ikhuphe ingxelo ye-boilerplate iqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wayo "wenziwa ngokuhambelana nenkqubo engqongqo yezomthetho kunye nenkqubo-nkqubo, eqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yethu igunyazisiwe, iyimfuneko kwaye ifanelekile."
Isithethi se I-ofisi esekhaya, isebe likarhulumente wase-U.K. elijongene nemigaqo-nkqubo yeShedyuli yesi-7, lathi “alizukuphawula ngemibandela yobuntlola.”
IShedyuli yesi-7 yokuHlola
URabbani wayesele ekholelwa ukuba amapolisa asebenzisa iShedyuli 7 njengesixhobo sokutshayela ulwazi olugcinwe kwizixhobo zombane zabantu; xa exelelwa malunga nobukho benkqubo ye-PHANTOM PARROT, uthe iqinisekisile ezinye zezikrokro zakhe.
“Inyaniso yokwenyani emva kweShedyuli yesi-7 kukuba sisixhobo sokucupha,” utshilo. "Amandla akhona ukunika abasemagunyeni amandla okuqokelela idatha kumawaka abantu."
URabbani uya kuba nethuba lokujongana nokugxeka kwakhe umthetho ngexesha lokuxoxwa kwetyala lakhe elizayo, apho yena kunye neqela lakhe lezomthetho bebexakekile belungiselela. Uqinisekile ukuba unetyala eliqinileyo, kodwa akaqinisekanga malunga nokuba uya kuphumelela na xa efumana usuku lwakhe enkundleni.
“Ukuba bendinguJohn Smith — indoda emhlophe, ephakathi, ekhululekileyo— ndicinga ukuba amathuba am okufumana ubulungisa ebeya kuba phezulu kakhulu,” utshilo. “Imeko ekhoyo yeyokurhanelwa kwamaSilamsi kwaye mna ndingumfanekiso ongalunganga. Ndinebala lolusu elingalunganga, inwele zobuso ezingalunganga, kwaye ndisebenzela umbutho othi ngokwezopolitiko ngokwembono karhulumente yintlungu kubo.”
Uyanqumama.
“Ukuba umthetho undifumana ndinetyala ke yinto endingenakwenza nto ngayo,” utshilo. “Kodwa ke ngoko ndiya kube ndiwenzile umsebenzi wam wokhathalelo kubaxumi bam kwaye okwesibini ndiya kube ndiwenzile umsebenzi wam eluntwini ngokutsalela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba amagunya anjengala akhona. Yiyo ke loo nto. Kuya kufuneka ndithwale iziphumo.
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