Ndikhule ngokwezopolitiko phakathi kweqela leBlack Power. Ngaphakathi kwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, zombini intshukumo yaMandla aMnyama kunye nentshukumo yeMfazwe ye-Anti-Vietnam yaba nefuthe elibalulekileyo phakathi kwe1970s. Kwasekwa iiCaucuses ukucela umngeni kwiinkokeli zemibutho emininzi. Uqhankqalazo lwezilwanyana zasendle lwaluqhubeka kwiindawo zokusebenza kwilizwe jikelele. Kwaye kwezinye iindawo, iimanyano ezizimeleyo zazisekwe apho abasebenzi bagqibe ekubeni umbutho womanyano osekiweyo awunakukwazi ukwenza naluphi na utshintsho olubalulekileyo lokujongana neemfuno kunye neemfuno zabasebenzi bezikhundla kunye neefayile. Kwinqanaba likazwelonke, uMdibaniso waManyano aBantu abaNtsundu uvele njengelizwi elikhulu elixoxa ukuba abasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo kufuneka bathathe imbonakalo entsha neyohlukileyo kumsebnzi oMnyama, inkangeleko kunye nothethathethwano olusekelwe kwimfuno yentlonipho nokulingana.
Njengoko singena kwinkulungwane yama-21, abasebenzi abamnyama bakwisiphithiphithi. Kuluhlu lwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, amaziko ahlukeneyo ebesoloko ethetha egameni lawo aye arhoxa. Imibutho yabantsundu kwimibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo iye yarhoxa kwimingeni nasekutyhaleleni iinkokeli zombutho kwaye endaweni yoko ziye kuzo zonke iimeko ezininzi ziye zehla zaba ziiklabhu zentlalo okanye inqanaba lokuthatha amanyathelo okuba abantu bafumane izikhundla kubume bomanyano. Nangona kukho inani elikhulu labasebenzi abaMnyama kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, iinkokeli ezikhethiweyo, kukho ugxininiso ekwamkelekeni-kubunkokeli bomsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo-ngaphakathi kwamanqanaba ombutho, kunokuba kugxininise umngeni kunye nomzabalazo.
Indlela eyavela ngayo le meko iya kuba yinto ekunokubhalwa kuyo incwadi. Kwanele ukuthetha ukuba ingxaki yezoqoqosho echaphazela i-Black America, ingxaki eyabonakala ngokucacileyo phakathi kwe-1970s, yanqumla umhlaba phantsi kwenxalenye enkulu yabasebenzi abaMnyama. Idityaniswe nokuhlaselwa kwezopolitiko kuMnyama waseMelika ngokuLungile, siye saya ekukhuseleni. Kumsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo, ukwehla kwepesenti yabasebenzi abaququzelelwe kwiimanyano, kunye nemo yezulu ekhohlakeleyo eyakhiwa ngexesha likaRonald Reagan, zenza zaba mandundu iimeko apho umzabalazo wawunokuqhubeka.
Ukanti ngokoluvo lwam oluthobekileyo into eyalahleka ngokukodwa ziinkokeli zabasebenzi abaNtsundu yayingumbono. Umbono ochazwe ekuqaleni kwe-1930 kunye nokukhula kweNkongolo yeSizwe yeNigro kunye neNkongolo yeMibutho yezoShishino, kwaye iqhubela phambili kwi-1950 kunye neBhunga leSizwe leMisebenzi yeNegro kwaye, kamva, ngu-A. Philip Randolph-ekhokelwa nguNegro American Labor. IBhunga, nangoo-1970 kunye neManyano yaBasebenzi abaNtsundu, ngokufanelekileyo yagxininisa ukubandakanywa kwabasebenzi abaMnyama kuwo onke amanqanaba ombutho wemibutho. Kwezinye iindawo, ingakumbi kumbutho wabaSebenzi abaNtsundu eKhohlo, bekukho iinzame ezilinganayo zokugxininisa indlela ebanzi yabasebenzi abaququzelelweyo malunga nemiba ejongene nabo bonke abasebenzi kunye nemfuneko yabasebenzi abaququzelelweyo ukuba babe lihlakani elicacileyo nelizinzileyo loMbutho weNkululeko yabaNtsundu.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 kunye notshintsho kubunkokeli kuninzi lwabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo, ubutshaba obabusoloko buviwa ngabasebenzi abaMnyama baguquka. Oku kwakungathethi ukuba abasebenzi abaNtsundu babesamkelwa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa kwakuthetha ukuba ubuncinane kukho ukuqondwa koluntu komsebenzi oNtsundu kunye nokubaluleka kwakhe. Uhlaselo kwi-CBTU, umzekelo, lunciphile, ukuba aluzange lunyamalale. Ekuqaleni koo-1990, ezinye iimanyano zade zafikelela ekuxhaseni ngokusemthethweni okanye ekuxhaseni ngokusemthethweni iicaucus zabaNtsundu.
Kodwa kukho into elahlekileyo. 'Umlilo' owawuvakele kwimibutho efana neLeague of Revolutionary Black Workers (kunye namahlakani ayo), okanye iUnited Community Construction Workers eBoston, MA, wawungekho ubukhulu becala. Ewe, abasebenzi abaNtsundu banokuhlala etafileni, kodwa bekungekho nto imele ukwenziwa ngabaNtsundu njengentshukumo. Ke ngoko, abasebenzi abaNtsundu baba sisihlomelo kubasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo endaweni yokuba ibe yintshatsheli yenguqu yomanyano. Umsebenzi omnyama ube phakathi kweyona mikhosi ibalulekileyo kunye nezinikeleyo ezothusayo; sihlala singabona baxhasa umanyano lwalo naluphi na uhlanga/uhlanga; kwaye asisebenzi ngokulinganayo kwiimanyano zethu. Oku, nangona kunjalo, akuguquki kumanyano, singasathethi ke ngokudityaniswa kwemibutho yabasebenzi kunye neMibutho yeNkululeko yabaNtsundu.
Ngenxa yokungabikho kombono wenkulungwane yama-21 ovela kubunkokeli babasebenzi abaMnyama, kokubini ukuphelelwa lithemba kunye neembono ezichasene nemveliso zinokuvela kwaye ziye zavela. Ukuphelelwa lithemba okukhoyo kunokuvakala kwimekobume. Ndwendwela iDetroit, eyayisakuba liziko eliphambili labasebenzi abaNtsundu—singasathethi ke ngomsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo xa iyonke—kwaye umntu uvakalelwa kukuba ujonge imeko yasemva kwamashishini, isixeko esilingana nelo qhinga lophuhliso loqoqosho oluphangaleleyo. apho abasebenzi abaMnyama bebandezeleka kunye nokuqhekeka njengamandla asebenzayo. Kuzwelonke, ugxininiso oluxhaphakileyo, naphakathi kwamatsha ntliziyo aselula, luyaqhubeka izisombululo zomntu ngamnye kwiingxaki ezihlangeneyo ikakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwabasebenzi abaMnyama kukho ingqiqo encinci yokuba iimanyano zizixhobo zokujongana neengxaki ezinkulu ezijongene ne-Black America. Oku akuthethi ukuba iimanyano zabasebenzi azihoywa, kodwa kuthetha ukuba akukho ngqiqo yokuba zinako okanye zinendima enkulu.
Iimbono ezichaseneyo ngomnye umngeni. Ukufumana ingqwalasela emandla kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo ibe kukukhula kweemvakalelo ezichasene nabaphambukeli ngaphakathi kweBlack America, kubandakanywa phakathi kwabasebenzi abaMnyama. Inyaniso yokuba uninzi lwalo luvo luphenjelelwe ngamandla ngabamhlophe, amaqela asekunene achasene nabaphambukeli yinto yesibini kwinto yokuba uloyiko lokukhuphisana kunye nokufuduswa kweqela labasebenzi abaNtsundu kwenze ukuba kube lula kwiingxoxo 'zemvelo'. . Ubunkokeli babasebenzi abantsundu, ubukhulu becala, bohlulekile ukubandakanya kunye nokucela umngeni ngokungqongqo kolu vakalelo ngokungaphezulu kuneengcinga nje. Njengoko abasebenzi abaNtsundu baqhubeka bebethwa, umphambukeli—obhalwe phantsi kunye/okanye ongabhalwanga—uba ngamaxhoba, kwabaninzi, amaxhoba omsindo wethu. Kunokuba siqonde uhlobo lwengxaki esijongene nayo njengokuxoka ngaphakathi kongxowankulu ngokwalo kunye nokukhangela kweshishini kubasebenzi abaphantsi kunye nabasengozini ngakumbi, umphambukeli uba lutshaba olukhuselekileyo nolufanelekileyo lwangoku.
Umsebenzi omnyama ngokwembali udlale indima enomdla, into efana nokucaphukisa kwi-oyster ezisa iperile ngaphambili. Enoba saququzelela imibutho yabasebenzi ezimeleyo xa salelwa ukungena kwi-American Federation of Labor, okanye xa thina kunye neChicanos saba ngabaxhasi abaqinisekileyo bombutho omtsha wabasebenzi, njengoko kwakusekwa iNkongolo yeMibutho yezoShishino ngeminyaka yoo-1930 noo-1940, abasebenzi abaNtsundu baye baphumelela. imbali encinci ye-passivity. Lifikile ixesha lokuba abasebenzi abaMnyama babuyele umva kulaa ndima yokucaphukisa iimbatyisi, kodwa ngesakhelo sereferensi yenkulungwane yama-21.
Ukhetho olujongene nomsebenzi oMnyama luqala ngombono kwaye lunxulunyaniswa nombutho. UMbutho weNkululeko yabaNtsundu ubusoloko usembindini wawo umzabalazo wokwandisa imiqathango yedemokhrasi ngaphaya kwemithetho nemigaqo, endaweni yenguqu kwezentlalo. Oku kwakuyinyaniso nokuba idabi lalichasene nobukhoboka, ngokuchasene nokwahlulwa kukaJim Crow, okanye ngokuchaseneyo ide facto ucalucalulo. Kule nto kufuneka kongezwe ukuba uMbutho weNkululeko yabaMnyama uphantse wasoloko engumhlobo obalulekileyo wezinye iinzame zokwandisa idemokhrasi kunye nokuchasana nokungabikho kobulungisa nokungalingani. Lo ngundoqo-umlo wedemokhrasi engaguqukiyo / ukuchaswa kokungabikho kobulungisa kunye nokungalingani-kufuneka uhlale uyimigaqo ekhokelayo yabasebenzi abaMnyama kunye nomngeni wabo kubasebenzi abahleliweyo namhlanje. Iimpembelelo zinzulu kakhulu kuba into ebuzwayo kubasebenzi abaNtsundu-njengeqela labasebenzi abaququzelelweyo kunye neBlack Freedom Movement-kukunyanzela ukuba kubekho umanyano lwabasebenzi. yakhiwe ngokutsha yacaciswa ngokutsha intshukumo yabasebenzi egxininisa inguqu kwezentlalo.
Kuthetha ukuthini oku ngokubonakalayo? Phakathi kwezinye izinto iqala ngokuthatha ingozi enkulu. Uninzi lweenkokheli zabasebenzi abamhlophe zikholelwa ekubeni zitofelwe ngokwaneleyo ukuze zikwazi ukuthethela abasebenzi abaNtsundu. Masijike iskripthi. Abasebenzi abamnyama akufuneki bathethele kuphela umsebenzi oNtsundu, kodwa abasebenzi abaNtsundu kufuneka babe lilizwi elithetha egameni labo bonke abasebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba singazibandakanyi kwiingxoxo ezimalunga nepesenti yabaMnyama kubasebenzi abakwimibutho yabasebenzi, kodwa kunoko sicele umngeni kwinkqubo esisiseko yabasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo kuquka, kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, ukusilela kwabasebenzi bombutho ukuba babe nesicwangciso sokuququzelela abasebenzi abaMnyama.
Makhe ndinike iingcebiso ezimbalwa:
- Ukuba intetho ethi “...njengoko usiya eMazantsi, isizwe sihamba njalo…” sihlala sichanekile—kwaye ndingacebisa ukuba kunjalo—ngoko ke abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo kufuneka badibanise uMzantsi. Ukwenza oko umsebenzi oNtsundu, kunye noluntu oluNtsundu ngokubanzi, lubalulekile. Abasebenzi balindeleke ukuba bavotele kwicala eliqhubela phambili ukuba bamanyene, ngoko ke, njengokuba uMzantsi unomanyano olulinganiselweyo, ithuba lokuphuhlisa ipolitiki eqhubekayo e-USA iyonke ligcwele.
- Ukulungelelanisa uMzantsi, uluntu oluNtsundu kufuneka lube sembindini. Oku akuthethi ukuba ummi wase-Afrika waseMelika kuphela kwengingqi yovoto. Abamhlophe, kunye nokunyuka kwamanani abantu baseLatino nabaphambukeli baseAfrika eMzantsi babaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa uluntu oluzinze ngokwembali lwase-Afrika lwaseMelika luba lubalulekile ukuba umanyano luya kuphumelela. Oko kuthetha ukuba umanyano kufuneka lube ngumcimbi woluntu. Enye imfuno yokukhumbula kuphela umzabalazo wabasebenzi bezococeko ngo-1968 eMemphis, TN, okanye ngo-1969 eCharleston, eSouth Carolina abasebenzi basesibhedlele bayasokola ukufumana ingqiqo yamathuba. Nangona kunjalo, imizabalazo enjalo yayimalunga nama-40 eminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye akukho mbutho wabasebenzi okanye iBlack Freedom Movement yakhela phezu kwemizekelo enjalo ngokwesikali malunga nomsebenzi oqhubekayo (qaphela: umzabalazo okhoyo wabasebenzi bakwaSmithfield eMntla Carolina kunye nomanyano lwe. Abasebenzi abaMnyama beSebe lezoBulungisa kunye neKomiti yoQuquzelelo yaBasebenzi baseFama nayo eMntla Carolina bayimizekelo yamalinge akutshanje okudala isakhelo esitsha esakha phezu kwezinto ezinokwenzeka ezazibonakala ekupheleni koo-1960 nasekuqaleni koo-1970 ukuziqhelanisa okanye endaweni yoko kube ziimpazamo kuphela ixesha kunye nomzabalazo uya kumisela).
- Umhlobo wam wamashumi eminyaka ubudala, uGqr Steven Pitts wase-UC-Berkeley Labor Centre, wenze umsebenzi wokugxininisa umlo wemisebenzi emihle njengesitshixo se-Black America. Ingongoma yakhe engundoqo yeyokuba imisebenzi inokuguqulwa ngomanyano. Imisebenzi, efana ne-longshore, eyayiphakathi kwezona ngcinezelo kunye nemivuzo encinci, yafumana ukuguqulwa-kolunye uhlobo-ngokubambisana. Imisebenzi ayiqalisi ngemivuzo ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, banokuba ngumvuzo ophezulu ngombutho wabasebenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo kufuneka babe nenkqubo yokulungelelanisa imimandla ecinezelekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho—njengezixeko zethu ezisembindini—ukuguqula imisebenzi. Oku, kwakhona, kuba ngumcimbi woluntu. Le ngongoma kufuneka igxininiswe ngokukodwa xa kujongwa imbono yabaMnyama yeneo-conservative, eneneni, ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi owenziweyo, nokuba uhlawula kakubi kangakanani na, ngumsebenzi olungileyo kuluntu oludandathekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, sixelelwa, ukuba uluntu oluNtsundu lufanele lube nombulelo ngayo nantoni na olunokuyifumana. Endaweni yokwamkela ingqesho ekumgangatho wentlupheko, ukuzihlanganisa kwabasebenzi ngemibutho yabasebenzi kunokuguqula loo misebenzi ibe ngumsebenzi ohloniphekileyo, ohlawula umvuzo ophezulu. Oku kwakuyinyaniso kunxweme olude nakwiilori kwixesha elidlulileyo. Omnye ubona ukulungiswa okufanayo kwishishini lokucoca emva kweminyaka ukuhlanganisana kwakhona umsebenzi emva kokuba abaqeshi belungelelanise ishishini, batshabalalisa imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi ababekhona, kwaye bezisa abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi. Into yokuba le meko ikwazi kwaye yaguqulwa yathetha kakhulu ngemfuneko yomanyano kunye nobutshantliziyo. Ukuzabalaza nokulungelelana, ngamanye amazwi, yenye indlela yokungqiba nokwamkelwa.
- Njengoko intswela-ngqesho ibonakala ikhula suku ngalunye abasebenzi beshiya iincwadi bengafumani msebenzi, iinzame zokulungelelanisa abangasebenziyo ziba yeyona nto iphambili. Oku kuthetha ukwakhiwa kwamaziko ancedisayo ekuxhaseni—ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwengqondo—abasebenzi abangaphangeliyo, kodwa nokubanika isithuthi sokubeka amabango kurhulumente namaqumrhu emisebenzi okanye ingeniso. Kwinqanaba apho imveliso yabasebenzi iqhubelekayo ukunyuka, kodwa iyekisiwe emvuzweni, kufuneka sinyanzelise ukuba ishishini lityala imbuyekezo yentlalontle kuluntu lwethu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto oku kuthetha imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu esusa umthwalo kumvuzo ophakathi ize iwubeke kwabo babaleka iingeniso.
Inqaku lokugqibela, ubuncinci okwangoku, yile. Akukho nanye koku yenzekayo ngokungabikho kombutho wabasebenzi abaNtsundu olungiselelwe ukushukuma itafile. Lo ngumsebenzi owehlela isizukulwana esitsha seenkokheli zabasebenzi abaMnyama, kodwa ngumsebenzi ekufuneka uxhaswe ngamagqala eenkokeli. Icaucus nganye kunye nombutho wabasebenzi abaMnyama kufuneka uzibuze ukuba uyilungisa njani na imeko ejongene nabasebenzi abaNtsundu. Iqela ngalinye labasebenzi abaMnyama kufuneka libuze ukuba imibutho yethu iyisombulula njani na ingxaki ejongene nabasebenzi abaNtsundu. Sisonke kufuneka sibe nesibindi ngokwaneleyo sokucebisa ukuba ngokujongana nengxaki yabasebenzi abaMnyama ngenene sicela umngeni kungekuphela nje ubume, ubizo kunye nesikhokelo sabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo, kodwa sicela umngeni kwicala langoku leniyo-liberal yase-USA.
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UBill Fletcher, Omnci. ngumhleli we Umhlomli oMnyama. Ungumbhali kunye netshantliziyo labasebenzi kunye namazwe ngamazwe, kunye nomongameli odlulileyo weForam yeTransAfrica. Unokufikelelwa [imeyile ikhuselwe].
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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