Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kobunye ubomi ndandihamba yonke imihla kangangeveki ukuya kwiChicago Historical Society kwaye ndidibanisa yonke inkupho eyapapashwa ngeminyaka yoo-1920s. Utolo Olukhawulezayo, iphephandaba lenkampani yesityalo esikhulu saseChicago seSwift & Company yenkampani yokupakisha inyama. Yayisisifundo sokuqala kwipropaganda yenkampani.
An arrow Yalatha Kwiingqondo Zabasebenzi
Njengamanye amaphephandaba ezityalo aveliswe ngabaphathi ngelo xesha leshumi leminyaka, i Utolo Olukhawulezayo yayisisixhobo solawulo lweengcinga zenkampani esenzelwe ukwenza nokugcina abasebenzi benyanisekile kumqeshi wabo kwaye batofelwe ngokuchasene neetyhefu zemanyano yabasebenzi kunye nesoshiyali. Iphawuleka ngokwala kwayo ukunika ingxelo ngayo nantoni na enokuthi ibonakalise kakubi ubunyani bomsebenzi kwishishini awathi u-Upton Sinclair wawuchaza njengongxowankulu beSihogo sabasebenzi (kunye neenkomo, iihagu kunye neegusha) kwinoveli yakhe yesocialist efundwa ngokubanzi. Ihlathi (1906), i Utolo Olukhawulezayo ibonise umzi-mveliso waseChicago Swift “njengosapho olukhulu olonwabileyo” olukhathalelwe lusapho lwakwaSwift olunovelwano kunye nabaphathi bayo abanobuchule nabanesisa ngaxeshanye. Eli phepha lalisoloko libhekisela kwiiholide, iinkqubo zobunini bempahla yabasebenzi, ukuthengwa kwabasebenzi kwizinto zabathengi (ingakumbi iimoto), iinkqubo zolonwabo ezixhaswa yinkampani (kubandakanywa neqela lebaseball le-“Swift’s Premium”), amakhaya neegadi zabasebenzi, kunye nemivuzo ephezulu. “imali yebhonasi” (efunyenwe phantsi kwenkqubo entsonkothileyo “yenkqubo yenkuthazo yeBedaux” eyayidume ngokuba yenze i-Swift yaba “yeyona nkampani ihlawula kakhulu kushishino”) njengemiqondiso yeenzuzo ezinkulu ezifunyanwa ngabo baqeshwe “liqumrhu elikhulu elinenkululeko.”
Kwezinye iimeko, i Utolo'Icandelo “leendaba zobuqu” lalilungiselelwe ukubonisa umoya wokonwaba, wokusebenza nzima kwabasebenzi abathembekileyo abangazange bakhalaze ngobomi kunye nokusebenza phantsi kolawulo lwabaphathi babo abanobubele. Into eqhelekileyo ngowe-1928 yazisa umsebenzi ononcumo uHenry Price osuka kwisebe lokuthumela inqanawa. “UHenry… utsho,” watsho arrow wanikela ingxelo evunyiweyo, “umsebenzi awunakuza ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kuye!”
I-Packinghouse Barber
Enye yeendlela ezininzi apho abahleli abanomdla kunye nababhali be Utolo bafuna ukuqhubela phambili umyalezo wabo wokombiswano yayiluluhlu oluthe gqolo apho umchebi weenwele ogama linguMike wayephendula ngokurhabaxa izikhalazo zabasebenzi kunye neeradicals ngeeperile zobulumko borhwebo, intlalontle-yongxowankulu. Kwikholamu enye “yeBarber Mike”, “Isantya kunye neNkampani” (igama elihlongozwe le-Arrow le-Swift & Company) umsebenzi wopakisho uvakalise ukuba ugqibile ukuzisebenzela “ukuze afe” esebenzela umphathi wakhe. UBarber uMike wayesele elungile ngempendulo edibanisa imbono yoohlohlesakhe yakudala yokuba unikezelo ludala imfuno yalo kunye nomoya omtsha womthengi we "Ring Twenties" kunye noluvo lokuba iSwift's yayiliqela elikhulu elimanyeneyo. UMike wathi: “Bosh! Okukhona amadoda akhawulezayo esebenza, kokukhona besenza izinto ezininzi, kwaye kokukhona besenza lisezantsi ixabiso liba sezantsi ukuze abantu abaninzi babenako ukufikelela ngoko bakuproduc'n…XA IQELA LIPHUMELELE NGAMNYE ABAFANA KULO...Kwaye oko iyahamba nokuba yiWhite Sox (iqela lebaseball eliphambili laseChicago elikwicala lebhola ekhatywayo) okanye iSpeed and Co.
Ephendula umxhasi wevenkile yokucheba ovakalise ukucaphuka kubutyebi babucala obuthe bafunyanwa ngabaphezulu kwishishini laseChicago, uMike wayalela abasebenzi ukuba loo mali yadala amathuba emisebenzi. “Ekuhambeni kwexesha,” watsho umchebi wenkampani eyintsomi, “abantu abazizityebi abanakuyigcina imfumba yabo ngaphandle kokubeka abantu emsebenzini.”
U-“Barber Mike” wayesele elungile xa abasebenzi kwivenkile yakhe bavakalisa urhano olubekekileyo lwabasebenzi abasebenza ngezandla ngabo bahlawulwa imali eyongezelelekileyo ngaphandle “kokungcolisa izandla zabo” ngokukhalazela intsalela “yabangenzi nto” kubaphathi “abangengabo abakhiqizi” "Isantya" isityalo. "Ucinga ukuba iSpeed & Inkampani ize kuma phezulu kumzi-mveliso wokupakisha?" Wabuza uMike. “Ibingelothamsanqa elibi. Aba bafana abakhulu abathi abanye kuni abafumani mali bacinga ngalo lonke ixesha…Kukho okungakumbi kwishishini lokupakisha inyama elipakisha nje inyama.”
Omnye wemihlathi wawunomxholo othi “UMike Uphendula IBolshevik.” Xa umsebenzi ogama lingu-“Rats Cook” wachaza ukuba “usandul’ ukuva intetho enkulu [engasekhohlo] epakini phezolo,” umchebi wangenelela ukuze achaze ukuba “ngamnye wethu uhlawula ubomi bamakhoboka othetha ngawo. Izihlandlo ezilishumi elinesibini ezingcono zookumkani kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini eyadlulayo.” Xa “iimpuku” zakhalaza “kodwa asilingani,” kwangena uMike wathi “ 'Kakade asikho. Zange kube njalo. Kungcono ukuba nezityebi kwaye abanye bahlwempuzeke bonke benezinto ezininzi abanokonwabela kunokuba bonke balingane kwaye babandezeleke.” Umchebi wenkampani wagqiba ukuvala umvandedwa kaMarxist ngokuhambisela phambili ingqiqo eqhelekileyo yoohlohlesakhe yokuba ulawulo lodidi lwaba yinxalenye yendalo ngokuzibuza ngokuphoxayo ukuba “iimpuku” zinazo naziphi na izikhalazo “'ngemozulu.'”(Utolo Olukhawulezayo, Meyi 22, 1926)[1]
Ukusuka eChicago ukuya eShenzhen
Izinto ziyatshintsha. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi alithoba emva kokuba Utolo Olukhawulezayo yasungulwa (kunye namakhulu amanye amaphepha-ndaba enkampani echasene nomanyano kulo lonke ilizwe laseMelika) ukuphendula kwisoyikiso esivezwe kumalungelo ongxowankulu yimibutho yabasebenzi kunye namasoshiyali, umzi-mveliso waseChicago owawukade umkhulu wokupakisha inyama yinto yakudala. Injalo ke isiseko semizi-mveliso esakha sabonelela ngengqesho kwizigidi zabasebenzi baseMelika kunye nembeleko yokuvela komanyano lwemveliso ngobuninzi olwaqhubela uninzi lwaba basebenzi kwinto emalunga nodidi oluphakathi emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi.
Ukuxhelwa, ukunikezelwa, kunye nokupakishwa kwezilwanyana kunye neemveliso zezilwanyana kwasasazwa ngasentshona kulo lonke elase-US, kufutshane nempahla yemfuyo nangaphezulu ukusuka kwabo babesakuba ngabavukeli, imibutho ekhokelwe ngasekhohlo eyayibambe intambo phakathi kwabasebenzi bezindlu zokupakisha kwindawo yokupakisha eyayidityaniswe nololiwe. amaziko (kuquka iChicago, Omaha, St. Louis, Cedar Rapids) ukusuka ekupheleni kwee-1930 ukuya kwii-1950.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezingatyiwayo njengeemoto, iimpahla, intsimbi kunye neekhompyuter zisasazwe kwihlabathi liphela ukuya kwinqanaba elimangalisayo, ngakumbi eMpuma Asia. U-Upton Sinclair wangoku okhangela iindawo ezinkulu zemveliso apho abonisa khona amasikizi obomi bomsebenzi kunye nabasebenzi angenza ngcono ukuya eTshayina. Unokundwendwela umzi-mveliso weFoxconn's Langhua "ikhampasi" eShenzhen, eTshayina, apho abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-300,000 benza iimveliso ezifana ne-Apple iPhone, i-Sony PlayStations kunye ne-Dell Computers ngomvuzo we-$175 ngenyanga. Iimeko zokusebenza kunye neendawo zokuhlala kwi-complex yeLanghua ziyahluka kangangokuba inani elikhulu labasebenzi liyazibulala, nto leyo ekhokelela inkampani ukuba ibophe ngaphezu kwe-30 yezigidi zeemitha ezikwere zeminatha etyheli ukubamba imizimba yabasebenzi abatsiba kwiifestile kunye nophahla oluphezulu. iindawo zokulala zabasebenzi [2]
Global Weiding
Olunye utshintsho kukuba akusengobudenge ukuba umlandeli kaMarxist okanye olunye uhlobo lwamanxele akhalaze “‘ngemozulu. Imozulu ekhoyo ngoku ngokucacileyo ayingomphumo nje wamandla endalo angaphelelwa lixesha. Amashumi eminyaka yokwanda koqoqosho kunye nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kunye nemveliso esekelwe ekuxhatshazweni okungayekeleliyo kunye nokumoshayo kwamafutha efosili etyebileyo ekharbhon iye yafudumeza imozulu yehlabathi nge "greenhouse effect" ngeendlela eziye zavelisa ukugqithisela kwemozulu ephilwa ngexesha lokwenyani ngoku. Njengoko i-Arctic sele ilahlekelwe ngama-40 epesenti yomthamo womkhenkce kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo, kunye neminyaka eli-1,600 yokuyilwa komkhenkce enyibilike kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseMazantsi Melika, kunye nemiqondiso ebonisa ukuba i-permafrost yesijikelezi-langa iyavuza. Imethane enekhabhoni etyebileyo ukusa kwinqanaba eliyingozi, “ukuguquguquka kwemozulu okungaqhelekanga kwiArctic kuguqula imisinga yejethi, nto leyo, enefuthe elibi kwimo yezulu kuwo wonke uMntla weIkhweyitha”[3].Njengoko izazinzulu eziphambili zemozulu uJennifer Francis (Rutgers), uLean Saffrey (iYunivesithi yokuFunda - UK), kunye noJeff Masters (Imozulu ephantsi komhlaba) inqaku, ukufudumala kweArctic kunciphisa ukuhluka kweqondo lokushisa phakathi kweNorth Pole kunye ne-Equator. Oko kunciphisa isantya kwaye kwandisa ukujikeleza komntla-mazantsi wejet streams (imilambo emikhulu yomoya emisela imo yezulu esemantla kwi-7-to-9 yeemayile phezulu kwi-troposphere yesijikelezi-langa), idala "iipateni zokuvala" ezivelisa ixesha elide lokubanda. amazanyana, iziganeko zekhephu, amaza obushushu, imbalela, kunye nezikhukula kunye nokunyuka kwamaza omoya kunye nokuqina kwezaqhwithi (kubandakanya iinkanyamba kunye neenkanyamba) ngaphesheya koMntla.
Imijelo yejethi etshintshiweyo ichaza ukonyuka okumangalisayo kwemozulu embi kunye neyingozi kulo lonke elase-US nakwilizwe liphela. Balele ngasemva kwezehlo zemozulu kunye neemeko ezininzi, ukusuka eUnited States imbalela yayimbi kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-50 (2012) ukuya kubhaliso lwangoku lwamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwiminyaka ngoku ehlala iphakathi kweyona ndawo ishushu erekhodiweyo kwimbali yoluntu, ukurekhoda ukuwa kwekhephu. (“i-snowmaggedons” kubandakanywa nesandula ukumisa amawakawaka abaqhubi kwikhephu kunye noohola bendlela egqunywe ngumkhenkce kwidolophu yase-Atlanta esemazantsi e-US), ukuya kwizikhukula ezinkulu (eNgilane ngo-2012 naseColorado naseMpuma Yurophu ngo-2013) kunye nenkanyamba, iinkanyamba, kunye iinkanyamba. Izehlo zemozulu ebezifudula zigqalwa njenge “kanye kwiminyaka eyi-100” kunye “kanye kwiminyaka engama-500” ngoku zisenzeka rhoqo. Kwangaxeshanye, iziganeko zemozulu ezibonakala zingaqhelekanga zangaphandle kwexesha lonyaka ziyinxalenye yenyaniso entsha yemozulu. Iinkanyamba ezininzi zavela kumbindi we-US kufutshane nje noMbulelo wekwindla yokugqibela. Kukho iintsuku ze-80-degree e-Chicago ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari (ngokuhlamba ilanga kunye ne-volleyball yaselwandle) kwiminyaka yamuva.
I-Counter-intuitive nangona isenokubonakala, irekhodi le-Cold Arctic yokuqhambuka kobu busika basemantla e-hemisphere (2013-204) ibotshelelwe kubushushu behlabathi be-anthropogenic. [4]. Yibize kwihlabathi jikelele.
“Ikamva Eliqaqambileyo Elingenakuphepheka”
Ngaphezu kokuba yingozi, ukungonwabi, kwaye kuyabiza (nditshintshe uphahla olunye ngenxa yenkanyamba [ka-2006] kwaye andizange ndikhuphe ikhephu elingaphezu kwekhephu kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo), iipateni zemozulu ezintsha zisongela ukutya kunye namanzi ehlabathi. Baphakamisa owona mbono wokuphela koluntu ukuba kwaye xa "iindawo zokuthintela" ezoyikisayo njengokukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-Arctic methane (imeko enokubakho ekufutshane "yeyona ndlela ibalekayo yokufudumala kwehlabathi") iyadlula. Ingxaki enxulumeneyo ye-asidi yolwandle (utshintsho kwimichiza yolwandle olubangelwa kukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yabantu ngokugqithisileyo) ihlasela iibhloko zokwakha ubomi phantsi kolwandle olukhulu nolungcolisekileyo lwehlabathi. I-ikhosistim, uninzi longeza ukwehla kakhulu kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo - ibinzana lobuchule lokufa okukhulu kwezinye iintlobo-kuluhlu "lwemivalo yendalo" [5]ejongene noluntu kunye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo kunye neemvakalelo kwi-21st ngenkulungwane.
Izinto ezifunyanisiweyo kunye nezigwebo zezona nzululwazi zibalaseleyo zomhlaba zicace gca. Njengoko iZiko loPhando ngoTshintsho lweMozulu likaTyndall (e-UK) laqukumbela kulo nyaka uphelileyo: “Namhlanje, ngo-2013, sijongene nekamva eliqaqambileyo elingenakuthintelwa…Sisenokuqhubeka nokunyuka kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kwaye sivune iziphumo ezimandla zokutshintsha kwemozulu embi, okanye sivume ukuba sinokhetho kwaye silandele ukucutha izinto ezikhutshwayo ngokumandla: Akusekho ndlela yokukhetha. Ngaphaya koko, itekhnoloji yobonelelo ngekhabhoni ephantsi ayinakuzisa isantya esiyimfuneko sokuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa - kufuneka zidityaniswe ngokucutha ngokukhawuleza, okunzulu kunye kwangethuba ekusebenziseni amandla."[6]
Isifo esinzulu: ubungxowankulu
Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zaseTyndall zasilela ukuphakamisa umbuzo womhlaza wentlalo-ntle obangela isifo esisasazekayo sokutshintsha kwemozulu eyenziwe ngumntu. Esi sifo bubungxowankulu[7], iinkosi zabo nabathetheleli babo baye bafumana impendulo kwimfuno edumileyo yokulingana kudala “ingakumbi.” Baphendula ngokususela kwingcamango yokuba ukukhula kubangela “ukunyuka kwamaza okuphakamisa onke amaphenyane” ngendlela esenza silibale ngesibakala sokuba abambalwa abazizityebi bahamba ngoothokoyo ngezikhephe ezinkulu ngoxa inkoliso yethu itsala nzima ukuhlala idada phezu kwezikhephe ezinenjini. kunye needingi ezinqabileyo.
As Le MondeUmhleli wezendalo uHerve Kempf uphawule kwincwadi yakhe enesihloko esifanelekileyo Izityebi Ziwonakalisa Umhlaba (2007), "i-oligarchy” ikubona usukelo lokuzuza izinto eziphathekayo “njengesicombululo kwintlekele yentlalo,” “ekuphela kwendlela yokulwa ubuhlwempu nokungaqeshwa,” kunye “ekuphela kwendlela yokwenza uluntu lwamkele ukungalingani okugqithiseleyo ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. . . . Ukukhula,” wacacisa uKempf, “bekuya kuvumela umgangatho uwonke wobutyebi ukuba uvele uze ngenxa yoko uphucule ubomi bamahlwempu ngaphandle—yaye le nxalenye ayichazwanga [ngabantu ababalaseleyo kwezoqoqosho]—nasiphi na imfuneko yokuguqula ukwabiwa kobutyebi.”[8]
“Ukukhula,” isazi ngezoqoqosho esikhululekileyo uHenry Wallich sacacisa (ngokuvumayo) ngowe-1972, “kuthabathel’ indawo ukulingana kwengeniso. Logama nje kukho ukukhula kusekho ithemba, kwaye loo nto yenza umahluko omkhulu wemivuzo unyamezeleke.”[9]
Ukuphinda isiluleko se-Swift & Company sika-1926 kubasebenzi bayo ngoBarber Mike: “Ngokuqinisekileyo asilingani…[kodwa] wonke umntu uhlawula amakhoboka othetha ngawo uphila ngokuphindwe kalishumi elinesibini ngcono’ ookumkani benza isibini o. kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo…. Kubhetele ukuba abanye abazizityebi nabangamahlwempu nabo bonke benezinto ezininzi abanokuzinandipha kunokuba bonke balingane yaye besentlungwini.”
Ewe, ukukhula kungaphezulu kwengcamango phantsi kwenkqubo yengeniso. Ikwayinto ebonakalayo, ibalulekile kwezoqoqosho kubatyali-zimali, abaphathi, abasebenzi, kunye nabaqulunqi bomgaqo-nkqubo ababanjwe kwi Ukhuphiswano lobungxowankulu behlabathi bukhuphisana ngoko uJohn Bellamy Foster akubiza ngokuba “sisingqinisiso sehlabathi semveliso. Ubungxowankulu bufuna ukukhula okuthe gqolo ukukhawulelana neemfuno zokhuphiswano lokuqokelelwa kwenkunzi, iimfuno zengqesho zodidi lwamazwe ngamazwe olukhula ngokuqhubekayo okanye iiproletarians (abasebenzi abaxhomekeke emvuzweni), iimfuno zentengiso yamaqumrhu, kunye nemfuno yamagosa alawulayo yokumisela igunya lawo ngokusemthethweni ngokubonakala ukuqhubela phambili uphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe nokhuseleko.[10] Le nkqubo ayinako ukwala ukukhula ize iphile kanye njengokuba umntu enokuyeka ukuphefumla aze aphile. Kunjengoko uJoel Kovel ephawula, “inkqubo eyakhelwe ekukhuleni okungapheliyo”, “ukwandiswa ngonaphakade kwemveliso yezoqoqosho,” kunye “nokuguqulwa [kokuguqulwa] kwayo yonke into enokwenzeka [kuquka umoya esiwuphefumlayo, amanzi esiwaselayo. umhlaba kunye nezityalo] kwixabiso [lokutshintshana] eliyimali.” Ngoko ke ibotshelelwe “ukutshabalalisa ingqibelelo yenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo apho ubomi buxhomekeke ekutyeni, amandla, nobunye ubuncwane.”[11]
Ngokungqinelana nale nyaniso ibuhlungu, abatyali-mali abaphambili kule nkqubo batyale imali eninzi kwintengiso eyilahleko, ukuthengisa, ukupakishwa kunye nokwakhelwa-ngaphakathi-ukuphelelwa lixesha. Ukuzinikela kungene kwiinkqubo ezingundoqo zemveliso yongxowankulu, ukuze izigidi zibulaleke kwihlabathi jikelele ekwenzeni izinto ezintsonkothileyo zombane (kunye nezinye) iimveliso ezenzelwe ukuphulukana nexabiso lezinto eziphathekayo nezentlalo (kwaye ngaloo ndlela zilahlwa kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma) ngexesha elifutshane. .[12]
Ukugcina nje iPlanethi: Kwi-Asethi ye-Asethi
Endleleni, inkunzi yase-US ityale imali izixa ezikhulu zenkunzi ezinzileyo kwinkqubo ekhoyo yamandla efosili ekhotyokiswe yifosili – utyalo-mali lwenkunzi eyinkunzi eyenza amaqumrhu amakhulu nanamandla epetrochemical kunye nezinto eziluncedo zonke “ngokusengqiqweni” (ngokwembono yenzuzo) ukumelana noguqulo lwamandla acocekileyo olufuneka kakhulu. Njengombhali okhokelayo wendalo esingqongileyo kunye netshantliziyo uBill McKibben wachaza kwincwadi yakhe ka-2010 Umhlaba: Ukwenza Ubomi Kwiplanethi Entsha Enzima:
“Iindleko zokutshona…libinzana ekufuneka silazi ukuba sifuna ukuqonda ukuba kutheni zonke iinkampani ezinkulu zingatsibeki kuloliwe wamandla acocekileyo. Intatheli uPaul Roberts ucinge ngaphambili kule minyaka ilishumi ukuba 'iziseko zamafutha efosili ezikhoyo, ukusuka kwimizi-mveliso yamandla kunye neetanki ezinkulu ukuya kwiziko leoli kunye neeSUVs,' zixabisa i-10 yeetriliyoni zeedola, kwaye zicwangciselwe ukusebenza naphi na ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi ukuya kwamashumi amahlanu ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokuba ikomkhulu layo libe likomkhulu. iindleko zinokuhlawulwa. Ukuba siyivala kwangoko, nje ukusindisa iplanethi, kuya kufuneka ubani adle ezo ndleko. Xa kujongwa 'i-asethi eyingozi,' akukho mnini okanye umtyali-mali kumzi-mveliso onokuthi avume ukubhala phantsi ngaphandle 'komlo ombi wezopolitiko'” (ugxininiso longeziweyo).[13]
I-Blame China Syndrome/Uxanduva lwase-US
Inkunzi enkulu yekhabhoni yase-US kunye namahlakani ayo amaninzi kurhulumente nakwezopolitiko njengale mihla ukubona ukuba i-China ngoku inkqenkqeza phambili ye-carbon emitter yelizwe, ipeyinta eso sizwe siqwenga amalahle kunye nongcoliseko lomoya njengelona galelo liphezulu kutshintsho lwemozulu. Intlawulo ishiya ukusetyenziswa kwekhabhoni yomntu ngamnye e-US engekangqinelani, igalelo lembali lase-US eliqokelelweyo kwi-atmosfera (ngoku ligqithile kwindawo eyoyikwayo yokuncanca iinxalenye ezingama-350 ngesigidi), kunye notyalo-mali olukhulu lwase-US. inkunzi kumafutha efosili yaseTshayina kunye nokuveliswa. I-JPMorgan Chase kunye ne-Citibank ityale i-17 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kunye ne-14 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ngokulandelanayo, ekwakhiweni kweplanti yamalahle esitsha ngaphandle kwe-2006 kunye ne-2013.[14] Iinkampani "zaseMelika" ziye zakhupha ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwimizi-mveliso - kunye nongcoliseko lomoya olubonakalayo - ukuya eChina ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci.
Kwangaxeshanye, akukho rhulumente kazwelonke wenze okungakumbi kwiinzame ezithandathu eziya zikhula ngamandla kumazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yehlabathi kunaleyo yase-United States- irekhodi eliqhubelekayo nempindezelo ecinezelayo ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumongameli ka-Obama “oluhlaza”. Kwaye akukho lizwe lityale imali kakhulu kwaye linamandla kwezopolitiko, ingcamango, kunye nokukhuthazwa komkhosi kunye nokukhusela inkqubo yenzuzo yekhabhoni kunye nokukhula kwe-United States. I-US likomkhulu le-carbon-industrial-complex enkulu yokuphembelela kunye nemfazwe yepropaganda malunga neziphumo ezibi kakhulu zenzululwazi yemozulu yanamhlanje - kubandakanya nezo zeNASA. Phantse wedwa phakathi kwezizwe zehlabathi, njengoko uNoam Chomsky ephawulile, i-US ibuyela umva kumbandela wemozulu, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo oqhutywa kancinci kukukhanyela okukhokelwa yinkampani malunga neziphumo ezibi kunye nezilumkiso eziqhubekela phambili sisininzi esikhulu somhlaba kunye. izazinzulu zobomi. [14A]
Imfazwe yepropaganda ye-carbon-industrial complex yase-US kwisayensi yemozulu iya kubangela ukuncoma okumangalisayo kubahleli be Utolo Olukhawulezayo kunye namanye amaphephandaba eenkampani apho iinkampani zaqhubela phambili ubugcisa kunye nesayensi yolawulo lwengcinga (yaba nguvulindlela yaza yasiwa kumanqanaba angenakuthelekiswa nanto e-US. [15]) ngeminyaka yee-1920.
"Ibali leMpumelelo yeMarike yasimahla"
Ingxaki ye-petro-capitalist carbon-industrial eco-cidal asset inertia iye nzulu “kwilizwe lasekhaya” kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko iibhiliyoni ezingenakuchazwa ngoku zityalwe imali kwinkqubo ye-arch-toxic ye-hydraulic fracturing, apho igesi neoyile zitsalwa ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu. iinkqubo zokomba ezithe tyaba ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kunye nokutyhefa kwamanzi acocekileyo asele esengozini kunye nokutofwa ngenkani phantsi komhlaba kwemichiza eyityhefu. Ithatyathwe ngawo omabini amaqela amakhulu amashishini ase-US njengomthombo we "American Energy Independence" entsha ezukileyo, ukutsalwa ngamandla kwekhabhoni yerhasi ye-shale kunye ne-oyile ngokusebenzisa "i-fracking" izibaso ezongezelelekileyo zokufudumeza iGreenhouse. Iprojekthi yokurhafa kwerhasi yehlabathi ikwaphuhliswa ngokunikezelwa kwakutshanje ngamaSebe eSizwe sase-US ekuboneleleni ngokuluhlaza (njengakwimali yenkampani yepetroli) ukukhanya kokusingqongileyo kumbhobho we-Keystone XL (i-tar-sands).[16]
I-Fracking ithengiswa ngabatyali-mali bayo abaphambili njengebali lempumelelo “yentengiso yasimahla: igesi yendalo ephucukileyo eyenziwe yinkampani eyombayo, inikezela ngomthombo omtsha wamandla aphantsi ngaphandle kwenkxaso karhulumente efuna amandla elanga nawomoya… Kodwa,” njengoko u-Kevin Begoss we-Associated Press wayenentlonipho yokuqaphela ngokwindla lowama-2012, “abo bancedisayo ngobuchule obubizwa ngokuba yi-hydraulic fracturing, okanye i-fracking, bakhumbula enye indlela. Ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka, ukusuka kwithafa le-shale laseTexas naseWyoming ukuya kutsho kwiMarcellus ekuMntla-mpuma, urhulumente wobumbano uye wanikela ngaphezu kwe-100 lezigidi zeerandi kuphando ukuze kuphuhliswe ukuqhawuka, kunye neebhiliyoni ezingakumbi kwikhefu lerhafu.”[17]
Olu hanahaniso alubakhathazi kangako amawakawaka abasebenzi abaye bafumana imisebenzi efuneka ngamandla kumakhulukhulu eendawo ezintsha zokuqhawuka eTexas, ePennsylvania, nakuMntla Dakota. Ubungxowankulu budala imfuno enkulu yokusilela ekukhuleni (nangona kunjalo) phakathi kweebhiliyoni ezithe yazisusa ekuzixhaseni nasekuxhaseni uluntu ngohlaselo lwabo oluqhubekayo kwindalo kunye nentlalontle kunye norhulumente wentlalontle. Izihlwele ezihlwempuzekileyo nezingenazo iipropathi ezinento encinci okanye ezingenanto zingaphaya kwamandla abo okusebenza azinakulindelwa ukuba zikhathazeke ngentlalo-ntle yenkampani - okanye imeko-bume yaloo nto - njengoko besokola ukubeka ukutya etafileni kunye nempahla emizimbeni yabantwana babo ngokurenta umsebenzi wabo. Ukuxhotyiswa kwabo bangabanini beendlela zokuvelisa, ukutsalwa, ukusasaza, ezemali kunye nonxibelelwano.
ULimo lweZilwanyana
Njengoko umlimi wemifuno u-Upton Sinclair ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuyixabisa (kunye nabahleli be Utolo Olukhawulezayo ayifuni), nangona kunjalo, ayipheleli malunga namafutha efosili. Ngokwengxelo yakutshanje epapashwe yiWorldwatch Institute, i-51 pesenti emangalisayo ekhutshwa minyaka le ehlabathini lonke yegesi yegreenhouse iphuma kulimo lwezilwanyana - oko kuvela kwimfuyo kunye nemveliso yazo (izinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezingekho ngaphantsi kwe-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi kunye nemoto). Ngokutsho kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ukufuya izilwanyana ukuze kutyiwe “yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezimbini okanye ezintathu ezifak’ isandla kwezona ngxaki zinkulu zemekobume…ukususela ekuhlaleni ukusa ehlabathini lonke.” Ngokucacileyo, ukulima kwezilwanyana ngowona mthombo mkhulu wekharbon diokside kunye nonikezelo olukhulu lwekharbon-rich methane (amaxesha angama-20 anamandla ngaphezu kwecarbon dioxide xa kufikwa ekubambeni ubushushu emoyeni) kunye (namaxesha angama-300 anamandla) initrogen. ukukhutshwa kweoksidi. (Ungaphantse ukuva uRush Limbaugh (u-Barber uMike wanamhlanje oluhlobo lwamaza omoya) egubha ngokungakholelwa, phakathi kokulunywa, mhlawumbi, i-hamburger ekhutshwe kwinkomo egulayo ekhuliswe kwindawo yokutya yaseColorado ekhohlakeleyo) "Ngokwayo," kwiWorldwatch Institute eports, “ukushiya umhlaba omninzi weleenjiko osetyenziselwa idlelo lemfuyo nokukhulisa ukutya [kwezilwanyana] ukuze kuhlaziywe ihlathi [lemvula eshinyeneyo] [ngoku eliphantsi kohlaselo olukhulu lobukapitali kumazwe asakhasayo] kusenokunciphisa kangangesiqingatha ( okanye ngaphezulu) yazo zonke iiGasi zeGreenhouse yeanthropogenic.”[18]
Umhlaba owawukade umnyama owawusakuba ziiGreat US Plains ulawulwa yindawo yokutyala umbona kunye neembotyi zesoya kwindawo yonke kwimizi-mveliso “ekubiyelo ukuya kucingo” lokutyala umbona kunye neembotyi zesoya ukuze kutyiwe izilwanyana. Ukuguqula loo mhlaba ukusuka ekukhuleni kokutya kwezilwanyana ukuya kwimveliso yendalo ethe ngqo yokutya kwabantu (ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo) kunciphise kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yase-US kunye nendlala yase-US ngaxeshanye.
Imikhosi / ubudlelwane
Iprojekthi yangoku yobusoshiyali efanelekileyo yokuvelisa ngokwedemokhrasi nokulungelwa komntu wonke ayingokubeka amandla akhoyo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa phantsi kolawulo lwabasebenzi nabemi noluntu ngokubanzi. Uninzi lwaloo mandla kunye neendlela zokuvelisa kudala zisenziwa zingabi namsebenzi, ziyingozi, kwaye zide zigqitywe. Azinakusetyenziswa ngendlela endilisekileyo kwihlabathi elingaphaya kolawulo lwenkunzi. Iifama zefektri kunye nemigangatho yokubulala kunye neentambo ze-SUV kwaye azisenandawo kwikamva elilungeleleneyo ngokwendalo, elilinganayo nelithatha inxaxheba kunezixhobo zamandla enyukliya kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nezixhobo zokuqhushumba - okanye kunezakhiwo ezinkulu ezibaswe ngamalahle ezinikezelwe ekwenzeni Izigidi zee-I-phones kunye neeconsole zevidiyo ezenzelwe ukuba zingasebenzi ngexesha elifutshane. Nini kwaye ukuba - njengokuba ngoku ngokucacileyo kufuneka kwenzeke ukuba uluntu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ziya kuba nalo naliphi na ithuba lekamva elihloniphekileyo - ubudlelwane bemveliso bulawulwa ngedemokhrasi kunye noluntu, amandla amadala okuvelisa kuya kufuneka atshayelwe kumgqomo wothuli wembali. Imikhosi emitsha iya kuvela kwaye imikhosi engekabikho yakudala kangako kunye neendlela eziya kuphinda zihlaziywe, ngokungqinelana nembono yombhali-mbali ongasekhoyo we-Marxist uChris Harman yokuba “uluntu… oluphawulwa ngokhuphiswano, ukungalingani, nengcinezelo” – ngokwemigangatho – “luhlanga” imveliso…kunokuba imbali yamva nje.”[19]
UPaul Street ngumbhali we "Capitalism: the Real Enemy," Isahluko 1 kuFrancis Goldin et al., KHAWUBE nomfanekiso-ngqondweni: Uhlala kwiU.S.A (ENew York: UHarper Collins, ngoJanuwari 2014). Incwadi elandelayo yesitalato ithi Bayalawula: I-1% v. Idemokhrasi (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2014).
Amanqaku akhethiweyo
1. Izicatshulwa zoqobo zinokufunyanwa ePaul Street, “Iphephandaba leNkampani: I-Swift Arrow kunye neWelfare Capitalism kwi-Chicago's Meatpacking Industry,” I-Mid-American: Uphononongo lwezeMbali (Ebusika 1996), uMqulu 78, iNombolo 1.
2. UFrederick Balfour noTim Culpan “Indoda Eyenza Iphone Yakho,” Iveki yo shishino, Septemba 9, 2010 e http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_38/b4195058423479.htm).
3. URobert Hunziker, "Ukungakhuseleki koTshintsho oluPhezulu lweMozulu," Z Magazine (ngoJanuwari 2014), 38.
4. Terrell Johnson, "Ingaba iRekhodi yokuqhambuka kwe-Arctic ebandayo ibotshelelwe kukufudumala kwehlabathi?" Ijelo leMozulu (ngoJanuwari 6, 2014) www.weather.com/news/science/environment/arctic-blast-linked-global-warming-20140106
5. UJohn Bellamy Foster, uBrett Clark, noRichard York, I-Ecological Rift: Imfazwe yobungxowankulu emhlabeni (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga, 2010), 14-15.
6. Iziko likaTyndall loPhando loTshintsho lweMozulu, “iNkomfa yokuNcitshiswa kweNgxoxo yokuNcitshiswa kweNcitho yokuKhusela iRadical Emission, ngoDisemba 10-11, 2013,” http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/radical-emission-reduction-conference-tyndall-centre-event-confronting-challenge-climate-change
7. Bona iingcinga ezicacileyo zombhali-mbali uRichard Smith kwincwadi ethi “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism,” Uphononongo loQoqosho lweHlabathi lokwenyani, inkupho yama-53, kaJuni 26, 2010, eyaphinda yashicilelwa ngohlaziyo ngo Thunti (ngoJanuwari 15, 2014), http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/21215-beyond-growth-or-beyond-capitalism
8. UHerve Kempf, Indlela Izityebi Eziwonakalisa Ngayo Umhlaba (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2007)70, 73.
9. UWallich ucatshulwe kwi UWilliam Greider, Yiza eKhaya eMelika: ukuPhakamisa nokuwa (kunye nokukhulula isithembiso) selizwe lethu (ENew York: Rodale, 2009), 202.
10. UJohn Bellamy Foster, “i-Global Ecology and the Common Good,” Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga (Februwari 1995), ifundwe kwi-intanethi http://clogic.eserver.org/3-1&2/foster.html
11. UJoel Kovel, “Ikamva liya kuba yi-Ecosocialist Kuba Ngaphandle kwe-Ecosocialism Akusayi Kubakho Ikamva,” Isahluko sesi-2 kuFrancis Goldin, uDebby Smith, noMichael Steven Smith, KHAWUBE nomfanekiso-ngqondweni Uhlala kwi-Socialist USA (ENew York: uHarper Collins, ngo-2014), 27-28
12. UJohn Bellamy kunye noBrett Clark, "I-Planetary Emergency," Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, Umqulu. 54, ukukhutshwa kwe-7 (Disemba 2012), http://monthlyreview.org/2012/12/01/the-planetary-emergency
13. UBill McKibben, Umhlaba: Ukwenza Ubomi Kwiplanethi Entsha Enzima (ENew York: Iincwadi zeXesha, 2010), 55.
14. uPhillip Gaspar, Uphononongo lobuSoshiyali baMazwe ngaMazwe (NgoJanuwari 2013]).
14A. “UNowam Chomsky kwiQonga leKhohlo lika-2013,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yvHMtgac0Q
15. U-Alex Carey, Ukuthatha uMngcipheko kwiDemokhrasi: I-Propaganda yeNkampani ngokuchasene neNkululeko kunye neNkululeko (Urbana, IL: IYunivesithi yase-Illinois Press, i-1997), i-11-84.
16. “Isebe likarhulumente lisondeza ilitye elingundoqo ekwamkelweni, kodwa ngaba ukungquzulana komdla kuya kungcolisa ingxelo?” Intando yeninzi Ngoku! , Februwari 3, 2014, http://www.democracynow.org/2014/2/3/debate_state_dept_moves_keystone_xl
17. Kevin Begos, “Fracking Developed with aDecades of Government Investment,” Associated Press (23 Septemba 2012) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/23/fracking-developed-government_n_1907178.html
18. URobert Goodland noJeff Anhang, "Imfuyo kunye noTshintsho lweMozulu," IWorld Watch (Novemba/Disemba 2009), http://www.worldwatch.org/files/pdf/Livestock%20and%20Climate%20Change.pdf ; Abantu boNyango lweZilwanyana, "Yilwa ukufudumala kwehlabathi," http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/global-warming/
19. UChris Harman, Imbali yaBantu yeHlabathi: Ukusukela kwiXesha laMatye ukuya kwiMillennium eNtsha (London: Verso, 2008[1999]).
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"Ngaphezu koko, akukho zizathu zokuziphatha zokuguqulelwa kweyantlukwano yendalo ibe yiyantlukwano kwizinto eziphathekayo/kwezoqoqosho..."
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho-umntu okwaziyo ukuphucula ubomi babanye (nokuba ngobuchule bakhe bendalo okanye hayi) ngoko ufanele ukuphila okungcono. Ukuba umntu ngugqirha kwaye usindisa ubomi kwaye andimfanelanga uphila ngcono kunam. Enyanisweni ukuba umntu omnye unceda uluntu ngakumbi omnye AKUKUFANELEKILE ukungamvumeli loo mntu ukuba anandiphe iingenelo ezininzi zoluntu kunomnye.
Asinakuze silingane ngokupheleleyo ngokwezakhono zethu kunye neempawu zethu. Bambalwa kakhulu kuthi abanokuqhuba ulwazi kunye neeparadigms kwinqanaba, sithi uNoam Chomsky okanye uBob Dylan okanye uWilliam Shakespeare okanye uKarl Marx okanye uCharles Darwin okanye uStephen Jay Gould….okanye uqeqeshe umdlalo onjengoBabe Ruth okanye uPele okanye uMichael Jordan. Kodwa ukungalingani okukhoyo kwezentlalo noqoqosho kunobomi babo obuzimeleyo kukungalingani kwendalo ukuze abantwana abangenangqondo bezityebi abambalwa baxhamle ukutyeba okumangalisayo kwaye baye eYale naseHarvard (oko kukuthi uGeorge W. Bush) ngelixa iinkcuba-buchopho ezingenakubalwa ezivela kubasebenzi zingazange zidlule kwikholeji yoluntu. . Nangona ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kwakusisibuko sokungalingani kwendalo (ayikho into enjalo), ngaphezu koko, akukho sizathu sokuziphatha sokuguqulelwa kokungafani kwendalo kwizinto eziphathekayo / ukungafani kwezoqoqosho ...
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