[Eli nqaku, kunye noGeoffrey White "Inkumbulo yeMfazwe kunye ne-American Patriotism: iPearl Harbor kunye ne-9-11" yavela okokuqala kuLaura Hein kunye noDaizaburo Yui, Iinkumbulo ezinqamlezileyo: Iimbono kwi-9/11 kunye namandla aseMelika, Iziko lePasifiki kunye neZifundo zaseMelika, iYunivesithi yaseTokyo, ngo-2003. http://www.cpas.cu-tokyo.ac.jp/ Imibhalo iye yahlaziywa kwaye yafinyezwa kwi-Japan Focus.
Amanqaku avavanya iimpendulo ezidibeneyo zaseJapan kunye neMelika kuhlaselo lwe-9/11 ukusuka kwiimbono ezimbini. Babonisa iindlela iifreyimu ezilawula ixesha elide kwisizwe ngasinye, ngakumbi iinkumbulo zongquzulwano lwabo ngexesha leMfazwe yePasifiki zakha iimpendulo kwiziganeko ezothusayo ezathi zakhokelela โkwiMfazwe yobugrogrisi.โ ULaura Hein ubeka iimpendulo ezimbini ngokunxulumene neengxoxo eziqhubekayo kuwo omabini la mazwe ngemfazwe, ubumi, kunye namalungelo abantu basemzini, ngakumbi imibutho yentlalontle yokukhusela uxolo kunye nembuyekezo kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yaseJapan, kunye nabo bacinezela iinkcubeko ezininzi kunye nokulingana. UGeoffrey White uvavanya izibongozo zememori yePearl Harbour kwiimpendulo zaseMelika kwi9/11. Uthathela ingqalelo iziphumo zePearl Harbour (kunye nePasifiki yeMfazwe) isimboli solawulo lukaBush lwehlabathi "imfazwe yobugrogrisi."]
Uhlaselo lweWorld Trade Center nePentagon ngoSeptemba 11, 2001 lwabulala abantu abaqikelelwa kuma-2,752 115, yaye abali-67 kubo bazalelwa ngaphandle kwelaseUnited States. Abemi baseJapan abangamashumi amabini baqinisekisiwe ukuba bafile eNew York; njengoko kwakunjalo ngamaBritane angama-34; amaIndiya angama-25; abangama-11 abavela kwiDominican Republic; ishumi elinesibhozo lamaTshayina; ishumi elinesithandathu labemi baseKhanada, baseJamani nabasePhilippines; kunye nenani elikhulu labantu baseMexico. Abemi baseIndonesia, Jamaica, Guyana, Ecuador, South Korea naseTaiwan, phakathi kwabanye, nabo baphulukana nobomi babo. I-XNUMX kaSeptemba ayichaphazeli ngokunzulu abemi baseMelika kuphela kodwa nabaphambukeli eUnited States.
Emva kohlaselo, iBush Administration yaqinisekisa ngokukhawuleza amandla ombuso, ngakumbi awesebe lesigqeba. Oku kuqiniswa kombuso wokhuseleko lwesizwe kuye kwanemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya. Emva kwesenzo sokuqala esibhekiselele kumanyano lwamazwe amaninzi, urhulumente wase-US uye waqinisa ukuzibophelela kwakhe ekuthatheni izigqibo kwelinye icala, ukuhlaziya umkhosi, kunye nokuthintelwa kwenkululeko yoluntu. Esinye sezigqibo zokuqala kunye nezona zibalulekileyo zikaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush yayikukuphatha uhlaselo lwabanqolobi njengesenzo semfazwe kunokuba sisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini, kwaye sichaze amava njengohlaselo lweMelika. Ngaphezu koko, uBush ukunqande ukubhenela imigangatho yomthetho yamazwe ngamazwe ukugweba izenzo zabahlaseli, njengabo sele bekhona kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. I-United States ibuyele kwindlela yokuba lilizwe elinomkhosi osisigxina kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe-oluchazwa ngokwemipu kunye nobuntlola-njengeyona nto iphambili ngokungathandabuzekiyo. Le yingcinga yeMfazwe ebandayo, ngaphandle kwentshaba entsha, engachazwanga ngokucacileyo.
Olunye uphuhliso olufikelela kude luluhlu lwezithintelo ezitsha kumalungelo abemi kunye nabaphambukeli bamanye amazwe. Imibutho elwela inkululeko iye yaluqhankqalaza olu phuhliso, ingakumbi ngokubhekisele kubemi, kodwa ibenempumelelo encinane ekuthinteleni imida yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Esona sixhobo sabo sobulumko sinamandla kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko yaseMelika yinkolelo exhaphakileyo yangoku yokuba ubuhlanga buchasene nedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Inkolelo yokuba ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni kwabanye baseMelika benzakalisa bonke kunokusebenza ngamandla ukudala inkxalabo ngamalungelo abemi kodwa ayifumaneki kangako kubahlali basemzini. (Uninzi lwabantu basemzini eUnited States bahlala kwindawo engwevu; umzekelo, inani elikhulu elifake izicelo zokuba ngabemi kodwa abakabufumani.)
Urhulumente waseJapan ngokukhawuleza watyikitya kumzamo waseMelika kwaye, ngaphezulu konyaka, wabonakala eneenjongo zakhe ezimbalwa zomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ngokwindla ka-2002, nangona kunjalo, ingxoxo yezopolitiko yaseJapan yayisele iqalile ukutshintsha, njengoko abezopolitiko abaphiko lasekunene bathatha ithuba lokuphoxeka kweJapan kwisiqingatha senkulungwane yokuthobela urhulumente kwizigunyaziso zokhuseleko zase-US zokutyhala indima enkulu kumkhosi waseJapan. Zombini izimvo zoluntu lwaseJapan kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente baba nobutshaba ngakumbi kuMntla Korea emva kokuba abantu baseNyakatho Korea bevumile ukuba baqweqwedisa abantu abancinci baseJapan ngeminyaka yoo-1970s ukuze baphucule ubuchule babo bokuhlola. Umgaqo-nkqubo waseJapan ngokubanzi uqhubela phambili kwi-rearmament kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-Self-Defense Forces e-Iraq kwinkonzo ye-US enomdla kunokuba nayiphi na iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezichazwe kakuhle. Kwaye iJapan ayikhange yenze esidlangalaleni ukuphelisa ukungavisisani phakathi kwe-United States kunye neNorth Korea, ngaphandle kwengozi yokuba i-braggadocio yabo iyayidalela lo mmandla. Ngaphezu koko, ngelixa urhulumente waseJapan exhasa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezisombululo zamazwe ngamazwe kwiingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe kwiimeko ezininzi, kulo mzekelo, unike urhulumente kaBush ukugatya ezo ndlela inkxaso eyomeleleyo kunaye nawuphi na omnye urhulumente, ngaphandle kwekaTony Blair eGreat Britain.
E-Japan, njengase-United States, kukho ingxoxo yasekhaya eqhubekayo malunga nokuphathwa kohlanga / uhlanga oluncinci, iindleko kuluntu ngokubanzi lokucalucalula ngokobuhlanga, kunye nemigaqo engundoqo yedemokhrasi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imibutho yezentlalo esekwe kakuhle iye yazuza inzuzo enkulu ngokulingana kwabemi kunye nabemi abasisigxina. AmaJapan axoxa ukuba ngaba kufuneka bakushiye ngokusemthethweni ukwala imfazwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Ezi ngxoxo zaziqhuba kakuhle ngaphambi kwe-9/11, ziye zaqhubeka ukususela, kwaye zichaphazela ubudlelwane baseJapan-American, ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchasene nomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe. Umzekelo, abaxhasi baseJapan be-multiculturalism baye batsalela kwi-rhetoric kunye nokulungelelanisa amava e-American multiculturalism ukwenza iimfuno zokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngeendlela ezicela umngeni kwizinto eziphambili zelizwe laseJapan kunye neMelika.
Amatshantliziyo embuyekezo kuwo omabini la mazwe nawo asebenzise umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukugxeka ubundlobongela boorhulumente babo kwaye bafuna ukulungiswa kwimpatho yangaphambili yabantu abangabemi ngoku kunye nabangaphandle. Bamema umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuba useke isikhokelo esibambe ngokufanelekileyo kwimida yelizwe kwaye ngokwezekeliso sibeka uluntu lwabemi behlabathi abanelungelo lokukhuselwa โkulwaphulo-mthetho eluntwini.โ Ibango lokuba ubumi behlabathi bukhusela abantu ekuxhatshazweni kwaye luyayikhaba ingqiqo yamazwe anamandla onke. Apha kwakhona, kukho ukuchumisa okukhulu kwezimvo kunye nezicwangciso, ngeli xesha zihamba ngamandla ukusuka e-Asiya ukuya kuMntla Melika, phakathi kwamatshantliziyo ezentlalo. Njengemizamo yokuchasa ubuhlanga, apho intshukumo yembuyekezo idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo, amatsha ntliziyo embuyekezo abumba ingxoxo phakathi kwamaJapan namaMelika kunye nokubonelela ngesakhelo sengxoxo-mpikiswano ebalulekileyo kwisizwe ngasinye.
Amalungelo abemi kunye nabaphambukeli eMelika naseJapan
Ukusukela ngo-9/11, uLawulo lwaseBush luye lwanciphisa amalungelo abahlali abasemthethweni kwaye lwenza kube nzima ukufumana ii-visa, nokuba zezabantu abanqwenela ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe okanye abaphambukeli, njengabafundi beekholeji. Le yinxalenye yomahluko okhulayo e-US phakathi kwabemi kunye nabahlali abasemthethweni. Umzekelo, umthetho oyilwayo wohlaziyo lwentlalontle wowe-1996 awubandakanyi abahlali abasemthethweni kuncedo lwemali (nangona besakufanelekela ukufumana izitampu zokutya nezinye iindlela zoncedo.) Umthetho waseMelika kwimiba emininzi awahluli phakathi kwabahlali abasemthethweni nabemi. Nditsho nabangeneleli abangekho mthethweni bebenamalungelo abalulekileyo โ umzekelo, abantwana banelungelo lokufumana imfundo yesikolo sikarhulumente nokuba bathini na. I-US ibonakala ngathi iya kude ekwamkeleni abantu basemzini, kwaye mhlawumbi isiya ekupheliseni igagasi elikhulu lokufuduka kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bomsebenzi wobupolisa abazizigidi ezingama-60 zabemi bangaphandle abangena e-USA minyaka le, abalawuli bakaBush baye babhenela kwiprofayile yobuhlanga-isixhobo sokunyanzeliswa komthetho ebekucelwa umngeni ukuba sisetyenziswe ekhaya kwaye saphulukana nokuba semthethweni okukhulu ngoSeptemba ka-2001. NgoNovemba 9, 2001, iSebe likaRhulumente libhengeze imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo kubo bonke abafake izicelo ze-visa abangamadoda abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-16 kunye ne-45 ukusuka kumazwe angama-26 anabemi abaninzi abangamaSilamsi. (Ekubeni ubuSilamsi buyinkolo kunokuba ibe yindawo, azikho iingxelo zokuba bangaphi na abaphambukeli okanye abafumana ii-visa abangamaSilamsi.) Ezi zisasebenza, nangona ukususela ngoDisemba 1, 2003, iSebe elitsha loKhuseleko lweLizwe lavakalisa ukuba i-visa yamadoda. -abanini abavela kumazwe afanayo asele e-United States akusekho mfuneko yokuba babhalise kunye nabasemagunyeni. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo awuzange uvelise ulwazi malunga nabanqolobi kodwa uphazamise kakhulu ubomi bamawakawaka eentsapho kwaye uphucula ngakumbi umfanekiso wehlabathi womgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni waseMelika njengochasene nobuSilamsi.
ISebe lezoBulungisa ngexesha elifanayo livalele abantu abayi-1,147, abaninzi abangabemi, kwaye babambe malunga nesiqingatha sabo be-incommunicado kwaye ngasese (benqaba ukukhulula amagama abo) ngenxa yezizathu ezingachazwanga. Abaninzi bakhululwa okanye bagxothwa kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa kodwa, ngokutsho kwewebhusayithi yeKomiti Yamagqwetha Yamalungelo Abantu, abaninzi bavalelwa ixesha elide baza banyhashwa ngokuqatha amalungelo abo. Urhulumente uqinisekisa ilungelo lakhe lokuvalela abantu bamanye amazwe ngokungenammiselo ngenxa yokurhanelwa nje ukuba bayabandakanyeka kubunqolobi yaye uye waqhubeka ebamba abahlali abasemthethweni nabangekho mthethweni ukususela ngoko. Ngokwahlukileyo, abantu abangama-650 babebanjwe ngumkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan okanye kwi-Guantanamo Air Force Base ngo-Matshi 2003. La ngamabanjwa emfazwe asuka kungquzulwano lwase-Afghan aye avinjwa amalungelo e-POWs. Nangona urhulumente wase-US echaza ungquzulwano njengemfazwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezisayinwe yi-United States zilawula ukuziphatha kwamajoni, uLawulo lwaseBush alufuni ukuzithoba kwiiNgqungquthela ze-Geneva ze-1949, ezichaza kwaye zilawule unyango lwe-POWs. . (UNobhala kaRhulumente u-Colin Powell, igosa lomkhosi kuphela lomsebenzi kwi-Bush yangaphakathi isangqa, ngokuphandle kodwa akazange aphumelele ukuchasa kwesi sigqibo ngenxa yenkxalabo enokubakho kwi-POWS yaseMelika yexesha elizayo.) Esona sizathu siphambili sezi zenzo kukuba abarhanelwa ngabanqolobi. kwaye ke ngoko ayifanelekanga isikhundla se-POW, nangona iiNgqungquthela ze-Geneva zichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba kunye nemikhosi engaqhelekanga inelungelo lokuphathwa kobuntu. Ulawulo lukaBush lukwabhengeze izicwangciso zokuzisa abantu basemzini ematyaleni kwiinkundla zomkhosi wase-US ukuba bakholelwa ukuba bangamalungu e-Al Qaida. I-Amnesty International kunye namaqela enkululeko yasekhaya aqhankqalaze ezi zenzo ngokuchasene nabantu bangaphandle, nkqu nabo bahlala e-United States, kodwa uninzi lwabo alukhange luphikiswe luluntu lwaseMelika.
Urhulumente ukwangenelela kumalungelo abemi kodwa ngokungqongqo nangeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona nto iphazamisayo yimeko kaJose Padilla (okwabizwa ngokuba ngu-Abdullah al-Muhajir), ummi waseMelika otyholwa ukuba unonxibelelwano ne-Al Qaida kwaye wayeceba ukudubula ibhombu ye-radioactive. Wabanjwa ngoMeyi 8 kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseChicago e-O'Hare kwaye ubanjwe njengomlo wotshaba kwintolongo yomkhosi. Urhulumente ubanga ilungelo lokumbamba de kuphele imfazwe yobunqolobi, nanini na oko kusenzeka, ngaphandle kokuxoxwa kwetyala okanye naluphi na ukhuselo olulilungelo lakhe kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni. Ingxoxo yabo yeyokuba ufungele ukuthobela iziko lasemzini kwaye ke unokubanjwa njengomlo wotshaba kwintolongo yomkhosi nangona engumMelika. Indawo enye apho kukho nayiphi na ingxoxo ezinzileyo malunga nezenzo zaseMelika kukunyhashwa kwenkululeko yabemi baseUnited States. Emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, ukugweba ngokuthengiswa kweencwadi, amanqaku eendaba, kunye nokubhaliswa kwiikhosi zekholeji, abantu baseMerika baphuma ngokukhawuleza ukuze bafunde okungakumbi malunga namaSilamsi namaSilamsi-aseMelika. Abaninzi bathi bafuna ukulwa nocalucalulo lonqulo nobuhlanga. I-United States ibonakala ineenkcubeko ezininzi namhlanje-njengoko imizuzu elishumi kuso nasiphi na isixeko esikhulu ibonisa-kwaye ukunyamezela kweenkcubeko ezininzi kubonakala kubantu baseMelika abaninzi kungeyona nto ilungileyo nje kuphela kodwa into eyenza bahluke kwezinye izizwe. Abantu abaninzi abagqabaza bagxininisa umxholo othi uburhalarhume nokungavisisani ngokobuhlanga yingozi elinganayoรขโฌโkwaye babandakanyekaรขโฌโubunqolobi. Ucalucalulo oluchasene nama-Arabhu kunye namaSilamsi (amacandelo ahlukeneyo kodwa ahlukeneyo) ngokuqinisekileyo lukhona e-United States kodwa eyona mpendulo ibalaseleyo kuhlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba phakathi kwabemi ngokubanzi yayikukugxeka endaweni yokukuxolela.
Kwinqanaba elidumileyo, ukukhunjulwa kokuvalelwa kwabantu baseJapan-baseMelika ngexesha le-WWII, ngoku ngoku jikelele baphathwa njengesifinyezo esichasene nomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo abo, banikeze isithuthi sabantu ukuba babonise ukukhathazeka kwabo. Inkumbulo yokuvalelwa ibonelele ngolwimi-phantse ukuba lolona lwimi luphelayoรขโฌโkubantu baseMelika ukugxeka isenzo sikarhulumente wabo emva kwe-9/11. Ikhonkco phakathi kokugwetyelwa kokuvalelwa ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nobomi boluntu lwangoku bucacile, umzekelo, kwiiwebhusayithi ezininzi ezenzelwe ukufundisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye nokuba ngummi olungileyo kubantwana besikolo. Inye kuphela yeziza endizityeleleyo, Ukhetho lweProjekthi yeMfundo yenkulungwane ye-21 kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown, yayithumele ikharityhulamu ngokukodwa kwiimpembelelo zokuhlaselwa kwe-11 kaSeptemba, kodwa zonke ezinye, ezifana ne-Social Science Education Consortium kunye noLutsha kwi-Action sites. , yanikela ngezinto ezingenkululeko yoluntu, amalungelo kwakunye nemisebenzi yabemi, yaye abaninzi babenemathiriyeli ebanzi ngovalelo lwaseJapan naseMelika olwalupakishelwe ootitshala bamagumbi okufundela e-K-12 yaza yanikelwa njengesilumkiso ngokubaluleka kokukhusela inkululeko yoluntu. Bonke bagxininise imfuneko yokuba abemi basebenzise amalungelo abo ukuze bagcine idemokhrasi esempilweni kunye nalo lonke ucalucalulo lobuhlanga oluchazwe njengento eyonakalisayo kwaye engahambelani nemilinganiselo engundoqo yaseMelika. Lo ngowona mba ekunokwenzeka ukuba ube ngundoqo wokugxeka umgaqo-nkqubo wesizwe kwixesha elizayo.
Uvavanyo lweencwadi zesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo zanamhlanje zembali yaseMelika lutyhila ukuxhaphaka komxholo othi ubuhlanga bubenzakalisa bonke abantu baseMelika, ingeyiyo nje abemi abangengobamhlophe: oku kubonisa utshintsho olukhulu ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kunyango lweencwadi zabantu abambalwa. Ngokwahlukileyo kwiminyaka yoo-1950s, iincwadi zezifundo zaseMelika zonke zamkela ibali elinentlonipho kakhulu lemvelaphi yeenkcubeko ezininzi zabemi base-US kwaye zigxininisa ukuba bonke abantu baseMelika bafumana ukufikelela okupheleleyo kumalungelo obumi kubantu basekhaya kungakhathaliseki uhlanga. Ngelixa iincwadi zezifundo zinika ingqwalaselo encinci kumaSilamsi okanye ama-Arabhu-aseMelika xa kuthelekiswa nama-Afrika-aseMelika, ama-Hispanics, okanye ama-Asiya-aseMelika, ukwanda kolwazi lobukho babo ngamanani amakhulu e-United States ukusukela nge-11 kaSeptemba ubukhulu becala kuye kwacwangciswa ngaphakathi kwezi ngxelo zeencwadi ezazisekiwe ngaphambili. yeenzuzo kwiMelika yemulticulturalism.
Iincwadi ezifanayo ezibonisa umgama omkhulu wentlalo ukusuka kwizimo zengqondo ze-1940s ezibhekiselele kumaJapan-aseMelika kunye nama-Afrika-aseMelika, nangona kunjalo, zinqanda nakuphi na ukucinga ngonyango lwaseMelika lwabanye kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi okanye iMfazwe yaseVietnam. Ngamanye amazwi, ipateni yokukhathalela okuncinci kwamalungelo abantu basemzini okanye iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika kubantu abakwiindawo ezinjengeAfghanistan, kodwa inkxalabo enkulu yonyango lwabambalwa e-United States, iqhelekile eMelika.
Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abantu baseMelika bangathanda ukuba iUnited States igcine imigaqo "yemfazwe yobulungisa" echazwe kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ishwankathelwe ngokufanelekileyo nguRichard Falk. Oku kukugcina "imigaqo ye-1) ucalucalulo (unyanzeliso kufuneka lujoliswe kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo emkhosini, kunye nomonakalo kuluntu kunye noluntu oluqhelekileyo, i-2) ubuntu (amandla akufunekanga aqondiswe nakubasebenzi beentshaba ukuba baxhomekeke ekubanjweni. , abangxwelerhiweyo okanye abaphantsi kolawulo, njengakumabanjwa emfazwe; kunye nesi-3) imfuneko (amandla kufuneka asetyenziswe kuphela ukuba iindlela ezingenabundlobongela zokuphumeza iinjongo zomkhosi azikho)." Undoqo wale ngxoxo kukuba ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko yoluntu yeyona nto ilungileyo yokuhlaselwa kweMelika kwaye impendulo yomkhosi ngokungacaluli nje "yandisa indawo yobundlobongela." Kodwa oku kuthandabuza phakathi kwabantu abaninzi akukhange kudibane kumandla anamandla kurhulumente wokuba nguye yedwa ofanele ukubumba intsebenziswano yaseMelika nelizwe langaphandle, kwaye ayizange iphumelele ngokuchasene nokuzimisela kweWhite House ukuya emfazweni ngokuchasene neAfghanistan kunye neIraq emva kwe9. /11.
EJapan, nangona kunzima kakhulu ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe namalungelo abantu basemzini embalwa, kuye kwakho intshukumo enkulu kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo kumalungelo abantu ekudala behleli ngokusisigxina. Amaqela amancinci ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo eJapan aqalise imiceli mngeni entsonkothileyo kwaye ebonakalayo kakhulu kwiimbono zaseJapan zokufana kwabantu kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. Phakathi kwabona bantu bathetha kakhulu ngamaKorea ahlala eJapan. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uninzi lwabo ngabantwana, abazukulwana, nabantwana babazukulwana babathwali belizwe ababeza eJapan njengabasebenzi ngaphambi kowe-1945 baza bahluthwa ubumi baseJapan xa iJapan yaphinda yafumana ulongamo ngowe-1952. eJapan ubomi babo bonke, bathetha isiJapani somthonyama, kwaye bafundiswa ngokucokisekileyo kuluntu lwaseJapan. Abaninzi kudala bekhalazela ukukhutshwa kwabo kubomi basekuhlaleni baseJapan kubandakanywa iimfuno zokuba babhalise njengabaphambukeli ngokuthathwa kweminwe kwaye baphathe iincwadi zabo zokubhalisa zamanye amazwe ngamaxesha onke. Urhulumente waseJapan wanika kuphela abemi baseKorea imvume yokuhlala ngokusisigxina waza wabavumela ukuba bahambe kumazwe aphesheya ngokukhululekileyo njengempendulo kuxinzelelo lwezizwe ngezizwe ngokusekelwe kwindibano Yamalungelo Oluntu eyavunywa yiJapan ngowe-1979 kunye neNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeembacu yowe-1981. Ngowe-1990, abemi baseKorea babesenjalo. uthintelwe kuyo yonke imisebenzi karhulumente, kuquka ukufundisa kwizikolo zikarhulumente, ukusebenza koorhulumente bakamasipala, nokuhambisa iposi. Ngowama-2002, nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lotshintsho oluvela kubahlali baseKorea, oorhulumente basekhaya abaninzi baye bayenza lula loo miqobo, nangona urhulumente oyintloko eqhubeka nokuchasa ukutshintshwa kwemithetho ethintela abantu abangengabo abemi kwimisebenzi emininzi kwicandelo likarhulumente.
Abemi abaye baphathwa ngocalucalulo ngokwembali, njengabemi base-Okinawa, nabo baye benza iinzuzo ezinkulu mva nje. Njengase-United States, ngokugqithisileyo impatho engalinganiyo yabemi ngenxa yocalucalulo lobuhlanga / lobuhlanga, ngelixa kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, kunzima ukuthethelela eJapan namhlanje. Abemi base-Okinawa ngoku bacinezela ngakumbi into enokubizwa ngokuba yi-hyphenated Okinawan-Japanese identity, kwaye batshintsha isimo sengqondo selizwekazi ngokunjaloรขโฌโkwinqanaba likarhulumente kunye noluntu. Kwi Isiqithi sokunganeliseki: Iimpendulo zase-Okinawan kuMandla aseJapan naseMelika, Incwadi ehlelwe nguMark Selden kunye nam, uJulia Yonetani ibonisa ukuba urhulumente waseJapan ngoku uqala ukuphendula kwiimfuno zonyango olulinganayo entliziyweni ye-Okinawan uqhanqalazo oluchasene nokusingatha i-75 ekhulwini yeziseko zase-US kumhlaba waseJapan. Ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusukela ngo-1945, urhulumente waseJapan uye wanika iUnited States inkululeko engakumbi okanye engaphantsi e-Okinawa ukuze ifumane ukuzimela geqe kwilizwe elikhulu. Emva koqhanqalazo oluchasene neziseko, oluchukunyiswe liqela lokudlwengulwa kwentombazana eneminyaka eli-12 ubudala ngabasebenzi abathathu base-US ngo-1995, urhulumente waseJapan wanyanzelwa ukuba enze imvumelwano emitsha yokomfuziselo kuma-Okinawans ukuze agcine isiseko saseMelika. isakhiwo ]esingundoqo kwezi zikhalazo. Ukongeza kumaqhinga ahlala ixesha elide okuhlawula imbuyekezo kunye noxinzelelo lwezopolitiko kumagosa anyuliweyo ukuba athenge ukuvunyelwa kwe-Okinawan kucalucalulo, kwingxoxo "ye-Okinawa Initiative" ye-2000, urhulumente kazwelonke wahlanganisa i-pro-Liberal Democratic Party yase-Okinawans ukuba ihlaziye ubudlelwane bayo bezopolitiko e-Okinawa. . Abaxhasi be-Okinawa Initiative bavuma ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II yayinocalucalulo olunzulu kuma-Okinawa. Baye bavuma ukuba urhulumente waseJapan ukuzimisela kwakhe emva kwemfazwe ukushiya i-Okinawa e-United States ngo-1952 kunye nokushiya zonke iziseko zase-US zikhuselekile ekubuyiselweni ngo-1972 kwakungalunganga. Le minyinyiva ngokucacileyo yenziwe ngethemba lokuba uxoliso olucekethekileyo-kunye neentlawulo eziphezulu zemali-yakwanela ukuphelisa i-Okinawan ire phezu kokunyanzeliswa ukuba iqhubeke nokubamba iziseko. Baye bamisela iinkcubeko ezininzi ngaphakathi eJapan ngeendlela ezinokuchaphazela kakhulu inkcubeko yezopolitiko. Isikhumbuzo sase-Okinawan, kunye neemfuno zezopolitiko ezinxulumene nayo, yinto amagosa aseTokyo angenakukwazi ukuyihoya ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni ubudlelwane bomkhosi wase-US-Japan kunye noxolo lwasekhaya.
Ewe kunjalo, iimfuno zokuphendula kwizikhalazo zase-Okinawa zithetha ukugocagoca umbono wobuJapan. Iimfuno zokubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo koluntu kunye noluntu lwase-Okinawans zifuna ukucinga kwakhona ngemibuzo esisiseko malunga nokwanda kwelizwe laseJapan langaphambi kwemfazwe, imfazwe, umanyano kunye ne-United States, izinto eziphambili ngophuhliso loqoqosho, kunye neendlela zokushukuma kwezentlalo kwiJapan yanamhlanje. Kwamanye amaJapan, olo tshintsho luyoyikeka kakhulu, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba bobabini baqinisekisa ubuheterogeneity kunye nedemokhrasi kwaye bacela umngeni kuluhlu lwesini kunye nesini. Abanye abaninzi baseJapan, nangona kunjalo, bamkela iyantlukwano enkulu kuluntu lwabo kwaye bafumana iinzame zama-Okinawans kunye nabanye abancinci ukwandisa intsingiselo yobuJapan banamhlanje eyanelisayo kakhulu. Banethemba lokuba imiceli mngeni yase-Okinawan kwisimo esikhoyo kunye nokubonisa kwabo ubuchule benkcubeko kuya kunceda ukuguqula yonke iJapan ibe yindawo edlamkileyo, edlamkileyo, enabantu abaninzi, kunye nendawo yokuhlala abantu. Abemi baseJapan bathi iJapan kufuneka ibe "lilizwe eliqhelekileyo," apho bathetha umkhosi, kodwa ngakumbi nangakumbi, ezingqondweni zabantu abaninzi, "ilizwe eliqhelekileyo" lithetha ukuzazi ngokwezizwe ngezizwe kunye neenkcubeko ezininzi. lowo uzabalazela ukukhonza bonke abemi kunye nabahlali kakuhle.
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