intshayelelo
Ifumaneka kumbindi weSiqithi sase-Okinawa, iKadena Air Base yeyona nto inkulu yokufakela uMkhosi woMoya waseUnited States eAsia.
Ixhotyiswe ngeendlela ezimbini zeenqwelo-moya zeekhilomitha ezi-3.7 kunye namawaka ee-hangars, amakhaya kunye neeworkshops, isiseko kunye ne-arsenal edibeneyo e-Chibana etyhutyha iikhilomitha ezingama-46 zesiqithi esikhulu sase-Okinawa. Malunga nama-20,000 amalungu enkonzo yaseMelika, iikontraka kunye neentsapho zabo bahlala okanye basebenza apha ecaleni kwabasebenzi baseJapan abangama-3,000. Ngaphezulu kwe-16,000 yabantu base-Okinawa abangabanikazi bomhlaba apho olufakelo luhlala khona.1
I-Kadena Air Base ibamba iphiko lokulwa elikhulu kwi-USAF-iPhiko le-18-kwaye, kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe edlulileyo, ukufakela kusebenze njengendawo ebalulekileyo yokuqaliswa kweemfazwe zaseKorea, eVietnam nase-Iraq. Ngenxa yembali ende ye-Kadena Air Base kunye nobungakanani bayo besixeko, kulula ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-USAF iyibiza ngokuba "Ilitye elingundoqo lePasifiki."
Amasimi amafama kufutshane Kadena Air Base |
Kodwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho mntu uwubonileyo umonakalo owenziwe sisiseko kwindalo kunye nabo bahlala kufutshane naso. Amaxwebhu afunyenwe phantsi koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi lwase-US atyhila indlela iminyaka yeengozi kunye nokungahoywa okuwungcolise umhlaba wasekhaya kunye namanzi ngeekhemikhali ezinobungozi ezibandakanya i-arsenic, i-lead, i-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i-asbestos kunye ne-dioxin. Amagunya omkhosi ahlala efihla oku kungcoliseka, ebeka emngciphekweni impilo yamalungu enkonzo yase-US, abasebenzi base-Okinawan, kunye nabemi be-184,000 base-Okinawan abahlala kwiindawo eziselumelwaneni.
IsiVumelwano soBume baseJapan-US (SOFA) kunye nokusingqongileyo
IJapan ibamba iziseko ze-130 zase-US - i-32 yazo ifumaneka e-Okinawa - kodwa abantu baseMelika abasebenza kuzo kunye nabahlali basekuhlaleni abazi nto ngeengozi ezi zixhobo ezibeka impilo yabantu okanye indalo.2
Oyena ndoqo wengxaki kukho iSivumelwano soBume beMikhosi yaseJapan-US (i-SOFA) engenzi mvumelwano kumagosa aseJapan ukuba enze uhlolo longcoliseko phakathi kweziseko zase-US. Kwaye ayiwubeki uxanduva lomkhosi wokucoca umhlaba obuyiselwe kusetyenziso lwabahlali.
Ngo-2015, iWashington kunye neTokyo baphawula isivumelwano esongezelelweyo kwi-SOFA enika abasemagunyeni basekhaya ilungelo lokucela uhlolo olusisiseko emva kokuchitheka. Nangona kunjalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iPentagon ayiphumelelanga ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza naziphi na izicelo ezinjalo.3
Ekubeni i-SOFA ikhulula i-US kulo lonke uxanduva lwezemali lokucoca umhlaba ongcolileyo, iindleko zithwalwa ngabahlawuli berhafu baseJapan. Umthwalo wezezimali wokungcoliseka komkhosi unzima kakhulu e-Okinawa, eyona ndawo ihlwempuzekileyo yaseJapan, apho iziseko zase-US zithatha malunga ne-20% yesiqithi esikhulu sase-Okinawa kodwa igalelo kuphela i-5% kuqoqosho lwesithili.4
Ngokomzekelo, kwiDolophu yaseChatan ngowama-2002, iindleko zokucoca imiphanda eyi-187 yemichiza engaziwayo eyalahlwa ngumkhosi wase-US yafikelela malunga nezigidi ezingama-20 zeeyen.5 Kwenye indawo ukwakhiwa ngokutsha komhlaba obuya eCamp Kuwae, kulibaziseke ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-12 ngenxa yokungcoliswa yi-arsenic, ilothe kunye neoyile.6
Nge-SOFA zombini kunye nesivumelwano esitsha asiphumelelanga ukukhusela okusingqongileyo eJapan, sehla kwiMigangatho yoLawulo lokuSingqongileyo yaseJapan. Izikhokelo ezibekiweyo xa imikhosi yase-US kufuneka ichaze ukuchitheka kwempahla kurhulumente waseJapan, umzekelo, emva kokuba igqithise umthamo othile okanye iqulethe into edweliswe njengeyingozi. Nangona kunjalo, abanikezeli izohlwayo kwiziseko ezichasene nemigaqo-nkqubo yendalo okanye babambe umkhosi uxanduva lokucoca ungcoliseko ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kweziseko zabo.7
Le ndibaniselwano yemigaqo eneziphene kunye nokungabikho elubala kudala imiqobo kubaphandi abazama ukuqinisekisa ungcoliseko phakathi kweziseko zase-US eJapan. Izazinzulu zinokujonga kuphela umhlaba osele ubuyiselwe kusetyenziso lwabemi- ngelo xesha sele kusemva kwexesha kakhulu ukunqanda ungcoliseko- okanye ukwenza uvavanyo kwizilwanyana zasendle ezibanjelwe kufutshane neziseko ezisebenzayo ukufumanisa ukuba izicubu zazo ziqulethe umkhondo wetyhefu. Ukunikezelwa kwezi zithintelo, mhlawumbi eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuphakamisa isiciko kwinto eqhubekayo emva kweengcingo zeziseko zase-US eJapan nguMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi.
Amaphepha angama-8725 akhutshwe phantsi kweFOIA
NgoJanuwari, i-USAF ikhuphe amaphepha angama-8725 eengxelo zengozi, uphando lokusingqongileyo kunye nee-imeyile ezinxulumene nokungcoliseka kwi-Kadena Air Base. Isusela phakathi koo-1990 ukuya ku-Agasti ka-2015, amaxwebhu akholelwa ukuba kokokuqala ulwazi olunjalo lwamva nje oluchaza ungcoliseko kwisiseko esisebenzayo sase-US eJapan zenziwe esidlangalaleni.
Ukuvuza kwamafutha ejethi โ okufana nale incinci ngo-2008 โ ifikelele ngaphezu kwama-40,000 eelitha ukusukela ngo-1998. |
Amaxwebhu adwelisa malunga neziganeko zendalo esingqongileyo ezingama-415 phakathi ko-1998 no-2015; Ama-245 kwezi enzeke ukususela ngo-2010. Iziganeko zisusela kwiindawo ezivuzayo ezincinci, eziye zahlala ngaphakathi kwisiseko, ukuya kwimibhobho emikhulu ekhupha amashumi amawaka eelitha zamafutha kunye nogutyulo olukrwada kwimilambo yendawo.
Ngexesha lika-1998-2015, ukuvuza kuye kwafikelela kwiilitha ezingama-40,000 zamafutha ejethi, iilitha ezingama-13,000 zedizili kunye neelitha ezingama-480,000 zelindle. Kwiziganeko eziyi-206 eziphawulwe phakathi kowama-2010 no-2014, ezingama-51 zatyholwa ngeengozi okanye iimpazamo zabantu; zingama-23 kuphela ezanikelwa ingxelo kumagunya aseJapan.
Unyaka we-2014 wabona inani eliphezulu leengozi: i-59 - ezimbini kuphela ezichazwe eTokyo.
Ngenxa yokuba iinxalenye ezinkulu zamaxwebhu ziye zahlengahlengiswa kwaye akukho zingxelo zexesha lika-2004-2007, ezona nkcukacha-manani zinokuba phezulu kakhulu.
Impembelelo kumanzi asekuhlaleni
Ngenxa yendawo ekuyo emazantsi e-Okinawa enabantu abaninzi, iKadena Air Base idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneleleni ngamanzi okusela esiqithi. Ngaphakathi kofakelo, kukho amaqula angama-23, amanye awo anegalelo kumanzi okusela angaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngaphezulu kwe-300,000 yeemitha zemibhobho ithwala amanzi esiphango sofakelo kwimilambo yendawo - kubandakanywa noMlambo i-Hija, ohambisa amanzi okusela koomasipala abathandathu kunye nekomkhulu lase-Okinawa, eNaha.
Amaxwebhu ase-US acebisa ukuba iimpazamo kunye nokungakhathali kwisiseko ziye zabeka engozini ngokuphindaphindiweyo oku kunikezelwa kwamanzi.
Ngokomzekelo, ngo-Agasti 2011, iilitha ezingama-760 zedizili zachitheka kuMlambo waseHija xa umqhubi washiya itanki yejeneretha ngaphambi kokufika kwenkanyamba. NgoDisemba ka-2011, iilitha ezingama-1,400 zedizili zavuza kwizindlu zase-USAF eCamp McTureous ngenxa yamagosa angasihoyi isibane esilumkisayo; amafutha angcolise uMlambo iTengan.
Ngo-Agasti 2011, ukusilela ukukhupha ijenereyitha ngaphambi kokufika kwenkanyamba kwabangela ukuvuza kweelitha ezingama-760 zedizili kumlambo wasekuhlaleni. |
Ezinye iingxelo zibonisa ukuba ukunganxibelelani kakuhle kuzenza mandundu ngakumbi iziganeko zokuchitheka. NgoJuni 2012, injineli yathatha iyure e-1 nemizuzu engama-20 ukuphendula i-petroli ye-190-litre ngenxa yokuba wayekwindawo yokutya kwaye wayengeva ifowuni yakhe ikhala. Kutshanje, ngoFebruwari 2015, amaqela okusingqongileyo akaphumelelanga ukuphendula kwiziganeko ezibini - esokuqala sibandakanya iilitha ezingama-170 zamafutha kunye nesibini iilitha ezingama-23 ze-hydraulic fluid - nangona zilumkiswe ngabasebenzi bakaxakeka.
Kanye kunye nokuvuza kwamafutha, isiseko sikhuphe ngephutha ubuncinane i-23,000 ilitha ye-foam yokucima umlilo phakathi kwe-2001 kunye ne-2015. Ngo-Agasti 2012, umcimi-mlilo waseJapan wamisa inkqubo yomlilo kwingozi evuza iilitha ze-1,140. Kuthe ngoMeyi 2015, i-US Marine enxilileyo, yakhupha iilitha eziyi-1,510 ngesenzo sokonakalisa.8
Amagwebu anjalo anokuba ne-carcinogens, iikhemikhali ezaziwa ngokubangela ukuphazamiseka kokuzala kunye ne-neurological, kunye ne-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). I-PFOS, ehlelwe yi-EPA njengento engcolileyo evelayo, isandul 'ukugxila kwiinkxalabo zombini e-Okinawa nase-US.
NgoJanuwari, i-Okinawa Prefecture yabhengeza ukuba iindlela zamanzi ezijikeleze i-Kadena Air Base okwangoku zingcolisekile ngePFOS; ngo-2008, amanqanaba kwi-on-base elinganiswe kakuhle njenge-1870 ng/L.9 Umlinganiselo wengcebiso yezempilo yethutyana we-EPA kumanzi okusela ngama-200 ng/L. Ngo-Matshi, i-USAF yathembisa ukwenza iimvavanyo zokungcoliseka kwePFOS kwiziseko ezingama-664 e-US10
U-Ikeda Komichi, umcebisi kwiZiko loPhando lweNdalo, eTokyo, ugxininise ubungozi obunokubakho bePFOS. "Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba lunokubangela umhlaza, ukuphazamiseka kokuzala kunye nokonakalisa isizukulwana esilandelayo. Abasetyhini abakhulelweyo kunye nabantwana abancinci kufuneka balumke ngakumbi ukunqanda ukusebenzisa amanzi angcoliswe yiPFOS. โ
Ukususela kwi-2008, i-Kadena Air Base nayo ichithe ubuncinane i-1,670 ilitha ye-hydraulic fluid - umthombo owaziwayo we-PFOS; okwangoku imisele ukusuka kwindawo yoqeqesho lomlilo yesiseko, apho amagwebu atshizwa rhoqo, atya kumanzi asekuhlaleni.
Esinye isoyikiso kumanzi okusela ase-Okinawa sivela ekuvuzeni kwamanzi amdaka akrwada, apho isiseko kubonakala ukuba saqala ukurekhoda ngo-2010. NgoNovemba ka-2010, ukuchitheka kwe-57,000-litre kwangcolisa uMlambo i-Shirahi kunye nolwandle kunye nelindle elilinganisa i-36,000 ye-fecal coliformlies/100m amaxesha owona mlinganiselo uphezulu we-EPA wamanzi okuqubha.
Into engaziwayo ibango lokuba idayi yolwandle ivuza kwitanki e-Kadena Air Base kwifoto engabhalwanga. Akukho zirekhodi zikhoyo zokuchitheka ezibonisa ukuba akuzange kuxelwe nangaphakathi emkhosini. |
Kutshanje, ngoJuni ka-2013, umngxuma ophuphumayo uye wavuza iilitha ezingama-208,000 zogutyulo kuMlambo iHija. Isiseko sithathe iiyure ezingama-27 ukwazisa abasemagunyeni basekhaya, kodwa upapasho lwabo olulandelayo lwathi, "Impilo nokhuseleko lwamalungu enkonzo yethu kunye nabahlobo bethu ekuhlaleni yeyona nto iphambili kuthi." Ii-imeyile zokulandela ezitshintshisanayo phakathi kwamagosa e-USAF zibandakanya inkcazo, โSifumene ingxelo encinci yeendaba. Ziindaba ezimnandi ke ezo.โ
Ngeli xesha, ngoNovemba ka-2009, amalungu enkonzo alahla iilitha ezili-17 zesinyibiliko senkungu engamanzi kwimibhobho yemvula nangona imiyalelo yabavelisi yokungawukhuphi umxube kwiinkqubo zogutyulo. Ngokunjalo, ngoJulayi ka-2014, amalungu enkonzo alahla amakhulu eelitha zenkunkuma yezamayeza โ echazwa โnjengolwelo olutofwayo oluphelelwe lixesha leshelufaโ - kwimisele ekwisiseko. โAkukho nto inokwenzeka ukuba ibonwe okanye ixelwe kodwa ukuba isisombululo esinobisi sifikelele kumlambo iHija siya kuba noluntu olukhathazeke kakhulu,โ yatsho ingxelo. Akukho nto yango-2009 okanye isiganeko sika-2014 esixelwe kurhulumente waseJapan.
Ngaphaya koko, la maxwebhu abalaselisa iingozi zokusebenzisa isikhululo seenqwelo-moya esixakekileyo phakathi kwabahlali. Uninzi lweemeko ezingxamisekileyo ze-in-flight (IFE) zibangela ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelo moya bayeke imisebenzi yabo - ezimbini zenzeke kwiveki enye ngoJanuwari 2015. Kwakhona, ngo-Agasti 2011, i-IFE yabangela ukuba i-F-15 ilahle iilitha ze-150 zamafutha ukusuka kwindawo ephantsi. Isishwankathelo saqukumbela ngelithi, โKwakungekho mpembelelo kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni.โ
Ilothe kunye neasbestos
Ukubuyela emhlabeni, amaxwebhu akhutshwe yi-FOIA abonisa ukuvezwa kwabantu base-US kunye nabemi baseJapan kumanqanaba ayingozi okukhokela kunye ne-asbestos.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, iziko ngaphakathi kofakelo lutshise iimbumbulu kunye "nezinye ii-pyrotechnics ezingaqhelekanga" ngaphandle kokulawula ukukhutshwa. Ngo-1993, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba oku kutshiswa kungcolise umhlaba okufutshane ngelothe eyi-13,813 mg/kg kunye nehlathi elithe qelele eline-6000 mg/kg. Kwakukho "iifama ezincinci kunye nemifuno yemifuno" kwindawo kwaye indawo yayikufuphi nomlambo.
Omnye umngxuma wokutsha, ocatshulwe kwingxelo ka-Aprili ka-1994, watyholwa ngokuxinana kwelothe kumhlaba ongaphezulu kwe-500 mg/kg enamasimi kwakhona ngokucacileyo kwindawo ekufutshane.
Umgangatho wococeko lukarhulumente waseJapan lokungcoliseka kwelothe emhlabeni yi-150 mg/kg. IJapan ayinamgangatho womhlaba wokulima kodwa eJamani elona nqanaba liphezulu livumelekileyo yi-100 mg/kg.
โAbantu abasebenza kule ndawo kufuneka bazikhathaze ngokukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nomonakalo kwiinkqubo zabo zemithambo-luvo. Kwakhona ukuba baye baphefumlela lelothe kunye nezinye izinto ixesha elide inokuba yenze umonakalo wokuzala kunye nokwenzakala kwamalungu afana negazi kunye nezintso. Ngenxa yokuba amanqanaba aphezulu, kukho ithuba elinamandla lokuba umhlaba uhlala ungcolisekile namhlanje, โutshilo u-Ikeda.
Ukwagxeke iingxelo ngokungabikho kwedatha kwezinye iintsimbi ezinzima ezinokuthi zikhutshwe ngexesha lokutshiswa kwembumbulu, kubandakanya ne-uranium ephelelweyo, eyayisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-USAF ngeminyaka yoo-1990s.
Ngaphezu koko, uphando olusuka ku-2000 ukuya ku-2001 lubonakalise ungcoliseko olumandla olusuka kwi-asbestos kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezifana nezindlu zokulala, iiholo ezimdaka kunye namagumbi okuhlamba. Abahloli bafumene iziqwenga ezinkulu zemathiriyeli ye-asbestos ethe saa kwingca ekufutshane.
Enye yezo ndawo yayisisibhedlele esilahliweyo esathi, phambi kuka-2000, sasetyenziselwa โuqeqesho lokulungelaโ. Abaphandi baqaphele ukuba abasebenzi basemkhosini basebenzise njani amazembe kunye neesawrha ukukrazula iingcango ezigcwele iasbestos - okukhokelela ekusasazweni kwezinto "ezinoburharha" (ezilula ukudilika) kumgama oyi-460 m.2 Indawo.
I-WHO iqikelela ukuba iasbestos inoxanduva lwesinye kwisithathu sabantu ababulawa ngumhlaza emhlabeni jikelele.12 Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abasebenzi baseJapan baye basokola ukufumana imbuyekezo evela eTokyo ngenxa yezigulo ezibangelwa ngumsebenzi wabo kwindawo engcolisekileyo yeasbestos. Abaninzi bayalelwa ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko. Ngo-2014, urhulumente waseJapan ekugqibeleni wavuma ukuhlawula imbuyekezo kumaxhoba angama-28, kodwa amaqela enkxaso abasindileyo kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi baqikelela ukuba inani labagulayo liphezulu kakhulu.13
Owayesakuba ngumsebenzi osisiseko, uTamura Susumu, wazibonela ngokwakhe ubungozi beasbestos. Uqeshwe kwiziseko zase-US iminyaka engama-43 ukuya kwii-1990s, ubungqina bakhe buncede ukuphumelela imbuyekezo kwintsapho yomntu osebenza naye owabulawa sisifo semiphunga esinxulumene ne-asbestos.
Kudliwano-ndlebe lwakutshanje, uTamura ukhumbula ingxaki ababejamelene nayo abantu abaninzi baseOkinawa abaqeshwe ngumkhosi waseUnited States: โKwanokuba sasicinga ukuba le nto siyalelwe ukuba siyenze yayiphosakele, asizange sale. Sasinexhala lokuba siza kugxothwa.โ
Ngexesha lakhe kwiziseko, uTamura wayesoloko ebona imigangatho yokusingqongileyo exengaxengayo-kubandakanya ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nomsebenzi wokucoca.
โNamhlanje, iimeko zokhuseleko zisenokuba ziphucukile, kodwa kwixa elidluleyo, ekuphela kwendlela yokuzichaza yayikukuba yaritai hodai -Umkhosi wase-US wenze nantoni na oyifunayo. "
Ukungakhathali kwangaphambili kubuyela kumalungu akhoyo enkonzo
Ngaphambi kokuba i-Okinawa ibuyele kulawulo lwaseJapan ngo-1972, iKadena Air Base kunye nendawo yokugcina izixhobo ekufuphi neChibana yagcina enye yezona zixhobo zinkulu zezixhobo zokutshabalalisa emhlabeni: iimfazwe zenyukliya ezingama-800, isitokhwe seyeza lokutshabalalisa ukhula ekurhaneleka ukuba yiAgent Orange kunye namawakawaka iitoni zemostade, iVX, kunye negesi yesarin. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960s nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-70, ukuvuza kabini kwezixhobo zekhemikhali kulaliswa esibhedlele abantu baseMelika abangama-27 ngelixa i-jet fuel eninzi yangena kumaqula amanzi asekuhlaleni kangangokuba batsha ngokwenene.14
Ngexesha le-1970s, ukulahlwa kweekhemikhali eziseleyo kwiMfazwe yaseVietnam kwangcolisa iCamp Kinser (eyayibizwa ngokuba yiMachinato Service Area) ngeePCBs, isinyithi esinzima, i-pesticides kunye ne-Agent Orange dioxin.15
Abagcini bangoku base-US beziseko ze-Okinawa bazi kancinci kakhulu ngembali yabo enobungozi- ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekulahlweni kwezinto eziyityhefu.
Itanki yokugcina eshiyiweyo ibeke esichengeni amasimi amafama xa injalo yavuza iilitha ezingama-450 zamafutha ngoMatshi ka-2012 |
Kwi-Kadena Air Base, amaxwebhu avela kwi-1990 ukuya kwi-2015 ngokuphindaphindiweyo abhala amalungu enkonzo akhubeka ekungcoleni okubangelwa, kodwa engaxelwanga, ngabangaphambili. Izinto ezifunyenwe ngaphantsi komhlaba zibandakanya ungcoliseko lwe-POL (ipetroleum/i-oyile/isithambiso), ifosphorous emhlophe kunye neetanki zokugcina ezilahliweyo, enye yazo evuze malunga neelitha ezingama-450 zedizili, ibeka emngciphekweni amafama akufutshane ngoMatshi 2012. NgoJulayi 2014, ukufunyanwa komphanda wemichiza ongcwatywe ngaphakathi ukufakelo kubangele ii-imeyile zibongoza abaphenduli ukuba bagcine โiprofayile ephantsi nceda. Andifuni ukuba eli nqaku (sic) licinezele."
PCB
Lo mzabalazo wokulawula ulwazi malunga nokungcoliseka okudlulileyo ugxininiswe ziingxaki eziqhubekayo zesiseko kunye neePCB16 Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-20th, ii-PCBs zaziyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yeenguqu zombane kodwa zavalwa yi-US kwi-1979 xa zidityaniswa nomhlaza kunye neengxaki ze-nervous, inzala kunye ne-immune system.17
Ngexesha le-1970s, amalungu enkonzo e-Kadena Air Base agcina i-oyile engcolisekileyo ye-PCB kwindawo engaphandle yeemitha ezingama-21 ukusuka apho "yaye yathengiswa khona ukuze ilahlwe okanye ixutywe namafutha kwaye itshiswe kwisiseko."
Idama lalisendulini kufutshane neKadena Marina, indawo yokuzonwabisa edumileyo, kwaye iimvavanyo ezidlulileyo ezibonisa ii-PCBs elwandle zicebisa ukuba ungcoliseko lusasazeke ukusuka kwisiseko ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye imijelo yezaqhwithi. Ubukho beli dama buvele nje ngo-1998 xa kwaxelwa ngunompempe, nto leyo eyadala uphando olusemthethweni.
Umcebisi ngezendalo u-Ikeda uzigxekile ezo ndlela zokulahla. Ukutshisa ioli engcolileyo, wachaza, kunokukhokelela ekuphefumlweni kweetyhefu kwaye uthuthu olubangelwayo lunokungcolisa umhlaba. I-Ikeda ikwavakalise inkxalabo ngemizila yamanzi yasekuhlaleni. โIiPCB zinokwakhelana emazantsi emilambo emva koko zingene kwiishellfish, iicrustaceans, iintlanzi kunye nendalo yonke eselunxwemeni lolwandle. Ngenxa yokuba ii-PCB ziyazingisa kwaye ziqokelela izinto eziphilayo, ukuba abantu batya iintlanzi ixesha elide, amanqanaba ayanda emizimbeni yabo.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1990, iKadena Air Base yaqokelela ioyile engcolisekileyo yePCB โkwiindawo ezahlukeneyo esiqithiniโ kwaye ukuvuza kwabangela iindawo ezininzi ezishushu phakathi kofakelo. Ngaphakathi kwegumbi elinomatshini, amanqanaba ongcoliseko athambekele kwi-17,000 mg/100cm.2. Imfuneko yokuphelisa ungcoliseko ye-EPA kwimimandla yangaphakathi โ naleyo apho ukufikelela kuthintelwe khona โ imi kwi-10 mg/100cm.2.
Ngo-1993, abaphandi babenexhala lokuba ungcoliseko lwe-PCB lunokuba lusasazekile ngoko bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe isampulu yoMlambo i-Hija, obonelela ngamanzi okusela kwisiseko kunye noluntu olungqongileyo. Kubonakala ngathi alukho uvavanyo olulolu hlobo lwenziwe.
Ukusukela ngo-1999, isiseko sijonge kuphela amanzi ayo okusela ukuze singcoliseke kwi-"PCBs kunye nezinye iindawo" kanye ngonyaka kwimpompo enye. Ukuphuma kwamanzi kufakelo kwakujongwa kuphela amaxesha amane ngonyaka. Namhlanje, ufakelo lubanga ukuvavanya unikezelo lwamanzi lwamanzi kabini ngonyaka kwii-PCB kunye namaxesha athile kwezinye izinto, umzekelo ngekota ye-arsenic kwaye ngonyaka ilothe. Nangona kunjalo ukufunyanwa kwe-2014 yamanqanaba aphezulu okukhokela kwimithombo yamanzi kwisakhiwo semfundo kunye nokusilela kwamva nje ukulumkisa abasebenzi abakwisiseko samanqanaba aphezulu ePFOS kuye kwabuza ukuthembeka kovavanyo olunjalo.18
Uvavanyo longcoliseko lwe-PCB lufumene amanqanaba e-1700 amaxesha emigangatho ekhuselekileyo kodwa isiseko savavanya kuphela amanzi ayo okusela kanye ngonyaka kwimpompo enye. |
Iingxelo ezivela kwiminyaka yoo-1990 zabanga iindawo ezishushu ze-PCB kwisiseko ziye zacocwa - kodwa ezi ziqinisekiso zibonakala zibubuxoki. Ngo-2011, abaphandi bangaphakathi bagxeka imigaqo-nkqubo yesiseko malunga nee-PCBs โnjengentsilelo enkuluโ. Babethelela ukungabikho kwendawo yokugcina ekhuselekileyo yeziguquli ezingcolisekileyo kunye nokusilela ukulebhelisha izixhobo ezibonwa ziyingozi. Ngokwale ngxelo inye, ngo-2012, ukufakela kwakuneziguquli ezimalunga nama-500 kodwa iitshekhi ze-PCB zaqhutywa ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha sazo.
Iingxelo zakutsha nje zidiza iimeko zokuvuza nokuqhushumba kwee-transformer. I-imeyile enye evela ku-Agasti ka-2014 ibonise ukunxunguphala kwamaqela emva kokujongana nokuvuza kwe-transformer yesithathu kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini.
I-108 imiphanda yenkunkuma enetyhefu kunye nebala lebhola ekhatywayo e-Okinawa City
Esinye seziganeko ezinzulu zokusingqongileyo ze-Okinawa kwimemori yakutshanje kukufunyanwa kwe-108 imiphanda yenkunkuma enetyhefu phakathi kwe-2013 kunye ne-2015 kumhlaba owawuyinxalenye ye-Kadena Air Base.19 Amaxwebhu akhutshwe yi-FOIA abonisa ukukhanya okutsha kwindima yomkhosi kweso siganeko kunye ne-USAF izama ukunciphisa ubunzima bayo kubazali abanabantwana abafunda kwiSikolo sasePrayimari saseBob Hope kunye ne-Amelia Earhart Intermediate School.
Ukuhlanganisa ixesha lesiganeko kwiingxelo, kubonakala ngathi malunga no-1964, umkhosi walahla imigqomo enenkunkuma eyingozi exutywe kwimiwonyo engaphandle kweKadena Air Base. Malunga nowe-1980, ezi zikolo zibini zakhiwa kufutshane kwaye ke ngo-1987, umhlaba okufutshane wabuyiselwa kulawulo lwabahlali. Ngowe-1996, abasemagunyeni bakha ibala lebhola ekhatywayo kweso siza.
NgoJuni ka-2013, abasebenzi abalungisa ibala lebala bavumbulule inqwaba yemiphanda engcwatyiweyo, eminye yayo inamazinga aphezulu e-dioxin. Nangona ukufunyaniswa kwakuphakathi kweemitha zamabala okudlala ezikolo, amagosa e-USAF akazange abaxelele ootitshala okanye abazali. Akukho zikrini zokulawula uthuli ezakhiweyo ukunqanda ukusasazeka kosulelo kwaye, njengoko umsebenzi wokomba wawuqhubeka kufutshane, abafundi baseMelika bavunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nokudlala ngaphandle.
Xa ekugqibeleni iintsapho zasemkhosini zafumanisa ngale nkunkuma inetyhefu kwiinyanga ezintandathu kamva, zavutha ngumsindo. Ukuphendula, amagosa aphantsi aqhuba iitshekhi zawo zokuqala zamabala esikolo ngoDisemba 31, 2013. Nangona kunjalo bavavanya umhlaba ongaphezulu kuphela kwaye abazange baqhube iimvavanyo zemagneti ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho imigqomo elele phantsi kwamabala esikolo. NgoFebruwari 2014, amagosa e-USAF abhengeza ukuba amabala esikolo akhuselekile kodwa iziphumo zovavanyo lwaselabhoratri - zizonke ngamaphepha ali-107 - zihlaziywe ngokupheleleyo kumaxwebhu eFOIA.
Ukonyusa ukurhanelwa kokugqunywa sesinye isibhengezo ngoFebruwari siqinisekisa amalungu enkonzo ukuba i-dioxin ibangele isifo solusu, i-chloracne, kodwa "Azikho ezinye iziphumo zempilo yabantu ezibonakalisiweyo." Oku kuyaphikisana nedatha ye-EPA yokuba idioxin โinokubangela umhlaza, iingxaki zokuzala nezokukhula, umonakalo kumajoni omzimba, kwaye inokuphazamisana neencindi zamadlala.โ
Kwiinyanga ezalandelayo, kwavunjululwa imiphanda engakumbi kumhlaba obuyiselweyo, yafikelela kwi-108 xa iyonke.
Iifoto zesiganeko solwaphulo-mthetho: Eminye yemiphanda yenkunkuma eyityhefu eyi-108 efunyenwe kumhlaba owawusakuba yiKadena Air Base. |
Kumanzi akufutshane, amanqanaba e-dioxin aye phezulu kumanqanaba angama-21,000 akhuselekileyo. Ngenxa yokufunyaniswa kwezi zinto zimbini zokutshabalalisa ukhula, iingcali ezizimeleyo zagqiba kwelokuba iidefoliants zexesha leMfazwe yaseVietnam zaziphakathi kwenkunkuma elahlwa apho.
NgoJulayi 8 2015, amagosa asisiseko athumele i-memo yephepha elinye eliqukumbela "amanyathelo afanelekileyo aya kuthathwa" ukuba "ayazi nayiphi na impembelelo enkulu kwimpilo okanye ukhuseleko." Iziphumo zosulelo zincanyathiselwe - kodwa kubonakala ngathi akunakwenzeka ukuba abazali abaninzi bazifunde.
Kwiintsuku ezintathu emva koko, iimvula ezinkulu zakhukula kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma kwaye amanzi anodaka ampontshwa ngabasebenzi baseJapan bokwakha kwimizila yamanzi ekufutshane ngaphandle kokujonga ungcoliseko.20 Iimephu ezihambayo zicebisa ukuba la manzi angena kwisiseko kodwa, kwakhona, i-USAF yagqiba ekubeni ingawazisi amalungu ayo enkonzo.
Ukungcoliswa kwi-Kadena Air Base: Impembelelo yomntu
Ungcoliseko lwe-Okinawa lukwabelana ngezinto ezininzi ezifanayo kunye nongcoliseko olufunyenwe kwiziseko zomkhosi e-US Kwi-2014, i-EPA idwelise ukufakwa kwe-141 Pentagon njengeendawo ze-Superfund ezifuna ukulungiswa kwaye kunyaka odlulileyo iSebe lezoKhuselo libike ukuba libekwe kwindawo yesithathu phakathi kwezona zinto zingcolisayo zeendlela zamanzi zase-US.21 22
Kwelinye lawona matyala apapashiweyo ongcoliseko, amashumi amawaka amalungu enkonzo kunye neentsapho zabo abonakaliswe kumanzi okusela angcolileyo amashumi eminyaka eCamp Lejeune, North Carolina.
Ingxaki esisiseko kukuba akukho mntu ulaziyo ifuthe elipheleleyo lokungcoliseka komkhosi kubantu abahlala okanye kufutshane neziseko ze-130 zase-US eJapan. I-Pentagon izame ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko kumalungu enkonzo kwaye iSebe leMicimbi ye-Veterans ayizange lenze naluphi na uphando.23 Ngokukwanjalo neJapan ayinayo inkqubo yolawulo lwesifo esembindini enokuchonga izigulo ezithile phakathi kwabantu abahlala kufutshane nokufakelwa komkhosi.
Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu baseMelika baqinisekile ukuba ungcoliseko oluvela eKadena Air Base luyonakalisa impilo yeentsapho zabo.
โAmagosa aseKadena esazi ngalo lonke ixesha malunga noku kungcoliseka kodwa azokwenza nantoni na ukuyigcina ithule,โ utshilo uTelisha Simmons.
U-Simmons kunye nosapho lwakhe babemi kwi-Kadena Air Base phakathi kwe-2011 kunye ne-2012. Ngaphambi kokufika e-Okinawa, akukho namnye kubo oye wafumana iingxaki ezinzulu zonyango kodwa ngexesha labo kweso siqithi, omnye woonyana bakhe wavelisa i-cyst yengqondo kunye nentombi yakhe yamathambo. ; U-Simmons ngokwakhe wafunyaniswa ukuba une-pituitary tumor kunye nezinye izifo ezinzulu ezibangele i-hysterectomy eneminyaka eyi-35. Abantwana bakhe bafunda i-Bob Hope Primary School kwaye badlala rhoqo emasimini ayo. โUKadena akakhange afikelele kum konke malunga nale ngxaki,โ utshilo uSimmons.
Bethetha ngemeko yokungachazwa amagama abo kuba besoyikisela imisebenzi yamalungu osapho asebenza ne-USAF ngoku, bangaphaya kweshumi labazali abachaze izigulo ezimandundu phakathi kwabantwana abafunda kwezi zikolo zibini okanye badlale emabaleni phakathi ko-1999 no-2013. Izigulo ziquka umhlaza, i-auto -ingxaki zokuzivikela komzimba, ukuphefumla kunye ne-neurological.
Amagosa e-USAF awazange enze uphando ukuba ezi zigulo zinxulumene nongcoliseko lofakelo.
Ngokutsho kwengcali yosuleleko u-Ikeda, abantwana bachanabeke ngakumbi kwimichiza eyityhefu.
โUmntu omdala nomntwana banokusela iglasi enye yamanzi โ kodwa banokuchaphazeleka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yobunzima bomzimba obusezantsi. Zonke ezi zinto zifunyenwe kwi-Kadena Air Base-PCBs, lead, dioxin, PFOS-ziqokelelana kumalungu abantwana, zonakalisa imizimba yabo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ngenxa yokungajongi ngokwaneleyo kwamanzi okusela akwisiseko, amanani abo bavezwayo banokubuyela emva iminyaka emininzi.
UPaula Davidson kunye nosapho lwakhe babehlala eKadena Air Base ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Ngeli xesha, abantwana bakhe ababini baba nezigulo ezathi kamva zafunyaniswa njengomhlaza. Umntwana wesithathu, owakhawulwa e-Okinawa waza wazalelwa e-US, wagula ngumhlaza wengqondo. "Ndikholelwa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukuba ukuchanabeka kwimichiza eyityhefu e-Okinawa kubangele ukugula kwakhe."
Ababini kubantwana bakhe basweleka bekwiminyaka yabo engamashumi amathathu. โNjengokuba bemkile ngoku, ndiyaqikelela ukuba sele bemanye amanani,โ utshilo uDavidson.
Ukunikezelwa kobunzulu bokungcola kwi-Kadena Air Base, ezi meko zinokuba yincam yempembelelo yezempilo kumalungu enkonzo yase-US kunye neentsapho zabo kunye nama-Okinawans ahlala kunye nokusebenza kunye kufuphi nesiseko. Amaxwebhu FOIA-akhutshiweyo abonisa amashumi eminyaka ukuvezwa eziyingozi, kuquka amafama Okinawan egcina amasimi zingcoliswe iimbumbulu ezitshisiweyo, amalungu enkonzo kunye nabasebenzi isiseko wayalela ukuba basebenze phakathi asbestos evuthulukayo, abemi bathengisa PCB-oyile oyile ngaphandle izilumkiso; kunye nabahlali abakwisiseko kunye nabase-Okinawan basela amanzi aqulathe iPFOS, amafutha kunye nogutyulo olukrwada.
Ukuba i-Kadena Air Base ibekwe e-US, abo bavezwayo banokufuna uphando kwi-EPA. Kodwa ngenxa yemimiselo yangoku bobabini base-Okinawa nabaseMelika abahlala e-Okinawa bashiywe bengazi, bengakhuselekanga kwaye bengenandlela yobulungisa.
โNgelixa bendixhasa umyeni wam kumsebenzi wakhe wasemkhosini, abantwana bam bagalelwa ityhefu,โ utshilo uSimmons.โ Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba urhulumente wase-US egqume ungcoliseko kumaziko asemkhosini. Ngoku kufuneka ityhilwe zonke iinkcukacha ukuze sazi kakuhle ukuba sijongene nantoni na. โ
Impendulo yomkhosi
Nge-10 ka-Epreli, inguqulelo yangaphambili yeli nqaku kwiThe Japan Times ichaze ungcoliseko kwiKadena Air Base ukusuka kwi-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), ilothe kunye neasbestos.
Ukuphendula, i-USFJ inike amagqabantshintshi alandelayo.
Ebuzwa ukuba ngaba uvavanyo longcoliseko lwePFOS oluqhutywayo ngoku kwiziseko zomkhosi ezingama-664 e-US luya kwandiswa ukuya eJapan, i-USFJ yaphendula yathi, "Uvavanyo olubanzi lwenkonzoโฆ Bongeze ukuba uvavanyo "lugqibe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba amanqanaba ePFOS kumanzi okusela eKadena angaphantsi kwemida ecetyisiweyo ye-EPA." Nangona kunjalo, abakhange banike nkcazo malunga nesampulu ebonakalise ungcoliseko oludlula amanqanaba akhuselekileyo kumlambo okufutshane phakathi kuka-2014 kunye no-2015, kunye nequla elisekelwe kwi-2008.
Ukuphendula kwisityhilelo sokuba isitshizi somlilo sonakalise amasimi amafama ngamanqanaba ayingozi elothe, i-USFJ yaphendula yathi, โAsizigcini iirekhodi zezaziso ezinikwe amafama asekuhlaleni.โ Bakhanyela ukuba izixhobo ze-uranium eziphelelweyo zitshiswe apho ngenxa yokuba indawo yokutshisa "yayisetyenziselwa ukulahla iimbumbulu ezincinci". Nangona kunjalo, i-USFJ ibonakala ngathi ayizange ifunde ingxelo yokuqala ye-1994 ekwakhankanya ukutshiswa kwee-flares, ii-motor starter kunye nezinye "i-pyrotechnics zangaphandle".
I-USFJ ikwabonakala ingenawo amaxwebhu achaza ukuvezwa kwamalungu enkonzo kwi-asbestos ngexesha lemidlalo yemfazwe. Babhala bathi: โSiza kukuvuyela ukuhlolisisa nawaphi na amaxwebhu ongathanda ukwabelana nathi. Ukuququzelela ukwaziswa kwamalungu enkonzo abonakaliswe kwi-asbestos, iingxelo zithunyelwe kwi-USFJ.24
Nge-15 ka-Epreli, le mibuzo ilandelayo yathunyelwa nge-imeyile kwi-USFJ.
- Ngo-2011, abahloli babiza i-PCB-ukugcinwa kwi-Kadena Air Base "inkulu."
ukuswelaโ. Ngawaphi amanyathelo olufakelweyo oluthathiweyo ukusukela ngoko ukuphucula ugcino?
- Ngaba i-USFJ iya kuphanda nge-spike kwizigulo phakathi kwabantwana abathi
Ufunde kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi saseBob Hope kunye no-Amelia Earhart oPhakathi
Isikolo?
- Kunikwe ukulibaziseka kweenyanga ezi-6 ukwazisa iintsapho ezisisiseko ngokufunyanwa
yenkunkuma eyityhefu emelene nezi zikolo, i-USFJ iye yayihlaziya
imigaqo-nkqubo yezaziso?
- Zeziphi izibonelelo ezikhoyo kumalungu enkonzo ye-USAF kunye nabo
iintsapho ezikholelwa ukuba ungcoliseko (inkokeli, iiPCB, PFOS, idioxin,
iasbestos, iarsenic) inokuba bazigulise bona okanye bazigulise iintsapho zabo?
- Zeziphi iziqinisekiso onokuthi uzinike abahlali bengingqi ezithathwa yi-USFJ
iinkxalabo zabo re: ungcoliseko ngokunzulu?
Ukusukela nge-1 kaMeyi, ekuphela kwempendulo efunyenweyo yaba yile ilandelayo:
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho bungqina bokuba abantwana abafunda i-Bob Hope Primary School kunye ne-Amelia Earhart Intermediate School basengozini yokugula.
iingozi zempilo kokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhusela impilo ye-US Forces
abasebenzi, iintsapho zabo kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni.โ
Olu luguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo nolwandisiweyo lwamanqaku amabini aqala ukuvela kwiThe Japan Times ngoAprili 10 nowe-17, 2016.
amaNqaku
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela