Ukugxeka kukaMichael Albert I-Parecon: Ubomi Emva koBuchule
Impendulo yam kuMichael Albert I-Parecon: Ubomi Emva koBuchule (2004), ndiyathemba, kuza njengegalelo elakhayo kwingxoxo-mpikiswano ephathelele kwimibono yendlela elunge ngakumbi yokuhlanganiswa kwezoqoqosho kunye nozinzo. Iinkqubo zoqoqosho eziphunyeziweyo ngokwembali nangexesha langoku zicacile zisilela kwaye inkcazo yokuba ihlabathi elingcono alinakwenzeka ayicinezeli nje kuphela, kodwa ibonakala ibalulekile ngokunjalo. Yilapho umsebenzi ka-Albert kwi-parecon ufika khona: unikezela ngombono wenkqubela phambili yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho kwaye uhlambalaza "akukho nto yimbi" i-windbags imfundiso ye-myopic ibonakala ngathi ijinga phezu kwethu njenge-pall ngamanye amaxesha. Nditsalelekile kumbono we-parecon, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba imodeli yezoqoqosho ephuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu, eyipragmatic kunye nembono enqwenelekayo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba ithwala umahluko onomdla kunye ILibertarian Mixed Economy (LME) imodeli endiyiphuhlisayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Njengemodeli ye-parecon, ndiyibona i-LME njengenye indlela yenkululeko/ye-anarchistic kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho "eziqhelekileyo" eziye zasetyenziswa kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiipolitiki kwihlabathi jikelele. Andithethi ukunika uluvo lokuba i-parecon kunye neemodeli ze-LME zikwindawo elinganayo nangona kunjalo, njengoko imodeli ye-parecon iphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo kune-LME, kwaye kamva iseyingcamango engacacanga. Ngaphandle kolu mahluko, ndisaqaphela umahluko ophambili phakathi kwale mifuziselo mibini, kwaye ndibhala esi sincoko ngokuyintloko ukuxoxa ngezinye zezi zintlukwano, ngethemba lokuba ndingenza igalelo elakhayo kwingxoxo. Kwesi sincoko silandelayo, ndiza kuqala ngokuqaqambisa ezinye zezinto ezifanayo kunye nomahluko phakathi kwe-parecon kunye nemodeli ye-LME. Emva koko ndiya kugxininisa into endicinga ukuba yezinye zeengxaki ezinokuthi zibe khona kunye nemodeli ye-parecon ephuma kulo mahluko, igxininise ngakumbi kwimiba yendalo yomntu, inkuthazo yabasebenzi, imfihlo, kunye norhwebo ngaphandle kwentlalontle. Okulandelayo, ndiya kubeka enye yeempawu eziphambili zemodeli ye-LME njengesisombululo esinokwenzeka kwezinye zezi ngxaki zinokwenzeka nge-parecon.
Ukufana kunye nomahluko phakathi kwe-LME kunye neemodeli ze-parecon
I-LME ifana ne-parecon kunye nomahluko osisiseko. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ifana kakhulu phakathi kwale mifuziselo mibini yeyokuba zombini ziyimizekelo efuna ukwandisa iseti yemilinganiselo yentlalo enengqondo (okanye endiyibiza ngamanye amaxesha njengezidima). I-Parecon ifuna ukwandisa ubulungisa, ubumbano, ukuzilawula kunye nokwahlukana. Ngeli xesha, imodeli ye-LME ikhusela inkululeko, ukulingana kunye noxolo njengezinto ezilungileyo zentlalontle ekufuneka ziphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo. Ndizithatha zombini ezi seti zamaxabiso njengezinto ezihambelanayo ne-libertarian/anarchist efanelekileyo kwaye ndiza kuqwalasela ukuba zombini iimodeli zijolise kuqikelelo olusondeleyo lwale njongo. Okunye ukufana phakathi kwale mifuziselo mibini, ngokwemigaqo ebambekayo ngakumbi, ibandakanya ubonelelo lwempahla neenkonzo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, kunye neepaki zoluntu, simahla. Kwakhona njenge-LME, imodeli ye-parecon, ngelixa ibhengeza ukuhambelana kwayo nemithetho-siseko ye-anarchist/libertarian, iwuqonda umthetho njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo esiya kufuneka njengoko siqhubela phambili sisiya kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ephucukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kwingxoxo yakhe yokudityaniswa koqoqosho lwamazwe ngamazwe, uAlbert unombono wamaziko ngamazwe ngamazwe anemigaqo-nkqubo eya kujoliswa ekwandiseni ukulingana, ubumbano, ukuhlukahluka kunye nokuzilawula, iimpawu eziphambili apho naluphi na uqoqosho olunobulungisa luya kuzama ukugcina okanye ukwandisa, ngokutsho kwe-parecon. abathetheleli. La maziko aya, "ukukhusela imithetho yasekhaya, imigaqo, kunye nemimiselo eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza umsebenzi, umthengi, indalo, impilo, ukhuseleko, amalungelo oluntu, ukukhuselwa kwezilwanyana, okanye ezinye izinto ezijoliswe kuzo ezingenzi nzuzo ngokuvuza abo bafikelela kwiinjongo ezinjalo ngempumelelo" ( 5). Le ngxelo iyahambelana nokukhusela kuka-Albert Utshintsho, esiza mva kwisicatshulwa. Kwakhona njenge-LME, i-parecon ibambe ukuba amathuba omsebenzi aya kufumaneka lula kwabo bawafunayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho kuka-Albert, kuluntu olusekelwe kwi-parecon, "Abantu bakhululekile ukuba bafake izicelo kwaye baphile kwaye basebenze naphi na apho bafuna khona" (255). Oku kuyafana ne-LME ngokuba, icandelo elibalulekileyo lomfuziselo kukufumaneka okunabileyo kwemisebenzi kwicandelo likarhulumente.
Kukwakho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwe-LME kunye neemodeli ze-parecon. Mhlawumbi umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwale mifuziselo mibini, kukuba imodeli ye-LME ibeka ugxininiso ngakumbi kumahluko phakathi koluntu kunye namacandelo abucala oqoqosho. Imizekelo embalwa yento endiyithethayo xa ndisithi “icandelo likarhulumente” ibandakanya: inkonzo yeposi, izinto eziluncedo ezifana namanzi, umbane negesi, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, usasazo lukawonke-wonke kunye namajelo eendaba, oohola bendlela kunye nezothutho zikawonke-wonke, imfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo. Kwelinye icala, amacandelo abucala ngabo babandakanyekayo ekuveliseni nasekuhanjisweni “kweempahla zodidi oluphezulu” ezizezo mpahla okanye iinkonzo zithathwa ngokuba. inkubalulekile kuzinzo loluntu. Imizekelo yeempahla zabucala ibandakanya ezemidlalo, ulonwabo, kunye nezixhobo zokuzilibazisa kunye nezixhobo, iimpahla zombane ezifana nee-DVR kunye nee-stereo, izithuthi, iibhiya, iimpahla zodidi, njalo njalo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-parecon, imodeli ye-LME yakhelwe phezu komahluko phakathi koluntu kunye namacandelo abucala. Ngokwemodeli ye-LME, iimpahla neenkonzo zecandelo likarhulumente ziyakufumaneka simahla kuye wonke umntu, ngelixa ezo zisasazwe kwicandelo labucala ziya kuthengwa kwaye zithengiswe kwiimarike, eziya kuthi ngohlobo lwayo olufanelekileyo ziphawulwe ngokhuphiswano olugqibeleleyo.
Ngokungafaniyo nemodeli ye-LME, "ii-pareconomists" (ndithetha ukuba abaxhasi be-parecon) ababoni ndawo kwiimarike kuluntu olulungileyo, njengoko iimarike zinobuzwilakhe ngokwemvelo abakhuphisana nabo, kwaye ke ngoko baya kujongela phantsi ixabiso lentlalo apho imodeli ye-parecon ifuna ngakumbi. ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo. Ke ngoko, i-pareconomists imisela imodeli eyongameleyo enye, kwaye ayenzi mda ucacileyo phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-parecon ivumela indawo enkulu kwingqiqo yasekhaya, ekwaluphawu lokuguquguquka kunye nophawu lwenkululeko yomzekelo. Ngokomzekelo, exoxa ngemigangatho yomvuzo kunye nendlela yokumisela inqanaba lobungakanani bomsebenzi ochithwa ngumntu omnye ekugqibezeleni umsebenzi othile, uAlbert uthi, “Indlela echanekileyo yokwenza oku akufuneki ifane ukusuka kwindawo yempangelo ukuya kwindawo yokusebenza. Ukuthotyelwa kwesiqhelo yinto emele ibe yindalo yonke, kungekhona indlela ekhethekileyo kwiintongomane kunye neebholiti zokuphunyezwa "(115). Ngelixa imfuno yokuguquguquka kwendawo igxininiswa, ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo ye-parecon ebanzi, kwi zonke amacandelo oqoqosho, aya kuba yimfuneko ekugcineni kunye/okanye ekwandiseni ukufezekiswa kweenqobo ezisemgangathweni zentlalo zomanyano, ukulingana, ukuzilawula, kunye neyantlukwano. Njengomzekelo wale ngongoma, uAlbert uthi, “(amatsha ntliziyo ajolise kuParecon) angakubongoza ukuba ngamnye indawo yokusebenza ibe yeyabantu bonke ngokulinganayo ukuze ubunini budlulise amalungelo awodwa okanye inzuzo yengeniso” (9, ugxininiso longeziweyo).
Oku kubambelela kwimodeli ye-parecon kuwo onke amacandelo oqoqosho kuphawula owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kwe-parecon kunye nemodeli ye-LME. Kutheni abaxhasi beParecon bephepha ingcamango yeemarike, nakwiindawo "ezingabalulekanga" kuqoqosho, kwaye zithini iziphumo zokungabandakanywa kwabo kwiimarike kwimodeli? Ndiza kuzama ukuphendula le mibuzo kule mihlathi ilandelayo, kwaye ndiya kuzama nokubonisa ezinye zeengxaki ezinokuthi zibekho ngenxa yale ndlela yokwenza.
I-Parecon kunye nezizathu zokukhatywa kweemarike
Abameli be-parecon bayala iimarike ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Nazi ezinye zezizathu zokuba uAlbert anike ukwala iimarike:
"uqoqosho lwentengiso luya kubhukuqa i-equity nokuba idityaniswe neshishini labucala okanye likarhulumente" (59).
"Uqikelelo lwentengiso yeminikelo yabasebenzi ngokucwangcisiweyo luyahlukana kumlinganiselo ochanekileyo wegalelo labo lentlalontle ..." (59).
"Abaxhamle kwezoqoqosho (baya) ukuguqulela izibonelelo zabo kwimithombo kunye nokuzonwabisa kumandla angalinganiyo ezopolitiko ukuze bakhusele amaxabiso emivuzo yentengiso kubagxeki" (63).
“iimarike zixabela abathengi ngokuchasene nabathengisi bedala imeko-bume ephantse ihluke ngokupheleleyo koko nawuphi na umntu onengqondo ebeya kuyinxulumanisa nomanyano” (67).
Kamva, kwiSahluko sama-21, esinesihloko esithi, “Ukuba bhetyebhetye: Ngaba i-Parecon ifanele ibandakanye iimarike ezilinganiselweyo?”, u-Albert ujongana nokuba bhetyebhetye kunye neenkxalabo ezisebenzayo malunga ne-parecon, esenza imeko enyanzelekileyo yokuba ii-parecon ziyafana, ukuba azifani kwaye zibhetyebhetye kuneemarike. Nangona kunjalo, uAlbert uthi nokuba ziimarike zaye kuboniswe ukuba bhetyebhetye kwaye kusebenza kakuhle kune-parecons, asikwazanga ukubandakanya iimarike kuluntu olulungileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezisisiseko, zethiyori kunye ne-empirically verified. Ngokwamazwi ka-Albert, “Ukuba neemarike ezincinci kwi-parecon kufana nokuba nobukhoboka obuncinci kwidemokhrasi…Ingqiqo yeemarike iyenza ingasebenzi ingqiqo yesicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba kunye ne-parecon yonke, kwaye ikwayi-imperial, xa sele ikhona. izama ukunwenwa kangangoko inako” (277). Kodwa ngaba oku kunyanzelekile ukuba kube njalo? Ngaba ikho indawo yeemarike kuluntu olulunge ngakumbi?
Ngokuchaseneyo nombono we-parecon, i-LME, njengoko igama lomfuziselo libonisa, ivumela zombini iifom zombutho zecandelo likarhulumente (ezifana ne-parecon), kunye neemarike kwicandelo labucala. Imodeli ye-LME ivumela iimarike, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba ndiwakhanyela amanqaku abalulekileyo malunga neemarike ezichongwa ngu-Albert, kodwa kunoko, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yezoqoqosho enethemba lokusondela ngokusondeleyo kwiimpawu ze-libertarian. imfuneko ukubandakanya iimarike kubume boqoqosho. Esi sibhengezo ndisisekela ikakhulu kwiimbono ezimbini eziphambili: enye ibhekiselele kwindalo yomntu kunye neenjongo ezahlukeneyo eziphuma kuyo, kwaye enye imbono inento yokwenza nokukwazi kwecandelo likarhulumente ukujonga ukona kubi kakhulu kwecandelo labucala xa kuphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo. . Ngoku ndiza kuxoxa nganye yezi ngcamango ngokuthe chatha ngakumbi.
Ubume bomntu kunye nenkuthazo yokwenza izinto ezintsha: ukungoneli kwemivuzo
Ngelixa u-Albert ebonakala ephikisa ukuba indalo yomntu iyintlalontle, kwaye utyekelo lomntu ngamnye kunye nezenzo zabantu ziyimveliso yezakhiwo zamaziko oqoqosho lwangoku (Ch. 24), imodeli ye-LME inombono olungeleleneyo wendalo yomntu. Ingcamango esisiseko yeyokuba abantu, ngokwemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo, banentlalontle kwaye ukuzimela ngokwabantu ngabanye: abanye abantu banyolukile lo gama abanye benobuntu kunye nentsebenziswano. Ngeli xesha, uninzi lukwindawo ethile phakathi kwezi zimbini zigqithisileyo. Ukuba oku kuqondwa kwendalo yomntu kuyinyani, okanye ubuncinci buqondakala ngokwaneleyo ngeenjongo zengxoxo, ngaba abantu abangaphakathi kuluntu olukhululekileyo, oko kukuthi, uluntu olufuna ukwandisa ubuntu obufana nenkululeko kunye nobumbano, kufuneka lusebenze ngaphakathi. Iinkqubo zoqoqosho eziye zabavumela ukuba basebenzise kwaye basebenzise amandla abo obuqu kunye nentlalontle njengendlela yokuzixhasa? I-LME yamkela kwaye inike ingxelo ngeyantlukwano kubume bomntu ngokubandakanya zombini iimarike (ezivumela ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo kwamabhongo abantu abazimeleyo/okuzicingela), kunye namacandelo kawonke-wonke (akha phezu kwethuku labantu “loluntu”). Ukulunga, uAlbert akabukhanyeli ubukho botyekelo lomntu lomntu, kodwa iindlela ezichongiweyo zokuvumela intetho yakhe, ngokombono wam, azanelanga. Oku kusilela kuya kuthintela amabhongo ethu okuzicingela, kwaye ekugqibeleni yenze imbono ye-parecon ingazinzi.
U-Albert uthi inkqubo ye-parecon iya kuvumela ukuba zombini "izinto eziphathekayo kunye nentlalontle" (252) ibonakaliswe, kwaye i-parecon eneneni iqulethe iindlela ezibangela ukuba abantu bacinge ngentlalontle, kunokuba bazicingele njengenkqubo yongxowankulu. Oku kuphunyezwa ubukhulu becala ngombono we-parecon womvuzo, apho intlawulo yomsebenzi yabiwa ngokusekwe kubude bexesha, ubunzulu kunye nobunzima bomsebenzi owenziwa ngabantu. Umvuzo uya kusebenza njengenkuthazo kwaye uya kungena kumnqweno wabantu wokuqokelela izinto: Ukuba umntu ufuna ukufumana iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezingaphezulu kunokuba zinokuvunyelwa kwinqanaba lomvuzo osisiseko, kuya kufuneka ukuba enze umsebenzi omninzi ongathandekiyo woluntu, ukuvumela ukuze bafumane “ityala” elithe chatha, abanokuthi ke basebenzise ukuthenga iimpahla neenkonzo ezininzi. Kukho ingoma kaKennedy ofileyo eyayisuka ngeminyaka yoo-1980 enesihloko esithi, “Uwuzoba phi umgca?”, apho uJello Biafra athi, “I-Anarchy ivakala ilungile kum, kodwa ke umntu uyabuza ukuba ‘ngubani oza kulungisa imijelo emdaka?’ Yonke ithiyori imingxunya xa ubomi bokwenyani bungena.” Impendulo yeParecon ithi: umsebenzi ofuna ukuqokelela ikhredithi engaphezulu yempahla kunye neenkonzo uya kulungisa imijelo, kwaye enze eminye imisebenzi engathandekiyo njengokuqokelela inkunkuma, kuba uya kuhlawulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwenza imisebenzi enjalo. Le ngcamango ye-parecon yomvuzo ivakala kakuhle, kodwa ubuncinane enye ingxaki enokubakho ivela kuyo.
Akucaci ukuba inkuthazo yabantu ngabanye iya kuvunyelwa indawo eyaneleyo yokuvakalisa izimvo phantsi kwe-parecon. Qwalasela kungekuphela nje inkuthazo yokwenza imisebenzi enzima yoluntu, kodwa nenkuthazo yokuyila iimveliso ezintsha kunye nokuqalisa amashishini amancinci. UAlbert uthi, "Kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba ekuphela kwesizathu sokuba abantu babe namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusebenzisa iya kuba yintlukwano kwimigudu yomsebenzi okanye iyantlukwano kwimfuno xa kwenzeka iimeko ezikhethekileyo. Ngomgudu sithetha nantoni na eyenza ukuzincama kobuqu ngenjongo yokubonelela luncedo ekuhlaleni iimpahla neenkonzo” (152, ugxininiso longeziweyo). Ingxaki ngale ngqiqo kukuba iingcamango ezintsha zempahla kunye neenkonzo ezisekwe ngoosomashishini aziyi kuba "luncedo ekuhlaleni", njengoko kufuneka ufumane umvuzo kwi-parecon. Kwaye ekubeni lo mrhwebi akayi kukwazi ukuthengisa imveliso yakhe entsha kwimarike evulekileyo, akayi kukwazi ukwenza okuninzi phantsi kwe-parecon njengoko ebeya kwenza kwimarike. Oku kunokudodobalisa inguqulelo. Umzekelo, iimpahla ezinceda kuphela icandelo elincinane kakhulu labemi, njengodidi olutsha lwepeyinti yokutshiza eza kusetyenziswa ngabazobi begraffiti, zisenokungabonwa “njengeluncedo ekuhlaleni”, kwaye ke azinakuvelisa umvuzo kwi-parecon. . Ngeli xesha, iinzuzo zemali ezenziwe ngokuphuhliswa kohlobo olutsha lwepeyinti kwimarike evulekileyo zinokuba nkulu kakhulu kuneenzuzo ezivuzayo ezenziwe ngokuphuhlisa imveliso efanayo phantsi kwe-parecon. Ke ngoko, usomashishini ohlala kwi-parecon akanakuba nenkuthazo enkulu yokuphuhlisa umbono wakhe njengoko ebeya kwenza kwimarike. Ukuthotywa kwamabhongo omntu ngamnye kwiimeko ezinje kuya kuba yingozi ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa: (1) uluntu luya kuvinjwa iimpahla neenkonzo ezintsha nezinika umdla, nokuba ezo mpahla okanye iinkonzo zizodwa zinceda icandelo elincinane labemi, (2) ) Ukungaguquguquki kwemodeli ye-parecon kunye nezithethe zenkululeko kubuzwa kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye, imeko embi kakhulu: (3) ukuthotywa kwamabhongo abantu ngabanye kunokwenza i-parecon ingazinzi, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele "ekuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin", ukuthetha, njengoko umnqweno wokuthatha inxaxheba kwiimarike ngokukhululekileyo ekugqibeleni uya kubilisa kwaye ubangele inkqubo yezoqoqosho ukuba iphele.
Enye ingxaki enokubakho ngemodeli ye-parecon: Imvume yeBhunga vs. inkululeko yemarike
Enye ingxaki enokubakho ngemodeli ye-parecon, kukuba ayivumeli abantu indawo yabucala eyaneleyo ekwenzeni ukhetho lokusetyenziswa, kwaye kuya kubonakala ngathi kuhamba kancinci ngamanye amaxesha. Isicatshulwa esilandelayo esivela kumbhalo ka-Albert sizisa le ngongoma kwisiqabu:
“...umntu ngamnye okanye amaqela angacebisa ngesicelo sosetyenziso esingaphezulu komgangatho ogunyaziswe ziinzame zokureyitha ezikhatshwa yingcaciso yento abayithatha njengemfuno eyodwa ethethelelekayo. Ezi zicelo ziqwalaselwa ngamabhunga abathengi afanelekileyo kwaye mhlawumbi zivunyiwe okanye zaliwe” (117).
Ngaba izinto ezithengwayo zisoloko zifuna “ukuvunywa”? Ngaba abantu kufuneka babeke umyalelo ngamabhunga abathengi ngayo yonke into abayifunayo, kunokuba baye evenkileni bathenge into? Ukuthetha kwinqanaba elisebenzayo, kunzima ukucinga ukuba isiqhelo esinjalo siphuhla, ngakumbi eUnited States. Abantu bayabuxabisa ubumfihlo babo kwaye bangathanda kakhulu ukuba nenkululeko yokuya evenkileni xa bekhetha ukuthenga into ethile, kunokuba bangenise isicelo kwibhunga labathengi emva koko balinde imvume kunye nokuba kwenziwe okulungileyo. ekhoyo. Kukho ilahleko yangempela yobumfihlo kunye nohambo, kubonakala ngathi, ekutshintsheni kwindlela esekelwe kwimarike, apho abantu banokuya kwivenkile ngokuthanda kwaye benze ukuthenga kwangasese xa befuna, kwindlela ye-parecon yokuvunyelwa kwebhunga labathengi. Ngeli xesha, ukuba abantu bebefuna ukufumana oko uAlbert abhekisele kuko “njengezibonelelo eziqinisekisiweyo ezisisiseko,” ezibonelelwa licandelo likarhulumente kwi-LME, ukuzuza okunjalo kunokuxhomekeka ekuvunyweni kwangaphambili kwamabhunga abathengi. Andiyigatyi imodeli ye-parecon ngokuthe ngqo, ndiyibona isebenzayo ngakumbi uluntu icandelo, endaweni yendawo yonke yezoqoqosho. Oko kukuthi, i-parecon inokungena kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho exubeneyo ye-libertarian ihluke kakuhle, kodwa ndingaxoxa ukuba kufuneka ibonakale ilinganiselwe kwicandelo likarhulumente, kunokuba imodeli isetyenziswe kuwo wonke umhlaba wezopolitiko noqoqosho.
Yeyiphi indlela yokuqonda ngakumbi ukulungelwa kwentlalo: ukuvumela okanye ukungabandakanyi urhwebo?
"... nangona ezi xabiso zithetha ukuba zibandakanya kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu ukwenzela ukuba ukungaziqhubeli phambili kukugxeka, kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezixabisekileyo-ezifana nobumfihlo, inkululeko yomntu, ukuzaliseka kobugcisa, okanye into ethile efana nelungelo lokuqesha abanye inzuzo-enokuthi (okanye ingabi) nayo ifanele ukuqwalaselwa. Kwaye sinokucinga ukuba ixabiso lethu esilithandayo lingangquzulana nenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo kwiimeko ezithile ... "(42).
Andikaze ndijongane neengxaki ezisisiseko zeemarike ezichongwe nguAlbert kwi Parecon umbhalo. Njengendawo yokusuka, kunokuba luncedo ukugxila kumaxabiso oluntu jikelele achongiweyo zombini iimodeli ze-parecon kunye ne-LME. Imodeli ye-parecon ichonga ulingano, ubumbano, ukuzilawula, kunye neyantlukwano njengezinto ezilungileyo zentlalo ekufuneka ziqikelelwe ngokusondeleyo, ngelixa imodeli ye-LME ibambe inkululeko, ukulingana kunye noxolo njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Kukho ukudityaniswa kwezi seti zimbini zokulunga kwezentlalo, kwaye kukho ukungangqinelani phakathi kwazo okunokuthi kuchaze umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweemodeli. Ingcinga yedemokhrasi yasemsebenzini ithathwa nzulu kumfuziselo weparecon, kwaye imi njengenye indlela yedemokhrasi kunobukapitali, engenademokhrasi kuzo zombini ithiyori nakwindlela yokusebenza. Imodeli ye-LME, okwangoku, yakhelwe phezu kombono wokuba kulungile ukuba iimarike azikho ngokwedemokhrasi kuba idemokhrasi ayifuni kusebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Idemokhrasi kufuneka isebenze kuphela kwezo nkalo zoluntu zisichaphazela ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye icandelo labucala, ngokwenkcazo, aliyonkxalabo yoluntu (ngendlela enqwenelekayo yedichotomy yoluntu/yabucala, oko kukuthi).
Ingcali yoqoqosho iya kuphendula ithi izigqibo zoshishino zefemu yabucala, ngelixa mhlawumbi zingabhekiseli kuluntu ngokubanzi (mhlawumbi abantu abasebenzisa iimpahla), okungenani zichaphazela abasebenzi ngaphakathi kweshishini labucala, kwaye ke ishishini kufuneka ngaphakathi yedemokhrasi. Kodwa, ngenxa yokuba iifemu zecandelo labucala azinademokhrasi kwithiyori nakwindlela yokusebenza, asinakuba nayo zombini idemokhrasi yasemsebenzini kunye neemarike; enye okanye enye kuya kufuneka idini. Ngoko yiyiphi emele kunikelwe? Yeyiphi eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, kolu rhwebo, kuphuculo loluntu kunye nokuqikelelwa ngokusondeleyo kwesidima soluntu? I-Pareconomist ibeka idemokhrasi yendawo yokusebenza ngaphezu kwenkululeko ekhoyo kwisakhono sabanini bamashishini ukulawula iifemu zabo ngokoluhlu. I-LME, kwelinye icala, ivumela iifemu ezingekho phantsi kwedemokhrasi ukuba zibekho kwaye ziqhube kakuhle ngenxa yokuba idemokhrasi akufuneki isebenze kuwo onke amacandelo oqoqosho, kumacandelo oluntu kuphela, ukuze ihlale ihambelana nezithethe zenkululeko. Ngenxa yokuba i-pareconomists ibona "ubumbano" kunye "nokulingana" njengamaxabiso amele ukunyusa kuzo zonke iimeko, (o.k.t., ngenxa yokuba ezi ziphakathi kwemilinganiselo yendalo yonke ekufuneka ilwelwe) zinyhasha ngokungeyomfuneko ixabiso “lokuzilawula” (okanye inkululeko) njengoko bekuya kuphunyezwa kwiinzame zemarike yecandelo labucala. Ndingaxoxa ukuba iinzuzo zenkululeko ezibangelwa kukuvumela iimarike ezingezontando yesininzi ukuba zibekho, zigqwesa ilahleko kubulungisa kunye nomanyano olubangelwa kukuquka iimarike kumzekelo woqoqosho. Omnye usenokuba uyazibuza kweli nqanaba ukuba kwenzeka njani ukuba uluntu luhlale lulungile ukuba iifemu zecandelo labucala ezingenademokhrasi zivumelekile ukuba zibekho kwaye zilandele inzuzo kwiimarike zoqoqosho, kuba ubukho beemarike bekwaziwa ngokukhuthaza ukungalingani kunye “nokunyanzelisa ukungahlalisani. iinjongo” (277). Impendulo kule nkxalabo ifumaneka ekubetheni ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamacandelo karhulumente nawabucala.
Ukufumana ibhalansi phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala kwi-LME
Ngokubhekiselele kutyekelo “lokuma impiriyali” lweemarike kunye nabanini bamashishini, ndingatsho ukuba oku ubukhulu becala kukubonakalisa inkalo yokuzingca yendalo yomntu, kunokuba kube yinto nje ethengisa “unobangela”. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba uluntu olulunge ngakumbi luvumele indawo yokuthengisa, ngenxa yoluntu ngokuhlangeneyo oluya kuxhamla kwizinto ezintsha eziveliswa yinkuthazo esekwe kwimarike, nangenxa yabantu abaya kuxhamla inkululeko benze ngokwethuku lokuzicingela kunye namabhongo abo. Kodwa, ngeli lixa sikhulisa inkululeko ngokubandakanywa kweemarike, singazijonga njani ngaxeshanye iimpembelelo ezingalunganga zeemarike ezinje ngotyekelo “lokuma impiriyali” lweemarike zokungena kwicandelo likarhulumente? Ingqinisekiso engundoqo yemodeli ye-LME kukuba ukubethelela ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwecandelo labucala kunye nelikarhulumente kuya kuvumela icandelo likarhulumente ukuba lihlole eyona mikhwa imbi kwicandelo labucala. Kodwa iphi ibhalansi efanele ukwenziwa phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala? Kwangoko kwesi sincoko, ndichonge iimpahla neenkonzo ezininzi ekufuneka zilawulwe kwicandelo likarhulumente, kodwa ekugqibeleni, apho umgca utsalwa khona iya kuba ngumcimbi wengxoxo yoluntu. Ngendlela efanayo, uAlbert uthi, "Ziziphi izinto ezimele zibe kuluhlu lwamahhala yinto eya kufuneka ixoxwe kwimibutho yabathengi" (117).
Ingongoma ephambili yile: kunye necandelo likarhulumente elidlamkileyo nelibanzi, (eliququzelelwe ngokwee-parecons, mhlawumbi), apho amathuba emisebenzi yabantu efumaneka lula, nalapho izibonelelo eziyimfuneko zolondolozo oludumileyo zinikezelwa kubantu simahla, ukuxhathisa oko kubucala. Iifemu zecandelo okwangoku zinandipha abasebenzi, ukubavumela ukuba baphathe kakubi abasebenzi babo kwaye bahlanganise amandla abucala, kuya kuncitshiswa. Umzekelo, ukuba kuluntu lwe-LME abantu bakhethe ukungena kwicandelo labucala ukuze baqokelele ubutyebi ngokusebenzela iifemu zecandelo labucala, kwaye ukuba kuloo mizi-mveliso abo basebenzi baphathwa kakubi ngabaphathi benkampani, abo basebenzi bekungayi kufuneka bahlale bengabasebenzi belo shishini. eqinile, kuba baya kuba nemisebenzi yecandelo likarhulumente kunye nezixhobo zokubuyela emva. Ngoko ke, indlela exubeneyo yezoqoqosho inokubangela ukuba abaqeshi babaphathe ngcono abasebenzi babo ngokubabonelela ngemivuzo ephezulu, nokubanika ukuqonda nentlonipho engakumbi enkampanini. Kwakhona, ngokuba namaziko ecandelo likarhulumente njengeentsika, “ziintsika” ezisembindini woluntu ngeli lixa iimarike zikho umbhodamo ongaphaya kwemida yaloo maziko ecandelo likarhulumente, (njengoko i-LME ikubona oko), ukufumaneka kwemisebenzi kunye nezibonelelo kwicandelo likarhulumente. inokusebenza njengendawo yokuhlola ukukhula kweefemu zecandelo labucala kunye neendlela “zolawulo lwama-impiriyali” lweemarike nabanini bamashishini, njengoko bengayi kuba nesibonelelo esivumayo nesilungile sabasebenzi abanokuqesha. Oku kuncitshiswa kokufumaneka kwabasebenzi, kunye nesakhono esiphuculweyo sabasebenzi sokushiya iifemu zabucala, kunokwenza kube nzima ukuba iifemu zabucala zikhule, ngengqiqo yokuba amashishini akhulayo adla ngokufuna abasebenzi abaninzi.
Ukushwankathela: phantsi koluntu olusekwe kwi-LME, abasebenzi abasayi kufuna ukungena kwicandelo labucala ukuba abafuni, ngokungafaniyo nangoku, apho abantu banyanzelwa ezandleni zeefemu zecandelo labucala, abathi emva koko baphathe kakubi abasebenzi babo. kuba abo basebenzi baxhomekeke kwiifem zecandelo labucala ukuze bazigcine. Phantsi kwe-LME, amandla ebekade enawo iifemu zecandelo labucala aya kuthatyathwa kakhulu kubo, njengoko abasebenzi beza kuba nezibonelelo zecandelo likarhulumente kunye nengqesho ebuyela umva. Uzinzo oludumileyo lwecandelo likarhulumente, njengeseti yamaziko akwaziyo ukugcina ukubambelela kwawo kwizimilo zoluntu ngelixa emi njengenye indawo kwicandelo labucala, kuya kuba luvavanyo lokuba ngaba uluntu olukhululekileyo okanye hayi kunye nomxube ofanelekileyo woluntu nolwabucala. amacandelo exhomekeke kuwo, anokugcinwa ixesha elide. Amanqanaba enkxaso ethandwayo kunye negalelo kwicandelo likarhulumente nawo anokubonwa njengomlinganiselo wobungakanani babantu injalo ngokwenene Ezentlalo.
Ukuququmbela
Ngesi sincoko, bendifuna ukunika impendulo emfutshane kuMichael Albert I-Parecon: Ubomi Emva koBuchule, ngokugxininisa kwimiba ephambili kunye nemodeli ye-parecon ethe yafika engqondweni njengoko ndifunda isicatshulwa. Ekugqibeleni, ndibona i-parecon njengemodeli ye-libertarian kwicandelo likarhulumente, kwaye ke ndiza kuyifunda njengengcaciso ecacileyo kunye neneenkcukacha zendlela amacandelo ezoqoqosho oluntu anokulungelelaniswa ngayo ukuze kwandiswe ixabiso lethu lentlalontle. Ngaloo ndlela, izigxeko zam eziphambili zomzekelo zibandakanya ukungagxininiswa kwentlukwano ephambili phakathi kwecandelo likarhulumente kunye necandelo labucala lezoqoqosho, kunye nokufaneleka kweengcamango ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho kwezi zimbini ezihlukeneyo. Kanye njengoko ndicinga ukuba imodeli ye-parecon ingaphuhliswa ngakumbi ngokusekwe kwizigxeko ezinikiweyo kwesi sincoko, i-LME iya kucokiswa ngakumbi ngokukhanyisela izifundo ze-parecon model ngokunjalo. Umzekelo, umbono womvuzo wawungeyonxalenye yombono wam wombutho wecandelo likarhulumente ekuqaleni, njengoko ndandicinga ukuba le mbono ayihambelani nemigaqo yenkululeko. Ndandibambe ukuba abantu kufuneka bagcine icandelo likarhulumente lisekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwiminikelo yokuzithandela: Umvuzo womsebenzi wecandelo likarhulumente uya kufuna ukuba urhulumente ahlawule irhafu kuluntu aze asebenzise loo ngeniso ukuhlawula abasebenzi kwicandelo likarhulumente. Ngenxa yokuba irhafu ingahambelani nenkululeko, andizange ndibone ukuba umvuzo unokudityaniswa njani nombono wemodeli yoqoqosho yenkululeko, kwaye ke ndiye ndaphuhlisa iLME kwindawo enkulu ngokusekwe kwimfuno ecingelwayo yokuba abasebenzi becandelo likarhulumente bafake isandla njengamavolontiya hlawula. Kwimeko apho, inkuthazo yabasebenzi yokufaka isandla iya kuba ngumnqweno wokulondoloza uluntu olukhululekile, kunokuba umnqweno womvuzo kunye "nempahla yezinto eziphathekayo", apho abasebenzi banokuzifumana ngokungena kwicandelo labucala kunye nokufumana imali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba esi sincoko sichaphazela kangakanani uphuhliso lwemodeli ye-parecon, okanye ubungakanani uAlbert's. Parecon kuphembelela uphuhliso lwemodeli ye-LME, iingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga neembono zenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho ngokungathandabuzekiyo zibizelwa, ngenxa yomsantsa phakathi kufuneka ibe yintoni kwaye Yintoni i ngokumalunga neenkqubo zokudityaniswa koqoqosho kunye nozinzo.
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