IMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayiyeyona ingxwabangxwaba eyayinogonyamelo kwiminyaka engama-20th kwinkulungwane, ukuba akunjalo kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu. Kwaye akukho ndawo apho umlo wawunoburhalarhume ngaphezu kwePasifiki Theatre. Emva kokuchacha kuhlaselo olothusayo lwasePearl Harbour, eHawaii, ngoDisemba 7th, ngowe-1941, amaMerika aqhubeka ebetha amaJapan kwidabi eliqinisekileyo laseMidway ngoJuni ka-1942. Oku kwamisela iqonga lephulo elikhubekisayo apho abantu baseMerika babeza kuphinda bathabathe indawo kumaJapan, isiqithi ngesiqithi, de babenokusondela ngokwaneleyo. ukuseta iziseko zomoya eziza kuvumela uqhushumbo oluqhubekayo lwaseJapan ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye ngethemba lokuphelisa imfazwe.
Elinye lawona maphulo anoburhalarhume, kwaye kubantu baseMelika, amaphulo abulalayo emfazwe yayilidabi laseLeyte Gulf, kwiiPhilippines. Ekuqaleni, kubonakala ngathi amaJapan ayekwimeko embi, kuba efake igosa elitsha eliphethe uxanduva lwalo mmandla kwiintsuku nje ezili-11 ngaphambi kokuba amaMerika aqalise ukuhlasela.
Nge-Okthobha 9th, ngo-1944, uNjengele Tomoyuki Yamashita wabekwa njengomphathi we-14th Area Army, kwaye kwakusemagxeni akhe ukuba uxanduva lokugqibela lokukhusela iiPhilippines luya kuwa. UNjengele Yamashita wayengazi ukuba ukususela ngaloo mini ukuya phambili wayeya kugwetywa ngokuchasene nowona mthetho ungqongqo wezobulungisa wakha wayilwa ukuze aphendulise umphathi-mkhosi ngezenzo zabangaphantsi kwakhe.
Uhlaselo lwaseMelika lwaluyintlekele, kwaye amaJapan ngokukhawuleza anyanzelwa ukuba ayeke izikhundla zawo zokuzikhusela. Kulapho imeko yajika yaya iba mandundu, kukho ubugwenxa obukhulu ekuxelwe ukuba benziwa ngabakhuseli baseJapan ngokuchasene nabemi balapha. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kwabulawa abantu abamalunga nama-25,000 kwiPhondo laseBatangas kwaza kwabulawa abamalunga nama-8,000 500, kwaza kwadlwengulwa abangama-XNUMX eManila. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, amagosa aphantsi komyalelo kaGeneral Yamashita enze ubugwenxa, kodwa akazange afumane myalelo wokwenza oko.
NgoSeptemba 3rd, ngowe-1945, uNjengele Yamashita wanikezela kwimikhosi yaseMerika kwiiPhilippines, yaye kungekudala emva koko wasiwa ematyaleni yikomishini yomkhosi yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Ukuzikhusela kukaGenerali yayikukuba wayengazi ngezenzo zenkohlakalo ezenziwayo, kwaye nokuba wayekho, kwakungekho nto ingako awayenokuyenza ukubanqanda ngenxa yokuwohloka konxibelelwano nolawulo olwenzeka phambi kohlaselo lwaseMelika. Iqela labakhuseli bakhe laliqinisekile ukuba umsulwa kangangokuba lasa ityala lalo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States ( Yamashita v. Styer, INkundla Ephakamileyo, 4 February 1946).
Noko ke, ikomishini yasemkhosini ayizange ichukumiseke. Baxoxa ukuba nangona izenzo zokungathobeli zingaphumeleli ngokuzenzekelayo kuxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho, ezi zenzo zenkohlakalo zikhankanyiwe zasasazwa ngokubanzi kwaye zibanzi kangangokuba iNjengele imele ukuba yazile ngabo. Kwaye nokuba akazange enze njalo, njengomphathi, ekugqibeleni wayenoxanduva kubo. Esi sigwebo sasiya kwaziwa ngokuba yi "Command Responsibility." INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwelabo icala, yawisa isigwebo sokuba uNjengele Yamashita wayenomsebenzi wokukhusela amabanjwa nabemi, kodwa ayizange ikhuphe isigwebo esicacileyo sokuba uye wawaphula loo msebenzi. Yaba lilize. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesithoba emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe isigwebo sayo, nge-23 kaFebruwarird, ngowe-1946, uNjengele Yamashita waxhonywa njengesaphuli-mthetho semfazwe.
Ngorhatya lukaMatshi 10-11, 2012, kutyholwa ukuba US Army Staff Sgt. URobert Bales washiya isiseko sakhe kwiPhondo laseKandahar, exhobe ngokupheleleyo kwaye engaphathwanga lukhuseleko olusisiseko, kwaye wabulala abantu abamsulwa abali-16 kwilali ekufutshane. Kwityala eliphambi kokuxoxwa kwetyala, uLt. Col. Joseph Morse waxoxa ukuba uSgt. UBales waya kwindlu ngendlu, edubula isixhobo sakhe ngenjongo yokubulala. Abantwana babedutyulwa emathangeni okanye entloko. Ngaxa lithile imizimba eli-11, inkoliso ingabafazi nabantwana, “yafakwa imfumba yaza yatshiswa.” Umtshutshisi wathi xa uSgt. Ekugqibeleni uBales wabuyela kwisiseko, igazi lamaxhoba akhe liye laphuma yonke indlela ukuya kwiingubo zakhe zangaphantsi. Udubulo lelona tyala libi lokubulawa kwabantu kutyholwa ijoni laseMelika ukusukela ngeMfazwe yaseVietnam. Umtshutshisi ufuna isigwebo sentambo.
AmaNgqina asuka kule nkampu athi uSgt. U-Bales, owayekhonza uhambo lwakhe lwesine lokulwa, wayekhathazekile ngenxa yesiganeko esenzeka kwiintsuku ze-2 ngaphambili apho kwaqhuma isixhobo sokudubula esiphuculweyo (IED), nto leyo eyabangela ukuba elinye ijoni lase-US liphulukane nenxalenye engezantsi yomlenze.
Ukubulawa kwabantu be-16 base-Afghan ngo-Matshi beza emva kwesinye isiganeko ngoFebruwari, xa iikopi ezininzi zeKoran zatshiswa ngempazamo ngamajoni aseMelika kwi-airbase ye-Bagram. Lathi lakuphuma ilizwi lokungcoliswa kwesi sithixo, abantu balapho bavutha ngumsindo. Kuqhushululu olwalandelayo, kwabulawa amajoni amathandathu e-NATO. Ababini kubo babengamaMelika.
Ethetha ngokufa kwala majoni mabini, uNjengele John Allen, umphathi-mkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan (kunye nomphathi we-NATO e-Afghanistan), ukhumbuze imikhosi ukuba "ngoku asiloxesha lokuziphindezela ngokufa kwamajoni amabini ase-US abuleweyo. kwizidubedube zangoLwesine". Kuya kufuneka "baxhathise nantoni na abanokuthi bafune ukuyibuyisela emva" emva kokuba abantu baseMelika ababini bebulewe lijoni lase-Afghan. UNjengele Allen uqhubeke wathi, “Kuya kubakho amaxesha anje xa ukhangela intsingiselo yale lahleko. Kuya kubakho amaxesha anje, xa iimvakalelo zakho zilawulwa ngumsindo kunye nomnqweno wokubuyisela. Ngoku asiloxesha lokuziphindezela, ngoku lixesha lokujonga nzulu ngaphakathi kwemiphefumlo yenu, khumbulani uthumo lwenu, khumbulani uqeqesho lwenu, khumbulani ukuba ungubani na.”
Phantse iiveki ezimbini kamva, abantu base-Afghan abali-16 babeza kubulawa kwinto ebonakala ngathi yayilugwayimbo lokuziphindezela (ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe). Inyani yokuba umphathi wemikhosi yase-US kunye ne-NATO e-Afghanistan waziva enesidingo sokulumkisa imikhosi ngokuchasene nokwenza uhlaselo lokuziphindezela inokuthetha kuphela ukuba uGeneral Allen waye:
A) Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba nokwenzeka koqhankqalazo lokuziphindezela
kwaye
B) Ixhalabele ngokuzeleyo malunga nokuba nokwenzeka koqhankqalazo lokuziphindezela
Oku ke kucela umbuzo, "Ngaba uGeneral Allan wenze yonke into esemandleni akhe, okanye ubuncinci, uthathe inyathelo elincinci, ngaphandle kokunikela intetho okanye ukwenza ingxelo, ukunqanda ugwayimbo lokuziphindezela ukuba lwenziwe kubemi base-Afghanistan. ?”
Ngelishwa, lo ngumbuzo ukuba umtshutshisi ungabonakali ukhathazeke kakhulu. Okwangoku, nguSgt kuphela. UBales ujongene netyala kwaye unoxanduva lolona lwaphulo-mthetho lubi kakhulu kwimbali yaseMelika yamva nje (amanye amajoni amabini awayekwisiseko ngelo xesha angqina urhulumente engakhuselekanga).
Kutshanje, iinkcukacha ezintsha ziye zavela malunga nokuziphatha kukaGeneral Allen. Kubonakala ngathi uNjengele uzibambile kwi-"Petraeus Affair" emnandi. I-Pentagon yazisa ukuba uGeneral Allen wayephantsi kophando malunga nento igosa eliphezulu likarhulumente lathi "unxibelelwano olungafanelekanga" kunye noNksz Jill Kelley, umfazi oye waqhagamshelana ne-F.B.I. malunga nee-imeyile ezisongelayo ezivela kumthumeli ongaziwa owathi kamva waba nguNksz Paula Broadwell, isithandwa sikaGeneral Petraeus. UNjengele Petraeus wayeyinkokeli yangaphambili ye-NATO kunye nemikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan.
UGeneral Allan wayekulungele ukunyuselwa kakhulu, elindele ukubizwa njengomphathi we-United States European Command kunye ne-Supreme Allied Commander yaseYurophu. Ngenxa yokuvela kwehlazo, oku kuye kwamiswa ngoku.
Ityala likaNjengele Yamashita likhankanyiwe kwisindululo esibekiweyo sokuba umphathi-mkhosi unoxanduva lokwenza konke okusemandleni ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ngamajoni aphantsi komyalelo wakhe. Nangona uNjengele Yamashita engakhange asilele ukuwuthobela lo msebenzi, njengomphathi, wabanjwa ekugqibeleni uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olwenziwe ngamajoni aphantsi komyalelo wakhe kunye nabo basebenza kwicandelo lakhe. Ngenxa yoko, wabulawa.
Abantu abali-16 (kubandakanywa nabantwana abali-9) babulawa ngegazi elibandayo e-Afghanistan. Ngenxa yoko, uSgt. UBales ujongene nokulahlekelwa bubomi bakhe. Umphathi wakhe wokugqibela, uGeneral Allen, kwelinye icala, ujongene nelahleko yokunyuselwa kunye nokuba unokuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwangoko.
Kubonakala ngathi xa kufikwa kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, iUnited Sates inemigangatho eyahlukahlukeneyo.
Enye yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe lwamajoni angaphambili, enye yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe lwamagosa aphezulu omkhosi.
Enye iyeyemfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho lweentshaba zethu, enye iyeyethu.
Imithombo:
"Uqhankqalazo lwase-Afghan malunga nokutshiswa kweeKoran kwi-US Base Escalate" ngu-Alissa J. Rubin, ngoFebruwari 22, 2012, iNew York Times. Ifikeleleke e:
"Umkhosi ufuna isohlwayo sokufa kwi-Afghan Massacre" nguKirk Johnson, ngoNovemba 13, 2012, iNew York Times. Ifikeleleke e:
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/us/army-seeks-death-penalty-for-robert-bales-in-massacre.html
"Ihlazo le-CIA: Ukutyunjwa kuka-Allen's NATO kumisiwe" ngoNovemba 13, 2012, iTelegraph. Ifikeleleke e:
"U-Panetta Udumisa Jikelele eNxulunyaniswe ne-Petraeus Scandal" ngu-Elisabeth Bumiller kunye no-Eric Schmitt, ngoNovemba 14, 2012, iNew York Times. Ifikeleleke e:
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/us/panetta-praises-general-linked-to-petraeus-scandal.html?_r=0
"Iindlebe zangaphambi kovavanyo ziqala kwiJoni elityholwa ngokubulala i-16 yabemi base-Afghan" nguKirk Johnson, ngoNovemba 5, 2012, iNew York Times. Ifikeleleke e:
"Abatshutshisi bafuna ukufa kwijoni lase-US elityholwa kwi-Afghan rampage" nguBill Rigby, ngoNovemba 5, 2012, Reuters. Ifikeleleke e:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/06/us-usa-afghanistan-trial-idUSBRE8A407T20121106
"Utshutshiso luchaza impindezelo njengeNtshukumo ye-Afghan Massacre" nguNeal Karlinsky kunye noLuis Martinez, ngoNovemba 5, i-2012, i-ABC News. Ifikeleleke e:
"URobert Fisk: Ubuhlanya abukho isizathu solu bhubhani" nguRobert Frisk, ngoMatshi 17, 2012, I-Independent. Ifikeleleke e:
"Imigaqo yaseNuremberg, uxanduva lomyalelo, kunye noKhuseleko lweKapteni Rockwood" ngu-Major Edward J. O'Brien Uphononongo loMthetho woMkhosi, Umqu. 149, Ehlotyeni 1995. Ifikeleleke apha:
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/277875~1.pdf
"Uvavanyo loLwaphulo-mthetho lwaseYamashita: Uxanduva lomyalelo ngoku kwaye ngoku" nguMajor Bruce D. Landrum, Uphononongo loMthetho wasemkhosini, Umqu. 149, Ehlotyeni 1995. Ifikeleleke apha:
http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/277875~1.pdf
“Yamashita v. Styer, iNkundla Ephakamileyo, ngoFebruwari 4, 1946” Yamashita, Nombolo 61, Eminye, INkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States, 317 U.S. 1; 66 S. 340, 4 February 1946 (1946 U.S. LEXIS 3090; 90 L. Ed. 499) Ifikeleleke apha:
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