Ngexesha lolawulo lweminyaka engama-35 yoMlawuli weParaguay u-Alfredo Stroessner (1954-1989) i-anti-communism ekhohlakeleyo kunye ne-penchant yolawulo yentuthumbo kunye neentolongo zathumela umyalezo oya kuba nguChe Guevaras kunye neSoviet Union ehambelana neqhinga lemfazwe ebandayo yaseMelika. .
Namhlanje idemokhrasi eshukumayo yaseParaguay yezigidi ezithandathu ibonakala iyindawo engenanto efuna ukuzaliswa ngamapolisa ehlabathi laseMelika. Abahloli bamalungelo oluntu baya bexhalaba ngokukhula komkhosi eParaguay.
Eyona nto ixhalabisayo kukwanda kweziseko zomkhosi emaphandleni kunye neentlawulo zikarhulumente ukuba uMkhosi woKhuseleko waseColombia uncede ukwenza i-ogranization eyimfihlo.
Pharaguwayi.
Ukubulawa kwepolisa kule ntwasahlobo kunye nokuhlaselwa kwesikhululo samapolisa kwindawo yasemaphandleni yaseJhugua ร'andรยบ, kufutshane neConcepcion liqela elixhobileyo kubangele ukungaqiniseki okungakumbi kwaye kusetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukwanda koqhaqho lokhuseleko lwangaphakathi.(1)
Umongameli waseParaguay uNicanor Duarte Frutos uyalele ukuvulwa kweziseko zomkhosi ezitsha ezili-18 emva kokuxhwilwa kwentombi yalowo wayesakuba nguMongameli waseParaguay uRaul Cubas ngoFebruwari, 2005 (2). Ukuxhwilwa kunye nokubulawa kukaCecilia Cubas, 32, kutyholwa ukuba kwenziwa ngamalungu eqela elincinci lasekhohlo, uPatria Libre.
Ityala lazisa isikhalo sokhuseleko olungakumbi, izigwebo eziqatha zokuxhwilwa kunye nokubuyiselwa kwesigwebo sentambo. Unobhala jikelele weqela, u-Osmar Martinez, kunye nabanye abali-14 baye bachophela ityala kule nyanga yeKhala. Abanye abarhanelwa balibalekile kweli lizwe, abanye befuna iwonga lokubhaca eArgentina, eBolivia naseBrazil. Uluhlu lwee-imeyile ezithunyelwe nguMartinez ziye zakhokelela kwizityholo zikarhulumente zobudlelwane kwi-Revolutionary Armed Forces yaseColombia, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-FARC. Umbukeli wemisebenzi ye-FARC eParaguay ihambelana kakuhle nemizamo yase-US yokubonisa iParaguay njengelizwe elingakhuselekanga elidinga ukungenelela kweMelika.
Kule minyaka mihlanu ukusukela ngoSeptemba 11 uhlaselo, ulawulo lukaBush luthe chu luqulunqa isicwangciso sokuzalisa amandla aseMelika kumbindi woMzantsi Melika phantsi kweemeko zokulwa noxhaso-mali lwabanqolobi baseArabhi kunye nokulwa ukurhweba ngeziyobisi, ukuqhuba imipu kunye nokuthutyeleziswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni.
Kulo nyaka, emva kothotho olungapheliyo lweeseshoni zoqeqesho lokulwa nabanqolobi; bonisa-i-flag yemikhosi yomkhosi kunye namahemuhemu aphindaphindiweyo esiseko esitsha somkhosi wase-US inkqubo ekhokelayo yaseMelika ibonakala ikulungele ukuqalisa.
Unozakuzaku waseMelika uJames Cason waqalisa ukuhlasela kweParaguay ngo-Agasti 22 ngokumiselwa kwesiseko se-antinarcotics kwiziko lokurhweba ngeziyobisi laseSan Juan Caballero. Isiseko siya kubandakanya i-50 ye-US eqeqeshwe kwii-agent ze-narcotics zaseParaguay kunye neenqwelo-moya ezimbini. Abaqhubi beziyobisi ezithwele ukuthunyelwa kwentsangu rhoqo bayantlitheka kumazwe angabamelwane kwaye iParaguay ingumthombo wezixhobo kumaqela emigulukudu kwilizwe elingummelwane iBrazil.
Oku kuwa iziko lobuntlola lamazwe amane licwangciselwe ukuvulwa kwisixeko saseBrazil iFoz do Iguazu njengenxalenye esembindini yemfazwe yaseMelika kubugrogrisi eMzantsi Melika. Iithagethi ngabaphambukeli baseLebhanon nabasePalestina abahlala kwindawo yetriborder yaseParaguay, eBrazil naseArgentina.(4)
Uncedo olupheleleyo lwase-US oluya eParaguay ngo-2006 luqhuba kwi-55.1 yezigidi zeedola ngoncedo lomkhosi kwi-1.5 yezigidi zeedola kunye noncedo lwamapolisa kwi-1.2 yezigidi zeedola. (5)
'Amaziko aseParaguay ahlala ebuthathaka kwaye imida yawo yamanzi ibonelela ngomhlaba ochumileyo worhwaphilizo kunye nemisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho kuquka nenkxaso-mali yabanqolobi,' utshilo lo nyaka ka-2007 isicelo soNcedo lwaNgaphandle kweSebe lase-US.
I-United States izuze ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sephakheji yoncedo lwayo, i-35 yezigidi zeedola, eza kuxhaswa yi-Arhente yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe kumasebe abalulekileyo eParaguyan ukulwa urhwaphilizo kunye nokwandisa ukutshutshiswa.
Olu ngenelelo, olubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabacebisi base-US, lujolise ngokutsho kweNtloko ye-AID ephumayo eParaguay, uWayne Nilsestuen, ukuba 'yisongelo kubantu abakhohlakeleyo kwicandelo likarhulumente nelobucala kwaye liza kuvelisa ukusabela okunamandla.' (6)
Ukuze le nkqubo isebenze ixesha elide elilawulayo iColorado Party kaMongameli uDuarte Frutos kuya kufuneka ijongane nabavoti bayo.
Isibhengezo samva nje sikamongameli sezicwangciso zokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko wowe-1992 ukuze uvumele unyulo kwakhona sinokwenza oko kube nzima. Amaqela aphikisayo enza ukuba athintele intlawulo yotshintsho yokuba unyulo kwakhona luya kukhuthaza urhwaphilizo olungakumbi. (7)
Iqela laseColorado lasinda kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi kwaye liye lazigcina lisemandleni ngokusetyenziswa kwenkxaso kunye nezenzo zekontraka zikarhulumente. Umbutho wezopolitiko weqela uquka uninzi lwabaqeshwa baseParaguay abangama-200,000 kwaye unabela emkhosini kunye nenkundla.
Akukho mawonga asemthethweni ahlawulwe ku-Alfredo Stroessner ekufeni kwakhe elubhacweni eBrasilia ngo-Aug.16. Kodwa iParaguay namhlanje iselilizwe alidalileyo- uqoqosho lwayo, intlupheko kunye norhwaphilizo zonke zineempawu ezithile zexesha le-Stroessner. Kwaye kwakhona iye yaba ludonga lokomfuziselo ngokuchasene neentshaba zaseMelika zangaphandle.
Njengoko umkhosi uqhubela phambili iinkumbulo zamaphulo akhohlakeleyo kaStroessner okulwa nabanqolobi ziye zaphinda zavela. IColombia, ethe yathatha enye yezona rekhodi zimbi zamalungelo oluntu kwilizwekazi, ilandela abahlawuli bayo baseMelika emazantsi.
Ukutyelela kukaJuni eBogata nguMtshutshisi weSizwe waseParaguay uRuben Candia Amarilla waqinisa umanyano kunye neSebe lezoKhuseleko loLawulo lwaseColombia. UManuel Peรยฑate intloko yamapolisa afihlakeleyo aseColombia, awaziwa ngokuba yiDAS, ubhengeze ukuba amaqela ophando aseColombia azakuhamba aye eParaguay ukuphanda imisebenzi yeFARC kwaye aqhube uqeqesho.(8)
Emva kokubuyela e-Asuncion, abatshutshisi baseParaguay babhengeze ngoJulayi 14 ukuba bayandisa ityala ukuze babandakanye izityholo ezichasene neFARC Commandante Rodrigo Granda. (9)
I-Granda, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle we-FARC, waxhwilwa e-Caracas ngo-Dec. 2004 waza wavalelwa kwezinye izityholo e-Colombia kwinyathelo eliphikisanayo eliye lachukumisa ungcelele lwezozakuzo phakathi kwe-Colombia ne-Venezuela. Abatshutshisi baseParaguay bathi uGranda wasebenza njengomcebisi kaMartinez ngexesha lokuxhwilwa kweCubas. Bakwatyhola ukuba i-FARC incedise uPatria Libre ekusekeni umbutho ofihlakeleyo eParaguay.
'Ukuya kumlinganiselo othile oku kukwandiswa kweSicwangciso saseColombia. Ukwandiswa kweCebo laseColombia ukuya kwenye indawo engeyiyo iColombia kuphela. Esi sivumelwano kunye namaColombia sinokubizwa ngokuba yiPlan Paraguay,' utshilo uVidal Acevedo weNkonzo yamaLungelo oLuntu woXolo noBulungisa eParaguay eyaziwa ngokuba yiSERPAJ.(10)
Imisebenzi yeOfisi yabatshutshisi baseParaguay iye yagxekwa kabukhali kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngokumalunga nokuphathwa kokuxhwilwa kunye nezenzo zophando kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. 'Kukho inkxalabo malunga nolawulo lobulungisa,' utshilo uAdelaida Galeano, isithethi soMnxibelelanisi wamaLungelo oLuntu waseParaguay. 'Ngenxa yokuba bona (abatshutshisi) babandakanyeka kuzo zonke iingxaki esiye saba nazo: Abatshutshisi abalawulwayo okanye abavumela ukuba banyanzeliswe yimeko yezopolitiko okwangoku okanye ngabantu abakummandla.'
Umnxibelelanisi, owaziwa ngokuba yiCodehupy, ubambe intlanganiso yedolophu ngoJulayi, 2005, (11) ethe yaqulunqa izikhalazo zokuxhatshazwa kunye nezenzo ezingafanelekanga ngabatshutshisi baseParaguay. Phakathi kwazo kwakukho izityholo zokusetyenziswa ngokungekho sikweni kobulungisa, nokusilela ukuphanda izenzo zokuxhatshazwa ezinjengokuthuthunjiswa. Abakhuseli baphinde bakhalazela ukuphazanyiswa ngabatshutshisi ukuthintela ukhuseleko olululo lwabatyholwa.
Eyona nkxalabo iphambili yeyokuba urhulumente uza kusebenzisa isiseko somsebenzi wabanqolobi ukucinezela imibutho emininzi yekampesino kumaphandle aseParaguay. I-Rural Paraguay yi-tinderbox ethwaxwa yimibutho yokurhweba ngeziyobisi kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwemibutho yomhlaba yabalimi kunye nabanini bemihlaba emikhulu.
'Kukho intlupheko emaphandleni ebangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bathengise umhlaba wabo kubantu baseBrazil, namaMennonite, alima iimbotyi zesoya. Kwaye ngokusetyenziswa kwe-fumigations kunye ne-agrotoxics oku kuvelisa ukugxothwa kwabalimi,' utshilo u-Acevedo. Ngoko ke kukho ukuxhathisa yimibutho yabalimi; kungoko kusenzeka ungquzulwano.'
Ukongeza kwingxwabangxwaba kukubona ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zentlalo ngopolitiko nokungalunganga kunye nokungabikho kwenkqubo yokubuyiselwa komhlaba esebenzayo, utshilo u-Acevedo.
Bamalunga nama-2000 abalimi ababanjiweyo ngexesha loqhanqalazo kwaye bakhululwa ngemiqathango ethintela ilungelo labo lokuqhanqalaza kwixesha elizayo kwaye ibathintele ekuphumeni kwabo kweli lizwe. I-SERPAJ iphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba lo mkhuba, owaziwa njenge-fichando, unyhasha amalungelo ezopolitiko kwaye luhlobo oluthile lwengcinezelo.
Ukuvulwa kweziseko zomkhosi, kunye nokufika kwabaphandi baseColombia kukhatshwa kukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwabalindi babemi kunye neekomiti zokhuseleko. 'Aba ngabahlali abalungelelaniselwe ukulwa ukungabikho kokhuseleko kunye nobunjubaqa. Kwaye ezi zijongwe ngokuthandwa liSebe lezangaphakathi, โutshilo uAcevedo. 'Kwaye uninzi lwaba balindi belizwe sele bebulele abantu kumbindi welizwe. Bayimibutho yamajoni. Balawula abantu yaye bayayichasa imibutho yabalimi.'
I-Amnesty International ibongoze ukuba kusetyenziswe ukubanjwa ngurhulumente kunye nemithetho yezomthetho kuneyokunyanga ubundlobongela bezopolitiko. Ikwabize iinzame zokubuyisela isigwebo sentambo njengesenzo esigqithisileyo.(12)
'Asifuni ukohlwaya ukufa ngokufa okungakumbi,' utshilo uJulio Torales uMongameli weAmnesty International Paraguay. 'Njenge-Amnesty International sikhuthaza urhulumente wesizwe ukuba enze uphando ngokwesakhelo somthethoโฆukuxoxwa kwetyala elinobulungisa elifikelela kwinyaniso eyona nto ifunwa sisizwe.'
Nge-21 kaJulayi, i-3,000 yeParaguay kunye nabaqhankqalazi bamazwe ngamazwe bazalise izitrato zaseCiudad del Este ukugxeka oko bakubona njengokukhula kwe-US kunye nokunyanzeliswa kukarhulumente kubalimi baseParaguay.
mibutho.
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1.ABC Umbala ngoAprili 26, 2006
2.ABC Umbala ngoFebruwari 27, 2005
3.Clarin, 8/29/06
http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/08/29/elmundo/i-01801.htm
4.AP SAO PAULO, Matshi 30, 2006, EFE Brasilia Aug.
15, 2006
5. Uzakuzo wase-US eParaguay iNgcaciso emfutshane yoNcedo oluya eParaguay. http://paraguay.usembassy.gov/
6. ABC Umbala we-19 kaJuni ngo-2006
7. ABC Umbala ngoSeptemba 13, 2006; ABC Umbala ngoSeptemba 1, 2006
8. ABC Umbala we-6 kaJuni ngo-2006
9. Umbala we-ABC Julayi 14, 2006
10. Udliwano-ndlebe noVidal Acevedo, kwiofisi yaseParaguay kaServicio Paz y Justicia
11. Udliwano-ndlebe no-Adelaida Galeano kwiofisi yoMququzeleli wamaLungelo oLuntu waseParaguay.
12. Udliwano-ndlebe noJulio Torales, umongameli weAmnesty International. Pharaguwayi
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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