Ulutsha, amabhinqa kunye nabantu bebala bahamba phambili kwiphulo elitsha loququzelelo lwabasebenzi eUnited States.
Ukuqala ngo-2020, amanani afana noMongameli weManyano yaBasebenzi baseAmazon uChris Smalls kunye nabasebenzi benqanaba kunye nefayile abanje ngeStarbucks barista Michelle Eisen bebekhokela impumelelo kwiinzame zomanyano kwezinye zeenkampani ezinkulu zelizwe. Aba baququzeleli baselula badibanisa izinto ezintsha zokujongana ubuso ngobuso kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwedijithali, njengoko abaqeshi bezama ukuphendula.
Ingcali yezabasebenzi nombhali uJane McAlevey ithi: โKusenokwenzeka ukuba esi sizukulwana sitsha samabhinqa anobunzima, abantu abashishina ngemibala naso siphumelele apho besisoloko sisilela khona kangangezizukulwana ezimbalwa. Ngelixa eqaphela ukuba uloyiso alunakuphepheka, uyaqonda ukuba abantu abaqhuba le ntshukumo "balwela ukwenza iimanyano ukuze kubekho utshintsho olumandla kunye notshintsho ebomini babo."
Ezopolitiko, ubhubhane, kunye noluntu
Ukuphaphazela kwezihloko malunga noloyiso lomanyano kwiinkampani ezinkulu zase-US ayisiyongxaki. Ngokutsho kwe IBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi, "Izikhalazo zonyulo loManyano zinyuke nge-57%" kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka-mali we-2021-22.
โAndiqondi ukuba kukho imfihleloโ kwimpumelelo yaba baququzeleli baphinda bavelayo, itsho ingcali kwezabasebenzi. UShaun Richman. "Ndicinga ukuba benza ulungelelwaniso oluhle, nto leyo uninzi lweemanyano eziyekile ukuyenza."
U-Richman uchithe iminyaka njengomququzeleli ophambili kunye ne-American Federation of Teachers kwaye ungumbhali we Xelela abaphathi ukuba Siyeza: Isicwangciso esitsha sokuSebenza sabasebenzi kwiNkulungwane yama-21. Ucinga ukuba namhlanje, "Abasebenzi bakulungele ukuthatha inyathelo kwaye bancinci ukuthenga kwi-bullshit yomphathi kwezi ntlanganiso zabaphulaphuli abathinjiweyo" apho abaqeshi bekhuthaza imiyalezo echasene nomanyano.
Imeko yangoku yezopolitiko iye yathandeka ngakumbi ekuququzeleleni ukusukela oko ihlobo le2021, xa uninzi lwabaxhasi bomanyano kwi-NLRB lwaqala ukunyanzelisa imithetho yezabasebenzi kunye nokohlwaya iinkampani ngokunyhasha amalungelo abasebenzi. "U-Biden njengomongameli kunye nabaqeshwe nguye kwi-NLRB benze ukuba imeko yezomthetho igqibelele ilungile kubasebenzi," utshilo uRichman.
Abasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo eUnited States bebencipha kangangeminyaka. Ngo-2021 kuphela malunga ne10% yabasebenzi yahlanganiswa, ezantsi ukusuka 20% ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980. Kwicandelo labucala, izinto zikhangeleka zimbi nangakumbi, njengoko kukho nje i-6.1% yabasebenzi kwiimanyano.
Kodwa ingcamango yemibutho iyathandwa. Ngaphezu kwama-60% abantu baseMelika bakholelwa ukuba ukuhla kobulungu bomanyano kubi kubantu abasebenzayo, ngokutsho a I-poll yoPhando lwe-2022 yePew. Ngoku, ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibini kubhubhani otshabalalisayo, abasebenzi abaninzi ababonwa โbebalulekileโ ngo-2020 bazimisele ukuguquguqula amandla abo kwimakethi yabasebenzi eqinisayo.
I-Starbucks Siren itshintsha Amacala
Iivenkile zokutyela zeStarbucks, ngakumbi, zikhetha ukumelwa komanyano ngesantya esiphefumlayo, nge Iivenkile ze-150 ukubamba iivoti eziyimpumelelo kwiinyanga ezintandathu phakathi kwe-8 kaDisemba, 2021, kunye ne-14 Juni, 2022. Ngeli xesha, abasebenzi base-Amazon, i-Apple, i-Trader Joe's, kunye nezinye iimpawu zaseMelika ezaziwayo zikwakwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuququzelela imanyano.
UMichelle Eisen lilungu eliququzelelayo kunye Starbucks Workers United kunye ne-barista kwi-cafe ye-Starbucks e-Buffalo, eNew York indawo yokuqala kwikhonkco lekofu elinophawu lokuvotela umanyano ngempumelelo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini. Nangona wayengenawo amava okulungiselela umsebenzi wangaphambili, u-Eisen uthi uyayiqonda ngoku ukuba ingakanani itekhnoloji yedijithali enike abasebenzi abafana naye ithuba elingcono kwiindlela zokulungelelanisa zemveli.
โXa sasisiya esidlangalaleni [kunye nomanyano], ndenze isicatshulwa seqela kunye naye wonke umntu okwivenkile yam, ke ngalo naliphi na ixesha kukho ulwazi olufuna ukuphuma, sakwazi ukuyisa ebantwini,โ utshilo.
Oku kwaba luncedo kakhulu xa Abaphathi beenkampani zeStarbucks waqala ukuwela kwivenkile yakhe e-Elmwood Avenue engachazwanga, esithi unceda abasebenzi ngokutshayela imigangatho nokukhupha inkunkuma. Abasebenzi bathi eyona njongo yabo yayikukungenelela kwiingxoxo ezixhasa umanyano. โInto engazange iqondwe yinkampani kukuba ezi ncoko [malunga nemibutho yabasebenzi] zazingenzeki emgangathweni,โ utsho uEisen. Zazisenzeka ngetekisi kunye nemidiya yoluntu.
Abasebenzi beStarbucks kulo lonke elaseBuffalo benze iakhawunti yesixeko sonke kwi-app ye-GroupMe, ebavumela ukuba balandelele abaphathi beshishini njengoko babesuka kwikhefi besiya kwikhefi-kwaye bayalumkisana ukuba bakulungele. โInto oyibonayo kukuququzelela ukuvela kwamaxesha,โ utshilo uEisen.
Kwinqanaba elibanzi, u-Eisen uthi itekhnoloji yedijithali nayo ibe luncedo ekufumaneni inkxaso yoluntu. I-SWU yazisa zonke ii-akhawunti zayo zeendaba zoluntu ngosuku lwesikhalazo sokuqala somanyano eBuffalo sathi saba sesidlangalaleni, kwaye ngoko nangoko yafumana abalandeli ababandakanya i-Starbucks baristas kunye nabanye abaxhasi. Olo khuthazo olubonakalayo lwedijithali "lunike amandla" kubasebenzi base-Elmwood cafรฉ, u-Eisen uyachaza. Kwiinyanga kamva, uninzi lwabotela ukujoyina umanyano.
Kungekudala emva kwevoti yomanyano oluyimpumelelo kwivenkile yakhe, u-Eisen watsibela umnxeba we-Zoom kunye nabasebenzi kwivenkile yokutya ye-Starbucks. IMesa, eArizona, ukuze abelane noogxa bakhe abakwelinye icala lelizwe ngoko wayekufundile.
Ngelixa iindlela zedijithali zibonelela ngothungelwano oluxabisekileyo lokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kwabaququzeleli, uninzi lusaxhomekeke kwindlela ephambili yesiko: unxibelelwano lomntu nomntu kunye nabasebenzi abangoogxa. Xa wayenxibelelana noogxa bakhe engaqinisekanga malunga nomanyano, u-Eisen wabakhuphela kwikofu kwenye indawo ukuze ajongane nezinto ezibaxhalabisayo emntwini. Ude wabhabha waya eArizona ukuya kudibana noogxa bakhe baseMesa, amava athi anzulu kunomnxeba weZoom.
Njengomntu ozichaza ngokwakhe "iminyaka eyi-geriatric," u-Eisen mdala kunoninzi lwabaququzeleli asebenza nabo. Xa i-Starbucks ipapasha ibhulethini echasene nomanyano, abasebenzi abancinci bahlala beyile ukubuya kobuchule okanye i-meme ukuze bayithumele kumajelo asekuhlaleni kwimizuzu nje, utshilo u-Eisen.
Ngoxa i-Starbucks โinobuncwane obungenasipheloโ bokulwa umsebenzi womanyano, โinto esinayo bubuchule bethu bokunxibelelana nabanye abasebenzi,โ utsho uEisen.
Ukwakha Kuloyiso Lwangaphambili
Eliza langoku loququzelelo lwabasebenzi belikhula kancinci iminyaka, utsho UBill Fletcher Jr., umhlalutyi wabasebenzi kunye nombhali we โBayasonakalisa!โ: Kunye nezinye iintsomi ezingama-20 ezimalunga neemanyano.
UFletcher walatha โkuqhankqalazo lwabafundisi-ntsapho olusuka ku-2018 olubonakale ngathi aluphumeli ndawoโ (ugwayimbo lwasendle luhambo olungagunyaziswanga ziinkokeli zombutho osemthethweni). Uphawula ukuba olo qhankqalazo lwakhiwe phezu kwemincili yabasebenzi bokutya okukhawulezayo โUkulwela i-$15โ iphulo, eliqale ngo-2012 eChicago naseNew York. Zombini iidrive eziququzelelayo zazigxile kumashishini apho abafazi kunye nabantu bebala bamelwe kakuhle.
Ngaphambi koko, ulungelelwaniso olukhokelwa ngabafuduki baseCalifornia ngeminyaka yoo-1990 lwaba nesiphumo sabanamandla Ubulungisa kubaJanitors Iphulo, kwaye, ngaphambi koko, uCesar Chavez kunye noDolores Huerta bakhokela ukwala iidiliya zabasebenzi basezifama e California.
Ngelixa ubunkokeli obulawulayo bamaqela abasebenzi obulungelelanisiweyo bube ngokwembali yayilawulwa ngamadoda aMhlophe, abantu bebala namabhinqa baye bakhokela kwimigudu yokusebenza phantsi ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, โukukhula kweCIO [iCongress of Industrial Organizations] ngekwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kwakungekho ulungelelwaniso olwenziwa ngabasebenzi baseAfrika baseMerika, baseChicano nabaseAsia,โ utsho uFletcher. Ucaphula imbali yembali yoqhanqalazo lwezilwanyana zasendle ezikhokelwa nguMnyama olwasasazeka kuwo wonke uMzantsi ukusuka ngo-1866 ukuya ku-1868.
"Abasebenzi bemibala bebesoloko bebandakanyeka, emva kweMfazwe yoLuntu, ekuququzeleleni," ucacisa uFletcher. "Nokuba kwimibutho yabo okanye kwimibutho yabasebenzi, okanye kwimibutho exubeneyo."
Ukukhawuleza ukuya kumaza akutsha nje olungiselelo lwabasebenzi, okukhuthazwa kakhulu ziimeko zokusebenza ezingentle eziye zacaca ngakumbi ngexesha lo bhubhani. Ngexesha lokuvalwa, abasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi bebefuneka ukuba baqhubeke nokusebenza kwaye baphinda babizwa ngokuba โngabasebenzi ababalulekileyoโ kunye nomvuzo omncinci owongezelelweyo wokubeka impilo yabo emngciphekweni kwinkonzo yoluntu.
Kodwa ukuwohloka kwamalungelo abasebenzi kudala kwandulela ubhubhane. UMaeg Yosef, umsebenzi kwi-Trader Joe's eHadley, Massachusetts, uthi inkampani yaqala "ukurhoxa" kwizibonelelo zabasebenzi malunga neminyaka eli-10 eyadlulayo. Ke, ngexesha lobhubhani, iye yanyusa iinzame zayo zokuchasana nabasebenzi.
UYosefu uthi: โNgokwenene umvuzo wethu umi ngoku. Abahambisani nokunyuka kwamaxabiso.
Inyaniso, Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuye kwayigqitha imivuzo kuninzi lwabasebenzi base-US ukusukela kwi-Great Recession ngo-2007. Ukongeza, i-Trader Joe's ngoJanuwari 2022 ukunciphisa izibonelelo zomhlalaphantsi kwabo basebenzi bebekwinkampani isithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka elishumi.
NgoJuni, isebe likaYosefu laba le ivenkile yokuqala kwikhonkco lesizwe ukuvotela umanyano. โUkubona abanye abasebenzi belungelelana kwasenza savakalelwa kukuba sinako ukwenza okufanayo,โ utsho uYosef, ngoku ongumququzeleli weqela. Umrhwebi uJoe's United, inzame yomanyano efana ne-SWU.
Ukulungiselela Amandla
Ayingobhubhane kuphela okhuthaze esi sahluko sitsha kulungiselelo lwabasebenzi, utshilo uFletcher. โUneminyaka emininzi unabo babizwa ngokuba ngabaququzeleli bokufakelwa, abantu abaya emsebenzini ukuze baququzelele ngaphakathi.โ Phakathi kwabo kukho amalungu amaqela afana neDemocratic Socialists of America, eye yasebenzisana nenkqubo yoqeqesho yehlabathi ebizwa Ukulungiselela Amandla, okanye O4P.
Phuhliswa ngu McAlevey, iiseshoni zoqeqesho ze-O4P zijika abasebenzi babe ngabaququzeleli, zibafundisa amaqhinga omanyano asebenzayo, afana nendlela yokuchonga iinkokeli emsebenzini ezinokuphembelela abanye ukuba bazibandakanye nazo, kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa ulwimi olufanelekileyo ukweyisela abasebenzi abangoogxa babo aboyika imibutho.
Uqeqesho oluqhubekayo, olunikezelwa kwiimanyano zabasebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele, lwaqalwa ngo-2019 ngexesha Ingxoxo noMcAlevey malunga nencwadi yakhe Akukho ziNdlela ezimfutshane: ULungiselelo lwaMandla kwiXesha Elitsha Elilidiweyo kwikomkhulu leRosa Luxemburg Foundation eJamani.
Kunyaka kamva, uMcAlevey wanceda ekwakheni iqela loqeqesho lehlabathi kwiseshoni ye-O4P ebizwa Isikolo Sogwayimbo. Abaqeqeshi ubukhulu becala yayingabafazi abanemibala, kuba โyintshukumo entsha leyo, nguye ophumelelayo,โ ucacise watsho uMcAlevey. Abantu abangamawaka asixhenxe baya kweso sifundo seeveki ezisibhozo.
Namhlanje, abantu ngabanye abavumelekanga ukuba babhalisele iiseshoni ze-O4P ngaphandle kokuba beze neqela labasebenzi kunye nabo; njengoko uMcAlevey esitsho, "Ukulungelelanisa ayingomdlalo womntu." Uqeqesho lwakhe lubonakala lunefuthe elibi kulo lonke elase-US, bexhobisa abaququzeleli ngamaqhinga aqinisekisiweyo okuqinisekisa uloyiso oluququzelela umanyano.
Ukwaphula umqobo weAmazon
Ngo-Okthobha ka-2021, umamkeli we-WNYC uBrian Lehrer wadlana indlebe noMcAlevey kunye noChris Smalls, owayesakuba ngumphathi wendawo yokugcina impahla e-Amazon owagxothwa ngo-2020 emva kokuba ethethe ngokusilela komqeshi wakhe kwiiprothokholi zokhuseleko kwiintsuku zokuqala zobhubhane. USmalls uchaze indlela awaba yinkokeli yabasebenzi, esithi, "Mna kunye namalungu aliqela ombutho wam, sithathe izifundo kwaye salandela omnye wemisebenzi [kaMcAlevey] kwaye ibe luncedo kwaye iluncedo kuthi."
Namhlanje, uSmall ngumongameli weManyano yezaBasebenzi yaseAmazon kwaye uye waba bubuso besona sahluko simnandi sentshukumo entsha yabasebenzi.
IAmazon ngumqeshi wesibini ngobukhulu e-US kwaye, njenge-Starbucks, inezixhobo ezingapheliyo ezifumanekayo zokulwa iimanyano. Emva kokuba abasebenzi baseAmazon eBessemer, Alabama, bavote kabini ngokuchasene nomanyano ngo-2021 no-2022, oogxa babo kwi-JFK8 warehouse eStaten Island, eNew York, benza imbali ngo ukuvota ukujoyina i-ALU ngo-Epreli 2022. Ibiyimizamo yokuqala yomanyano eyimpumelelo kwimbali yenkampani.
Uloyiso lwaluphawuleka ngakumbi kuba abasebenzi be-JFK8 bakhethe ukujoyina umanyano oluzimeleyo nolutsha. Umzamo ongaphumelelanga we-Bessemer, ngokuchaseneyo, wawukhokelwa ngumbutho osekiweyo: i-Retail, iWholesale kunye ne-Department Store Union.
Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi kwevoti ye-JFK8, i-Smalls yabona umbhalo eludongeni. โLo bhubhani ubhentsise okuninzi ngala maqumrhu aphambili,โ utshilo Uphakama noSonali ngo-Epreli 2020. Ekuqaleni kobhubhane, wathi, โAbasebenzi bam bangaphambili, oogxa bam ababendingqongile, baqala ukugula, abanye babo babenesiyezi, ukudinwa, khange bakwazi ukugqiba umsebenzi wabo weeyure ezili-10. โ
Ukuvalwa kobhubhane kukhuthaze ukwanda okukhulu ekuthengeni kwi-Intanethi, kwaye njengoko ingeniso yaseAmazon isanda, uSmall uthe abasebenzi bathwala iindleko: โBesingenazo izinto zokucoca, besingenayo iPPE ebonelelweyo, iimaski zobuso, iiglavu. Ke, kum, yayiyimeko eyoyikisayo kwaye bendifuna ukuqhubela phambili endaweni yokusabela. โ
USmall wazisa inkxalabo yakhe, kwaye kungekudala emva koko, inkampani yamgxotha. Akavuma ukumka; waqala ukulungelelanisa abasebenzi be-JFK8. A imemo evuzayo ibhalwe nguMcebisi Jikelele we-Amazon uDavid Zapolsky ubhengeze isimo sengqondo sobuhlanga senkampani ngakuSmall kunye nesicwangciso sayo sokuchasana naye: โAkakho krelekrele, okanye akathethanga kakuhle, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokushicilela lifuna ukugxila kuthi ngokuchasene naye, siya kuba namandla ngakumbi. Isikhundla sePR kunokuchaza nje okwexesha leshumi ukuba sizama njani ukukhusela abasebenzi. โ
Loo mazwi abuyela eAmazon. Kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo, uSmall noogxa bakhe abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo ngononophelo, ukudibana nabo bodwa njengoko babelinde ibhasi, bebazisela ukutya, kwaye besebenzisa izixhobo zedijithali ezifana I-TikTok iividiyo ukusasaza umyalezo wabo oxhasa umanyano. Njenge-SWU, i-ALU isebenzise indibaniselwano esebenzayo yeendlela zokulungelelanisa abasebenzi bemveli kunye nedijithali. โNdithethela amazwi angaviwayo. Amazwi abantu abangakwaziyo ukuthetha,โ utshilo uSmall ngo-2020.
Umzekelo Omtsha: Abasebenzi njengeeNkokeli
Omnye weyona mxholo uxhaphakileyo ovela kwiliza elitsha lolungiselelo lwabasebenzi yindlela abasebenzi abakhokela ngayo kuququzelelo lweemanyano. "Ndicinga ukuba abasebenzi kufuneka babe nelungelo lokukhetha uhlobo lobunkokeli kunye nedemokhrasi abafuna ukuba nayo," utshilo uSmall ngo-2020, ngaphambi kokuba aseke i-ALU, nokuba "yikomiti yenqanaba kunye nefayile elawulwa ngabasebenzi ... [ okanye] umbutho othembekileyo ekunyamekeleni iimfuno zabasebenzi bawo.โ Esalatha ukuba imanyano kufuneka izuze ukuthenjwa ngabasebenzi ababameleyo, uSmall uveze ukuba igama lemibutho yemveli liye lathotywa kule minyaka idlulileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo neAmazon, iinzame zeStarbucks zaqala ngenkxaso yomanyano olusekiweyo. Ehlotyeni ngo-2020, ikhonkco lekofu esekwe e-East Coast ebizwa ngokuba yi-Spot Coffee yadityaniswa ngempumelelo ngoncedo lwe-SEIU ezimeleyo. Abasebenzi baManyene, iba yi inkulu unionized ikofu chain ngelo xesha e-US Oku kwabangela ukuba umsebenzi eBuffalo-based Starbucks uqhagamshelane Workers United malunga nombono unionizing ikhonkco yekofu inkulu yesizwe.
Ukuphambuka kwincwadi yokudlala yabasebenzi bemveli, i-Workers United ivumele abasebenzi be-Starbucks ukuba bakhokele ekuququzeleleni, ngelixa bencedisa ngasemva kwemiboniso ngezibonelelo zemali eziyimfuneko. Olu hlobo lolungelelwaniso olukhokelwa ngabasebenzi lubonakala lube yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpumelelo ye-SWU, njengoko abasebenzi bebewamkele kakhulu umyalezo ophuma kwimanyano yabasebenzi abathembekileyo kunomqeshwa ohlawulwayo wangaphandle.
Ukuzimela geqe kwiiprothokholi zemanyano ezingqongqo kukwancede abasebenzi ukuba bayile incwadi yokudlala njengoko babehamba endaweni yokubambelela kumbhalo wemveli. Ibenze bachulumancisa kwaye banolwazi ebusweni bamaqhinga oshishino afumana inkxaso-mali. โIbe yintsebenziswano enkulu ngenene phakathi kwabasebenzi be-Starbucks kunye ne-Workers United,โ utshilo u-Eisen.
UYosef, onethemba lokuba umbutho wakhe waseMassachusetts-based Trader Joe ukhuthaza amanye amasebe ukuba aqale ukwenza okufanayo, uvakalisa umnqweno wobunkokeli babasebenzi. โInto eyenzekayo ngoku iqhutywa ngabasebenzi. Asifuni kuxelelwa into emasiyenze ngumphathi wethu, okanye lelinye iziko,โ utshilo. "Sifuna ukuyenza ngokwethu kwaye sizenzele izigqibo kwaye sinokuzimela kunye nokulawula inkqubo."
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela