Umthombo: Iziko loQoqosho noPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo
Ebudeni beminyaka elishumi yokuqala yale nkulungwane ndandingomnye weengcali zezoqoqosho ezimbalwa kweli lizwe lumkisa ye izindlu iqamza kunye nokuba nethuba lokuba ukuwa kwalo kungakhokelela ekudodobaleni okukhulu koqoqosho. Kwakulula ukubona ukuba imakethi yezindlu yayikwiqamza, kwaye xa iqamza ligqabhuka laliza kukhokelela ekuweni kokubini ulwakhiwo lwezindlu zokuhlala kunye nokusetyenziswa, nto leyo eyayikhula ngokubulela kwiqamza eliveliswe ubutyebi bezindlu.
Iyeza endandilithanda kakhulu kwiqamza intetho, okanye ngakumbi ngakumbi, intetho ku Alan eluhlaza kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu e-Fed, malunga nophando olubhaliweyo kwi-bubble yezindlu. Ingongoma endizama ukuyenza ngaloo minyaka kukuba idatha enzima yabonisa ukuba sineqamza. Yayingengomcimbi wokufunda ibhola yecrystal.
Besinomahluko ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili wamaxabiso okuthengisa izindlu kunye nerenti. Ngelixa amaxabiso okuthengisa izindlu ayenyuka, iirenti zazihamba ngokuhambelana nesantya esipheleleyo sokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kwangaxeshanye, izinga lezithuba zezindlu lalibetha irekhodi eliphezulu. Ezi zibakala bezingahambelani nebali lamaxabiso ezindlu aqhutywa kukunyuka kwemfuno yezindlu.
Ukuqhuma kwe-subprime mortgages kwakungeyona imfihlo, kwakuthethwa ngokubanzi kwi-press press. Inyaniso yokuba ukwanda kwamanani emali-mboleko ayekhutshwa ngentlawulo ephantsi okanye engahlawulwanga nayo yayisaziwa ngokubanzi. Kwaye, isibakala sokuba abantu babechitha ngendlela enkulu kubutyebi babo bezindlu obusandulโ ukuveliswa yayisaziwa kakhulu. Greenspan nkqu wabhala ngayo.
Ukuba i-Fed yenze uphando olubhaliweyo ezi zinto, kunye nezinye izibakala, ezibonisa ukuba imarike yezindlu ngokwenene i-bubble, kwaye amagosa aphezulu e-Fed ahlala egxininisa olu phando kwi-Congressional ubungqina, iintetho zoluntu kunye nemibhalo yazo, akunakwenzeka ukuba icandelo lezemali liphumelele. ukungahoyi. Njengoko kwakunjalo, iibhanki ze-mortgage kunye nee-brokers, iibhanki zotyalo-mali, kunye nabo bonke abanye ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo, babesenza imali ngenqindi.
Akukho mntu wanikela i-damn ukuba abambalwa bezoqoqosho abasasazekileyo bathi kukho iqamza kwaye liya kugqabhuka. Xa ekugqibeleni yagqabhuka, zaza iibhanki ezininzi zatyhalelwa kumngcipheko wokutshona nangaphaya (ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente abakhuphe ngebheyile bonke), abantu ababafaka engxakini bonke baphuma besithi โngubani owayesazi?โ ukhuselo. Ngapha koko, akukho mntu wabona iqamza, ngoko ke i-CEO ehlawulwe kakhulu inokuthwalwa njani uxanduva ukuba yenze impazamo efanayo njengaye wonke umntu ekukholelweni ukuba amaxabiso endlu aya kunyuka ngamanani aphindwe kabini ngonaphakade?
Babenokuba nexesha elinzima ngakumbi ngolu khuselo ukuba uGreenspan kunye nabanye abasebenzi beFed babebhala "ISILUMKISO: IBHUBHU LEZINDLU" kwizibane ezinkulu ze-neon naphi na apho babenakho. Kulula kwisigqeba esikwizinga eliphezulu ukuba singayihoyanga into ethethwa yingcali yezoqoqosho engaqondakaliyo, kunzima kakhulu kubo ukuba bathi abazihluphi ngokujonga ukuba usihlalo weFed uthini kunye nophando olupapashayo.
Indima Yezilumkiso ze-Fed kwi-Global Warming
Kanye njengoko ndingathanda ukubona uxwebhu lwe-Fed ubukho be-bubble yezindlu kwaye ndinikeze izilumkiso ezicacileyo malunga nemiphumo yokuwa kwayo, ndingathanda ukuyibona yenza okufanayo kunye neempembelelo zokufudumala kwehlabathi. Oku kuya kuthetha ukuphanda iindlela apho utshintsho lwemozulu lunokuthi luchaphazele iindawo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho kumashumi eminyaka ezayo, kunye nokunika izilumkiso ezicacileyo kumashishini achaphazelekayo kunye namaziko emali, kunye noluntu jikelele.
Uninzi lolu phando luya kubandakanya ukubhala nje into esele icace gca. Umzekelo, kukho imimandla emikhulu yelizwe kufutshane namanxweme, amachibi, okanye imilambo, apho kukho umngcipheko omkhulu kakhulu womonakalo omkhulu wezikhukhula ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo amanzi kunye nokunokwenzeka okukhulu kweenkanyamba kunye nezinye iziganeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu. Enye intsingiselo yalo mngcipheko wonyukileyo kukuba ngoku kukho izigidi zeemali mboleko ezingafanele zikhutshwe ngaphandle kwe-inshurensi yezikhukhula.
I-inshorensi yezikhukula idla ngokubiza kakhulu. Ukuba nayo njengemfuneko kwizindlu zokubambisa kuya kwenza iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zibe nganeno kakhulu ukuba zibe ngabathengi bezindlu. Kwakhona kuya kuba yinto enkulu yokubetha amaxabiso ezindlu kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Kwakhona, kwizikhukula iimoto ezininzi ziyatshatyalaliswa. Oko kufanele kuthetha ukuba ii-inshorensi zezithuthi zinokubhala imigaqo-nkqubo engabandakanyi ngokuphandle umonakalo wezikhukula, okanye zinyuse amaxabiso azo kubantu abahlala kwiindawo ezisanda kuhlaselwa zizikhukula.
Siphinde sabona igagasi elikhulu lemililo yamahlathi kwiinxalenye ezinkulu zaseNtshona, eqhutywa yiminyaka yembalela kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Le mililo iye yatshabalalisa amawakawaka amakhaya yaza yasongela amashumi, okanye amakhulu amawaka, ngakumbi. Apha kwakhona, amaxwebhu aqinileyo omngcipheko womlilo kwizindlu ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi kufuneka abe nempembelelo enkulu kwindlela yophuhliso. Ukuba ubani ufuna ukwakha ikhaya kwindawo enamahlathi ashinyeneyo, ufanele azi ukuba i-inshorensi iya kuba neendleko ezinkulu, okanye ingafumaneki kwaphela, ngenxa yokwanda komngcipheko womlilo obangelwa kukufudumala komhlaba.
Kukwakho neendawo ezinkulu zoMzantsi-ntshona (Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada kunye neSouthern California) apho ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunokuba ngumqobo onzima wokuqhubela phambili uphuhliso. Ithemba lokunqongophala kwamanzi linokwenza iipatheni ezithile zokukhula, njengophuhliso olunamakhaya amakhulu anengca enkulu, angenakufikeleleka. Indlela yokuphila abantu abafudukela kuloo ndawo bebeyilindele, edla ngokuquka igalufa njengolona hlobo lokuzonwabisa luphambili, isenokungabi yenzeke. Ngaphaya koko, lo mmandla, oxhomekeke kakhulu kumandla ombane, usenokuba ujonge ukunqongophala kwamandla ngaphandle kokuba ujikela kwamanye amandla.
Konke oku kungabhalwa kuphando lweFed. Abaphuhlisi kunye nababolekisi kuya kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo kwizicwangciso zabo.
Kukho amabali afanayo kwezinye iintlobo ezininzi zamashishini. Ubushushu obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili obubetha uMntla-ntshona buye batshabalalisa izityalo zabo zamaqunube. Kwihlabathi apho imozulu embi ngolo hlobo isenokuba yinto eqhelekileyo, ukulima amaqunube kulishishini elingenangeniso neliyingozi ngakumbi. Oku kufana nezolimo kwezinye iindawo ezininzi, ngakumbi intlambo engaphakathi eCalifornia, apho imozulu eshushu kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi kunokwenzeka ukuba kube yingxaki enkulu.
Kwakhona sinokulindela ukubona iziphumo ezibi kwishishini le-fossil fuel, ukuba amanyathelo okukhuthaza amandla acocekileyo aphuma emhlabeni. Ukuba isiqingatha seemoto ezintsha ezithengisiweyo ngo-2030 zingumbane, kwaye sibone ukuguqulwa okukhulu kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo emoyeni, ilanga, okanye enye imithombo yamandla ecocekileyo, ngoko ke ixabiso leoli kunye negesi ngokuqinisekileyo liza kuthatha ukubetha okukhulu.[1] Ukuqikelelwa kwamaxabiso aphantsi kusenokungabi nempembelelo enkulu kwiiprojekthi zoqhekezo ekulindeleke ukuba zihlawulwe kwiminyaka emibini okanye emithathu, kodwa ukuba ithathwa ngokungathรญ sina lishishini, kufuneka kucinywe iiprojekthi zexesha elide ezifana nokugrumba kwi-Arctic, enokufuna. amashumi eminyaka yengeniso ukubuyisela utyalo-mali lwangaphambili. Nokuba iinkampani zinokufuna ukwenza oko, zisenokungakwazi ukwenza amalungiselelo okuxhasa ngemali.
Amandla e-Green Fed
Olu luhlu sisiqalo nje. Kukho imimandla embalwa yezoqoqosho engayi kuchaphazeleka ngendlela enkulu, ngokufanelekileyo okanye embi, ngenxa yeziphumo zexesha elide lokufudumala kwehlabathi. Uphando oluvela kwi-Fed lunokuqhuba izinto zokwenyani ekhaya ngendlela enokuba nefuthe lokwenyani.
Ubuncinci njengento ebaluleke kakhulu njengempembelelo yezoqoqosho enokuthi ibe nayo uphando lweFed, kuya kunceda ukuzisa ekhaya inyaniso yokuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kuneendleko zokwenene kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu. Umbuzo awukho nje ukuba sicinga ukuba kuya kuba kuhle ukuba neplanethi enesidima ukuba idluliselwe kubantwana bethu, ikwangumba wokuba abantu bafuna ukuhlawulela kangakanani ukutya kwabo. Ngumbuzo wokuba ngaba bafuna ukubona ikhaya labo lihla ngexabiso ngenxa yokwanda kwezikhukhula okanye umngcipheko womlilo. Ngumbuzo wokuba ngaba bayafuna na ukubona umngcipheko owonyukayo wobhubhane wexesha elizayo ngenxa yokutshintsha kweendawo zokuhlala zeentlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana.
Kakade ke, kukho inani elikhulu labantu abaya kusoloko beyikhanyela imozulu, kanye njengokuba bebaninzi abantu abathi umhlaba usicaba. Kodwa, ukubetha rhoqo abantu ngobungqina kunokuba nefuthe ubuncinane kubantu abathile, kwaye ngenxa yoko, banokuba bazimisele ngakumbi ukuxhasa amanyathelo aya kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse.
Kukho abanye abaphembeleli bemozulu abafuna ukuba i-Fed isebenze ngokuthe ngqo ukuzama ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, umzekelo ngokuzama ukuvala iimali-mboleko kwishishini le-fossil fuel. Ngelixa i-Fed inesigunyaziso esibanzi sokuba ikhululwe ngokukhululekileyo ukuzitolika, kucacile ukuba bambalwa kwiCongress abazimisele ukuyinika lo myalelo. Ukuba ibinokuhamba ngale ndlela, bekuya kubakho iinzame, eziphuma kuwo omabini amaqela eCongress, ukubamba iFed. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwelo bali siya kugqiba ukuba ne-Fed, engathintelwanga kuphela ekusebenzeni ngokuthe ngqo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, kodwa ithintelwe kakhulu ekukwazini ukugcina umsebenzi ogcweleyo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Fed kufanele yenze uphando kuqoqosho ukuze kuxhamle oorhulumente, amashishini kunye nemizi. Njengoko sisazi, abantu abaninzi baseRiphabhlikhi bayakuchasa ukuphanda xa idatha ingasixhasi isiphumo abasithandayo, kodwa ngombulelo, oko kuseyimbono encinci kuluntu nakwiCongress. Ukwazisa uluntu malunga nemingcipheko yezoqoqosho yokufudumala kwehlabathi akufanele kube yibhuloho ekude kakhulu kwi-Fed.
[1] Ngokufanelekileyo, besiya kuphelisa ukuhla kwexabiso ngeerhafu eziphezulu ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha efosili, kodwa inqaku lelokuba ishishini liza kubona imali encinci.
UDean Baker wasungula i-CEPR kwi-1999. Iindawo zakhe zophando ziquka izindlu kunye ne-macroeconomics, ipropati yengqondo, uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, i-Medicare kunye neemarike zabasebenzi zaseYurophu. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi, kuquka I-Rigged: Indlela iNtsebenziswano yeHlabathi kunye neMithetho yoQoqosho lwangoku eyaye yacwangciswa ukwenza isityebi ngakumbi. Ibhlog yakhe, "Betha Cinezela,โ inikela amagqabantshintshi ngengxelo yezoqoqosho. Ufumene iBA yakhe kwiKholeji yaseSwarthmore kunye nePh.D yakhe. kwi-Economics kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan.
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