"Njengeengcali zezoqoqosho, siyamncoma uMongameli (waseHonduran) uCastro kunye nabantu baseHonduras, kwaye sinethemba lokuba amazwe kwihlabathi liphela alandele inkqubo yorhwebo olungenamkhethe nedemokhrasi."
Ngo-2023, ilizwe elincinane laseMbindi Melika laseHonduras (labantu: 10.7 yezigidi) yaba Isizwe esikwindawo yesibini ngezona zityholwayo kwiZiko leBhanki yaMazwe ngaMazwe lokuSombulula iiNgxwabangxwaba zoTyalo-mali (i-ICSID), elinamatyala alithoba ewonke e-ISDS (usonjululo lweengxabano zabatyali-zimali) ngokuchasene nalo (ekuphela kwelizwe elinamatyala amaninzi yiMexico, elina-10). Inye nje kwezo suti, iziswe ngumbutho waseMelika iPróspera Inc, Inkampani exhaswa ngemali ngabatyali-mali abaninzi baseSilicon Valley, kuquka uPeter Thiel, uBalaji Srinivasan, kunye noMarc Andreessen, i-$ 10.8 yezigidigidi, ilingana nesithathu kwi-GDP yaseHonduras.
I-Próspera Inc. yafaka ityala layo le-ISDS kwi-ICSID ngasekupheleni kuka-2022 emva kokuba uMongameli waseHonduras othe tyaba kwi-Xiamora Castro (akukho budlelwane noFidel) ngokuyinxenye wawutshitshisa umthetho onika abatyali-mali bangaphandle njengePróspera ilungelo lokudala izixeko ezisemthethweni kwiiNdawo zeNgqesho kunye noPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho, okanye iiZEDE. Yasekwa ngo-2021 eRoatán, isiqithi esikwiikhilomitha ezingama-40 ukusuka kunxweme olusemantla eHonduras, iPróspera ichazwe ngewebhusayithi yeendaba zobuchwepheshe Ukuphumla kwehlabathi njenge "crypto-libetarian paradise."
Emva koko, emva konyaka, urhulumente waseCastro wakhupha umbhoxo phantsi kweenyawo zikaPróspera ngokususa inxenye yomthetho ovumela iiZEDE ukuba zisebenze njengemimandla engaphantsi okanye engaphantsi kokuzimela kumhlaba waseHonduran. Kwisuti yayo ye-ISDS, iPróspera Inc. ithetha ukuba iHonduras iyityala ngaphezu kweebhiliyoni zeerandi ezili-10 ngokwaphula “isiqinisekiso sozinzo lomthetho seminyaka engama-50” ukuyinika ulongamo phezu kwePróspera, kuquka ukukwazi ukuyila eyayo imithetho, iinkundla, amagunya kunye neerhafu.
Uzipho namazinyo
Kwabo bangaqhelananga nesi sihloko, amagatya e-ISDS ngawona anika izivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini okanye zamazwe ngamazwe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba abatyali-zimali bamanye amazwe bakhwele ityhulu kwimithetho nemimiselo yasekhaya. Ngamafutshane, abatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle baye bamangalele oorhulumente ngayo nayiphi na ilahleko yengeniso, kubandakanywa neengeniso ezingekafunyanwa, eziphuma kwimithetho nemimiselo emitsha, kwaye badla ngokuba nempembelelo eyothusayo kwisenzo solawulo lwenzala ye-pubic. Amatyala agqitywe ngamaphaneli afihlakeleyo anabasebenzi abahlawulwa kakhulu, abalamli abanobubele kubatyali-zimali kwaye ahlala eziswa ngamaqumrhu ngokuchasene noorhulumente, angaze abe ngenye indlela.
Kodwa kukho into ephantse ingaziwa eyenzekayo kwimeko yaseHonduras. Endaweni yokulinda ukunyanzeliswa kwezohlwayo ezinokukhubazeka ezinokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo zibhuqe urhulumente wakhe, uXiaomi Castro wagqiba ekupheleni kukaFebruwari ukuba alirhoxise ilizwe lakhe evela kwi-ICSID, iphikisa ukuba inkundla yaphula ngokungekho mthethweni ulongamo lwaseHonduran.
Ekuthatheni eli nyathelo, iHonduras ibe lilizwe lokuqala elikuMbindi Merika ukuhamba kwi-ICSID, elona qonga libalulekileyo kwihlabathi lokusonjululwa kweyantlukwano phakathi kwabatyali-zimali kunye naMazwe, kunye nenani lilonke lababhalisi bakarhulumente abali-149. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iLatin America ibingumthombo onengeniso enkulu yengeniso (uninzi lwaseNtshona) iinkampani ezifuna umonakalo osemthethweni ngokuchasene noorhulumente ngokuwisa imithetho okanye imimiselo esongela umgca wabo osezantsi kunye namagqwetha olamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe axoxa amatyala. Ukusuka kwi inqaku Ndabhala ngo-2016:
[O] kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, lo mmandla ubungomnye weyona mithombo iphambili yentlawulo yabo egqithisileyo, enokususela kwi-$375 ukuya kwi-$700 ngeyure ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ulamlo lwenzeka phi.
Ngo-2008, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sawo onke amabango abhalisiweyo kwiZiko laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuSombulula iiMbango zoTyalo-mali (ICSID) bezilindile ngokuchaseneyo amazwe aseLatin America. Ngo-2012, malunga nekota yazo zonke iingxabano ezintsha ze-ICSID zibandakanya ilizwe laseLatin America.
Imvelaphi encinci
U-Xiomara Castro yinkosikazi yowayesakuba nguMongameli waseHonduran uManuel Zelaya, owagxothwayo kubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswa yi-US ngo-2009. Ngo-Epreli, 2022, iinyanga ezine e-ofisini, uye umemezele ukuba wayesele ezalisekise esinye sezithembiso zakhe eziphambili zephulo ngokubhangisa umnyaka ka-2013 owapasiswa ngurhulumente walowo wayesakuba nguMongameli uPorfirio Lobo Sosa owavumela abatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle ukuba benze izixeko zokuqeshisa kwii-ZEDE ezichongiweyo. Ngoku ka Reuters, umthetho urhoxisiwe ngokuyinxenye, nangona amanye amanyathelo okuphelisa ii-ZEDE kulindeleke ngo-2025.
Imali yokuzimela eyayinikwe ngurhulumente kaLobo Sosa kubanini beZEDE iyaxaka ingqondo. Njengephephandaba lemihla ngemihla laseHonduran I-Prensa umbiko ngo-2021, umthetho ka-2013 wamisela ngokucacileyo ukuba "i-ZEDE nganye iya kuba nemibutho yayo yokhuseleko yangaphakathi (...), kubandakanywa amapolisa ayo, imibutho yophando lolwaphulo-mthetho, ubuntlola, ukutshutshisa ngolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubo yentolongo." Izixeko nazo ziya kuba nolawulo lwemali oluzimeleyo, kwaye aziyi kuba phantsi kolawulo lotshintshiselwano lweBhanki eyiNtloko yaseHonduras; baxhotyisiwe ukuba baphuhlise umgaqo-nkqubo wabo wemali wangaphakathi.
Kwanangaphambi konyulo lukaCastro, amashishini asekuhlaleni bebekhalaza ukuba umthetho unike amalungelo amaninzi kakhulu kubatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle okonakaliseka kwinkunzi yangaphakathi. Usoqoqosho wase-US u-Paul Rohmer, uthixo wezixeko zamazwe ngamazwe ezazisebenzisana norhulumente we-Lobo Sosa ukuphuhlisa ii-ZEDE, wayikhanyela le projekthi, elumkisa ngelithi inkqubo ye-ZEDE yaseHonduras ayinademokhrasi, i-opaque, imiselwe ukuwa kwaye igutyungelwe bubuxoki. Njenge nqaku yakutshanje in Ukuthintela uyacacisa, ungquzulwano olusemthethweni phakathi kukarhulumente waseHonduran kunye nabatyali-mali ngasemva kwezixeko ezisemthethweni zibonakalisa "imeko ephantse ingenzeki ukuba uyikholelwe":
Iqela labatyali-mali be-libertarian badityaniswa norhulumente wangaphambili waseHonduran-owayebotshelelwe esinqeni kunye nabarhwebi be-narco kwaye wangena kulawulo emva kobhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini oluxhaswa yi-US-ukuze kuphunyezwe umgaqo-nkqubo wenkululeko wehlabathi, othe wajika ubalulekile. inxenye yelizwe kwabo batyali-zimali ngokubizwa ngokuba ziindawo ezikhethekileyo zoqoqosho. Uluntu lwaseHonduran, ngokubuyela umva, lwagxotha urhulumente oxhaswa yi-narco, kwaye urhulumente omtsha wawurhoxisa umthetho wenkululeko. Abatyali-zimali be-crypto ngoku basebenzisa iBhanki yeHlabathi ukunyanzela iHonduras ukuba ihloniphe imigaqo-nkqubo ye-narco-government…
Umthetho owaseka ii-ZEDE - ezimfutshane kuMmandla weNgqesho kunye noPhuhliso loQoqosho - waqingqa ngokufanelekileyo iinxalenye zeHonduras kwaye wazinikezela kubatyali-zimali baseMelika, abasebenza njengoorhulumente abasebenzayo. I-ZEDE inokuthi ngenye imini ilawule iipesenti ezingama-35 zommandla waseHonduras, ngokutsho kweZizwe eziManyeneyo. uthethe ukuba imimandla iphakamisa iinkxalabo zamalungelo oluntu.
Kwathatha amandla amakhulu ezopolitiko ngaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi edlulileyo ukunyanzela ii-ZEDE zibe ngumthetho. Kwenzeka kuphela xa umyeni kaCastro, uManuel Zelaya, yasuswa kubhukuqo-mbuso olwaluxhaswa yi-US ngo-2009.
Emva kokuba uZelaya egxothiwe, ukhetho olutsha lwazisa uMongameli uPorfirio Lobo Sosa, owathi ngokukhawuleza watshintsha ukuguqulwa kwentlalo kaZelaya, ukuhlaselwa kwamalungelo abasebenzi kunye nokuhlaziya imizamo yokuguqulwa komhlaba. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaluchitha uguqulelo lokuqala lomthetho we-ZEDEs njengento engahambelani nomgaqo-siseko, kodwa emva kokuba umgaqo-siseko ulungisiwe kwaza kongezwa abagwebi abane abatsha kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, lo mthetho wabambelela ngo-2013.
“Ukuzenzakalisa ngokwezoqoqosho”
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye kamva, iilobhi zeshishini eHonduras zinjalo isilumkiso yentlekele ezayo njengoko abatyali-zimali bamanye amazwe beqala ukuliphepha ilizwe. IBhunga laseHonduran lamaShishini aBucala ichazwe isigqibo sikarhulumente waseCastro sokurhoxa kwi-ICSID “njengokuzenzakalisa kwezoqoqosho,” ebeka emngciphekweni kungekuphela nje uzinzo lwezoqoqosho lwaseHonduras, kodwa namathuba exesha elizayo okukhula nophuhliso. Inyathelo likarhulumente, lathi, “libetha ikhwelo phambi kwabatyali-zimali bamazwe angaphandle kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe” kwaye libeka emngciphekweni “wokuvusa ukubhabha kwabatyali-mali ngexesha esilidinga kakhulu ukuzithemba kwabo nemali ukuze sixhase uqoqosho lwethu.”
Iqela leengcali zezoqoqosho zamazwe ngamazwe angama-85, kuquka nabaninzi amagama abo avela rhoqo kule ndawo (umz. Ha-Joon Chang, Yannis Varoufakis, Ann Pettifor, Jayati Ghosh kunye noDaniela Gabor), abakwazanga ukungavumelani ngakumbi. Kwi ileta papashwa ngo I-Progressive International Iingcali zezoqoqosho zithi zifumene “ubungqina obuncinane bezoqoqosho bokuba iindlela ezifana ne-ICSID zikhuthaza utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwangaphandle.” Endaweni yoko, bathi, "iinkundla zolamlo zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-ICSID zivumele iinkampani ukuba zimangalele amazwe kwaye zithintele inkululeko yazo yokulawula ngokuthanda abathengi, abasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo" amashumi eminyaka:
Ukususela ngowe-1996, oorhulumente bakuMbindi Merika kuphela baye banyanzeleka ukuba babuyekeze imibutho yamazwe angaphandle ngemali engaphezu kweedola ezingama-30 ezigidi zeerandi, besoyikisa abalawuli ukuba bayeke ukunyusela owona mvuzo uphantsi, bakhusele indalo esesichengeni, baze baqalise ngokhuseleko lwemozulu, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya.
Iingcali zezoqoqosho zikwachaza imeko yaseHonduras “njengemeko enamandla yokuphathwa gadalala kweshishini ngenkqubo ye-ISDS”:
Ukusukela kunyulo luka-2021 lowasetyhini wokuqala uMongameli welizwe, uXiomara Castro, amaqumrhu azise amatyala ali-10 e-ICSID ewonke. Eyona inkulu, iziswe yi-US corporation Próspera Inc, ifuna ngaphezulu kwe-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola - isibini kwisithathu sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwelizwe lonyaka - njengembuyekezo yesigqibo selizwe sokujongela phantsi umthetho we "ZEDEs" onobungozi ophulukene nomhlaba waseHonduran kwiinkampani zangaphandle ezifana nePróspera ufumene izixeko zabucala ezisebenza phantse ngaphandle kokukhathalela abasebenzi, okusingqongileyo, okanye imimiselo yezempilo.
Le leta ivala ngengqiniseko ekhaliphileyo yokuba "ixesha lokuphakama kwenkampani kwinkqubo yorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe liza kuphela".
I-European Union isanda kwazisa ukuhoxiswa kwayo kwi-Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Umongameli wase-US uJoseph R. Biden, okwangoku, ubophelelekile ukuba angabinamalungiselelo ezi nkundla zamashishini kwizivumelwano zorhwebo kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye amazwe aphambili asaphuhlayo, anje ngeBrazil neIndiya, ame ngokuqinileyo ekwaleni kwawo ukungena kwizivumelwano ezifana ne-ICSID kwasekuqaleni.
Ngoku, urhulumente kaMongameli Xiomara Castro uthathe elinye inyathelo elibalulekileyo ukubeka phambili uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kunenzuzo yenkampani. Njengeengcali zezoqoqosho, siyamncoma uMongameli Castro kunye nabantu baseHonduras, kwaye sinethemba lokuba amazwe kwihlabathi liphela alandele isikhokelo sawo esisingise kwinkqubo yorhwebo enobulungisa, nedemokhrasi ngakumbi.
Nangona kunzima ukufumana isiphoso kumyalezo wonke wale leta, ngakumbi ithemba lokuba amanye amazwe alandela ukhokelo lweHonduras, ibango lokuba ulawulo lweshishini lwenkqubo yorhwebo lwehlabathi luya esiphelweni, ngelixa ngokuqinisekileyo sisiphumo esinqwenelekayo, mhlawumbi sincinci. nethemba. Njengoko uYves phawula kwingabula-zigcawu yenqaku lamva nje elixhonyiweyo malunga nokubuyela umva ngokuchasene namagatya e-ISDS, "ngelixa izibonelelo ze-ISDS ezintsha zingamkelwanga nje ngendlela ebekade zikho ngayo, kusekho izivumelwano zorhwebo ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye naloo migqaliselo."
Qiniseka ukuba iinkundla zolamlo zamazwe ngamazwe ezinamandla ezifana ne-ICSID ziya kwenza nantoni na ezinokuthi ziyenze ukukhusela irakethi yazo ixesha elide. Ngamanye amazwi, ngelixa inkqubo yangoku ye-ISDS mhlawumbi ikwi-terminal iyancipha, ngakumbi emva kokuwa kwe-TPP kunye ne-TTIP kwiminyaka esibhozo eyadlulayo, leyo ngamazwi angunaphakade ka-Obama we-US Trade Rep uMichael Froman iya kuba "yi-benchmark yehlabathi jikelele kwimigangatho ihlabathi lamazwe ngamazwe,” ukufa kwalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba kucothise kabuhlungu (kumalungu oluntu lwehlabathi, kungekhona amaqumrhu aza kuqhubeka exhamla kulo).
Uqoqosho olukwinqanaba eliphambili njenge-Australia kunye ne-EU banokunqwenela ukuzikhulula kwizibophelelo zabo ze-ISDS kodwa oku kuya kuthatha ixesha. Kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo, iNkundla yoBulungisa yaseYurophu yagweba ngelithi amagatya e-ISDS aqulethwe phantse kwizivumelwano zotyalo-mali zamazwe amabini angama-200 (BITs) phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu e-EU awahambelani nomthetho we-EU. Ukusukela ngoko, i-EU iye yalungisa indlela yomthetho esebenzayo kwizivumelwano zorhwebo ezityikityayo ngelixa iphuhlisa eyayo inkqubo yenkundla yotyalo-mali yamazwe amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2022 Ingxelo yePalamente yaseYurophu amanqaku, inani le-IPAs (izivumelwano zobudlelwane botyalo-mali) ezisayinwe yi-EU ziye zanqumama ukusukela ngoko, mhlawumbi ngenxa yamalungiselelo amatsha.
Ngeli xesha, umntu unethemba lokuba ukuzithethelela kuka-Xiomara Castro kuqoqosho lwesizwe sakhe ngokuchasene neemfuno ezirhabaxa zabatyali-zimali beZEDE kuqinisekile, nokuba ubongameli bakhe abufikeleli kwikamva elifanayo nelomyeni wakhe. Ezi, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, zimikhosi enamandla - oko kukuthi, uninzi lwamashishini amakhulu ehlabathi - achasene nayo, kwaye into yokugqibela abaya kuyifuna kukuba amazwe akuMzantsi weGlobal aqalise ukuyilahla i-ICSID kunye nezinye iiphaneli zolamlo zamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuyiphelisa yonke loo nto, urhulumente kaCastro okwangoku thethwano isivumelwano sorhwebo kunye neChina emva kokubhengeza ukusekwa kobudlelwane bozakuzo kunye neBeijing ngo-Okthobha. Ngokwenza oko, yaba yeyokugqibela kuluhlu olude loorhulumente baseLatin America ukuqhawula amaqhina abo amashumi eminyaka kunye neTaiwan, nto leyo eyayidanisa kakhulu iWashington. Njenge Washington Post iphawulwe ngokukrakra ngelo xesha, iHonduras (igxininisa eyam) “yayinde phakathi kwezona zininzi nyhani yamaqabane engingqi aseMelika. " Ngoku, urhulumente wayo udibana neTshayina, imbangi ephambili yeqhinga laseWashington.
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Nikela