Inkulungwane yeRevolution kunye ne-Counterrevolution kwiRetrospect:
Indima kaTrotsky kunye neGalelo lokunyuka kukaStalin kuMandla kwiSoviet Union
U-Eddie J. Girdner[1]
Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, inkulungwane yerevolution kunye ne-counterrevolution ayiphumelelanga ukuseka uluntu olusebenzayo lobusoshiyali kuqoqosho lwezopolitiko lwehlabathi lweNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini ananye. I-revolution yoohlohlesakhe eyaqala ngeFrentshi Revolution ayikadityaniswa jikelele njengoko iperiphery isadityaniswa kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Indlela yangoku yongxowankulu obuxhaphaza ngokunzulu, i-neoliberalism, icinezelwe kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi. Namhlanje, imvuselelo yonqulo ethandabuzekayo, yenye yezona tyhefu ziyingozi neziyingozi ebantwini, isoyikisa kwanokuvela kwenkululeko yoohlohlesakhe kummandla obanzi womhlaba ize yomeleze, igxininisa imfundiso yogonyamelo, intshabalalo ekhawulezileyo, yaye iphelisa umnqweno obalulekileyo wokufuna inkululeko. kunye nenkululeko yomntu. Umbono wenkululeko yoluntu yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye namashumi amabini uhlehla; inkululeko yabantu isongelwa. Uqhankqalazo lwaseMntla Afrika luye lwabhukuqa oozwilakhe, kodwa bomeleza ubuSilamsi obusisiseko. Inkululeko yomntu irhoxa. Nditsho nawona mazwe akhululekileyo ngoku abuyisela umva inkululeko yabantu phantsi kwerubrikhi yokuqulatha ubunqolobi abathi bona ngokwabo babazisele ngokwezigaba ezilandelelanayo zama impiriyali neniyo-impiriyali. Ubani unokulugcina njani ukholo kwidinga lebutho labantu elisengqiqweni elizayo? Irhamncwa elinobukhapitali elinobukhapitali liye langqineka linamandla ngakumbi ukoyisa iziphikiso kunokuba iinkcuba-buchopho zentlalo nabavukeli babecinga ngaphambili. Ukubamba inkolo kwinginginya yehlabathi kuye kwaqina kuphela kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje njengoko i-capital yamazwe ngamazwe inyuka ukusuka kwinkulungwane yokutyumza amandla anenkqubela asekhohlo kwihlabathi jikelele. Abalawuli bangoku belizwe longxowankulu-corporatist, phambi kweentshukumo ezifana ne-Occupy Wall Street, baphendula ngengcinezelo ecwangcisiweyo nekhohlakeleyo.
Eli nqaku lijonga emva malunga nekhulu leminyaka komnye wabona bantu babalaseleyo kwinguqulelo yeparadigm eyashukumisa ihlabathi lobukapitali ukuya kwiziseko zalo. ULeon Trotsky (uLev Davidovich Bronstein) wayengomnye wabavukeli abaqaqambileyo kunye nemibala. Njengombhali ophum' izandla, ingcali yeengcamango, kunye nentatheli, waphumelela abaninzi kwiphulo lenguquko. Njengesithethi esishukumisayo nesikhuthazayo, wavusa abantu abaninzi ukuba batsibele kwixesha elizayo kwimvukelo kaOktobha l917 Petrograd. Ukanti, ngokumangalisayo, kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, ingcaphephe yethiyori ekrelekrele yenguquko yazibona sele iselubhacweni, ibekwe bucala yaye ithintelwa ekubeni ibe nendima esemthethweni kwiMvukelo yamaBolshevik. Abo wabagwebayo “kwimfumba yothuli lwembali” babonakala boyisile.
I. Isishwankathelo senqaku: INkulungwane Yamashumi amabini yabona ukutyhilwa kwembali enokwenzeka yenkululeko yoluntu. Kwenziwa iinzame zokudlulela ngaphaya kwexesha lenkululeko yophuhliso longxowankulu lweendlela zokuvelisa okwathi kwanika isiseko saloo nkqubela phambili yembali. Ukusabela kwe-Thermidorean okuvela kumandla alondolozayo kuye kwanqumamisa kwaye kwayibuyisela umva loo nkqubo ngeli xesha langoku lokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, ukuqhubeka neo-imperialism yasentshona, kunye nokuphinda kuhlaziywe ukuthotywa kwabantu phantsi kwerubrikhi "yentengiso yasimahla". Uvavanyo lweSoviet lwaphelisa ubufeudalism eRussia kwaye lwaphucula ummandla obanzi wehlabathi. ULeon Trotsky wayengumntu omkhulu, kunye noJoseph Stalin, kulo mdlalo wembali. Impixano yabo ekrakra yona ngokwayo yayiluhlobo lomanyano lweziyelelane lwezichasi njengento enomdla, kodwa ngeendlela ezininzi umzuzu olusizi wolo tshintsho. Yayingumzabalazo okrakra phakathi komguquli okrelekrele kunye negosa elilawulayo njengoko iRevolution yeza ngokuchasene nemfazwe kunye nobunzima obubonakalayo bokuphucuka. I-dialectic yembali iyaqhubeka kodwa ubume besigaba esilandelayo sembali lusahlala lungacacanga, ukuba ukusabela kuya kuqhubeka nokulawula okanye ukuba isigaba esitsha sokuqhubela phambili siya kuvela kwaye nini. “Ayisosiphelo sembali” kodwa umntu akanakuqiniseka ngomkhombandlela weteyoloji kwimbali kwaye ukuba olo lwalathiso lubhekiselele kwinkululeko yoluntu kunye nobusoshiyali. Inkqubo yangoku yezoqoqosho ayizinzanga, ngokwezopolitiko nangokwendalo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba le nkqubo sele iza kuwa kungekudala. Indlela enzulu ngayo i-proletariat yehlabathi ingaqhubeka ijongelwa phantsi kwaye ixhatshazwe ngumbuzo wembali kwaye luhlobo luni "lwehlabathi elitsha elinesibindi" eliya kudalwa ngumbuzo wembali. Nokuba iya kuba bubungxowankulu boburhulumente bobungxowankulu okanye inkululeko yomntu phantsi kohlobo oluthile lobusoshiyali ngumbuzo wembali.
II. Intshayelelo:
Eyona njongo iphambili yeli nqaku kukuphonononga izizathu zokuba uTrotsky, oyena mlweli mkhosi uqaqambileyo nonomlilo wemvukelo kaOktobha l917, waphulukana nolawulo lwamandla kuStalin kunye neqela lakhe lezopolitiko kwaye ekugqibeleni wazifumana sele egxothiwe eSoviet Union.
Umbuzo ovelayo ngowohlobo olusisiseko lwamandla nobunkokeli, nokuba alawulwa okanye amiselwe kangakanani na ngamandla embali.[2]Ngenxa yoko, iinkampu ezibanzi ezimbini ziyavela, kuxhomekeke ekubeni ithiyori “yendoda enkulu” yembali yamkelwe na, okanye nokuba ubani ujonga amandla embali ephambili kuhlalutyo lokugqibela.[3]
Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba umzabalazo kaLeon Trotsky noJoseph Stalin "yeyona mbambano inkulu kuyo yonke imbali yaseRashiya."[4]KuStalin, uTrotsky "wayeyintshatsheli enengxolo eqhelekileyo enezihlunu ezifakelweyo."[5]UStalin wenza amalungiselelo okuba agwetywe intambo kwiNkundla Yamatyala YaseMoscow waza wathumela igosa lamaPolisa aseRashiya aseMfihlo ukuba abethe intloko kaTrotsky ngezembe eMexico ngo-Agasti 2, 1940.[6]Akunakwenzeka ukukhanyela ukuba uloyiso lukaStalin kwimbangi yakhe enkulu yezopolitiko yaba nemiphumo emihle yezentlalo, yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Inguqu kwezentlalo eRashiya yatyunyuzwa ngaphantsi kobunzima bemfundiso kaStalinist kunye nolawulo lwentando yesininzi. Kwelinye icala, imigudu ebalaseleyo kaStalin yaba negalelo elikhulu ekoyisweni kukaHitler kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ingaba ubukrelekrele bukaTrotsky kunye nobunkokeli bekuya kuba yimpumelelo ngakumbi yinto eqikelelwayo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi ibiya kuyitshintsha imbali kakhulu kwaye ixesha le-Thermidorian lenguquko linokuba ligazi elincinci.
III. IPraksis yeMbali
Eli nqaku liphikisana kwinqanaba elithile lixhasa iTheory yoMntu oMkhulu weMbali, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida okanye ifestile yembali yamathuba akhoyo ukuba umntu atshintshe imbali. Kukho ubudlelwane be-dialectical phakathi kwenkululeko kunye nemfuneko kwi-revolution, zombini zikhoyo kumanyano lwezichasi. Ngoko ke ukuthatha imbono yecala elinye kulula kakhulu. “Abantu bazenzela eyabo imbali, kodwa hayi ngokuzenzekela, phantsi kweemeko abazikhethele bona; kunoko ngokwemiqathango ekhoyo ngoku, inikwe yaza yanikelwa kubo.”[7]Ngowe-1892, uKarl Kautsky wabhala, “uMarx noEngels babonisa . . . ukuba, kuhlolisiso lokugqibela, imbali yoluntu imiselwa, kungekhona ngeengcamango, kodwa luphuhliso lwezoqoqosho oluqhubela phambili ngokungenakuthintelwa, luthobela imithetho ethile esisiseko kungekhona iminqweno yakhe nabani na. okanye amaphupha.”[8]Amadoda nabasetyhini benza imbali, kodwa kungekhona nje ngayo nayiphi na indlela abayithandayo. Kukho ifestile yamathuba apho banokusebenza ngaphakathi kwentetho yelizwi lembali echasayo.[9]Oku kubangelwa yimiqobo yembali ebophelelayo ukuba nokwenzeka kwesenzo kunye nempumelelo okanye ukusilela. Ezi ziquka zombini iimeko eziphathekayo ezikhoyo kunye nokuqonda okukhoyo kobuninzi boluntu. Utshintsho olungokwembali alunakudlulela ngaphaya koko kunokwenzeka kwimbali. Akukho mfuneko yokuba umntu athembele ngokupheleleyo kubungqina bembali ekutolikeni kwabo imbali. Ifestile yembali yamathuba, nangona kunjalo, ayinamda.
Phantsi kweemeko ezithile zembali, xa ixesha lilungele i-revolution, uluntu oludala lukhulelwe ngokutsha. KuHegel, "inkqubo enjalo inokwenzeka ngenene ukuba iimeko zayo zikhona kwindala, oko kukuthi, ukuba imo yangaphambili yentlalontle inomxholo ojonge kwinkqubo entsha njengokufezekiswa kwayo." Utshintsho lwentlalo "lukhokelela ngaphaya."[10]"Iimeko ezikhoyo kwimo yakudala azithathwa njengenyani kwaye zizimeleyo ngokwazo, kodwa njengemeko nje enye imeko yemicimbi ethetha ukulahlwa kweyangaphambili."[11]
Inguquko-nguquko kukutsiba kokholo kumbono woluntu lwexesha elizayo kodwa ukuba oku kuphunyezwa kangakanani kuxhomekeke, kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, kwinto enokwenzeka. "Inkqubo yokutshabalalisa iifom esele zikho kwaye zithathelwe indawo ezintsha ikhulula umxholo wazo kwaye ibavumele ukuba baphumelele ilizwe labo." Oku ‘kukuziba kokwenyani yakudala.[12]Iziganeko zembali "zizihlandlo" zenkqubo enye ebanzi ye dialectical.
Akukho revolution inokufikelela kwiinjongo zayo ezipheleleyo kuba izinto ezinokwenzeka zombono wokugqibela wabavukeli azikho. Ngelo xesha, i-revolutionary, mhlawumbi, kufuneka ikholelwe ukuba iinjongo ezinjalo zinokwenzeka ukubeka umngcipheko kwi-revolution. Nangona kunjalo, xa umda wefestile yembali yamathuba ufikile, inguqu ibuyela kuyo ngokwayo. Le yiThermidor. Ukuchaswa kokuchaswa kumiselwe kwaye iintloko ziqengqeleka. Impendulo iyaziqinisekisa. Uluntu luye lwatshintsha lwaba yinto entsha, kodwa kungekhona nje ngendlela ababecinga ngayo abavukeli. Iingcamango zeMvukelo yamaBolshevik zazikholelwa ukuba kukho iimeko zoluntu olutsha. Abanye bade bakholelwa ukuba eli butho litsha laliya kuba “libutho lobusoshiyali.” Xa kujongwa umva, lo mbono kufuneka ubuzwe. Isenokuba yintelekelelo nje eye yavelisa ingcamango yokuba inqanaba elilandelayo lembali liya kuba “kubusoshiyali.”[13]Eneneni, alikho ibutho labantu ngokwenene elikhoyo emhlabeni elinokuthi ngokusemthethweni lifikelele usukelo oluphakamileyo lokuseka ibutho lobusoshiyali.[14]Ngenene, inguqu kwi-capitalism ayikadityaniswa kwihlabathi jikelele.[15]
IV. Imvelaphi kwi Revolution
UHerbert Marcuse uye wabonisa ukuba oko kubonakala kuyinyaniso akuzonyaniso. "Iinyani zizinyani kuphela ukuba zinxulumene noko kungekabikho nyani kwaye zibonakala kwiinyani ezinikiweyo njengento enokwenzeka yokwenyani."[16]Kuphela kusemva kwexesha lembali apho sinokuthi sazi ngokuqinisekileyo iinyani ezikhoyo. Uhlalutyo lwamava luyakhohlisa. Isikhova saseMinerva sisasaza amaphiko aso kuphela ekwindla, njengoko watshoyo uHegel.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela