Izimvo zoMhleli: AmaNgesi, adityaniswe e-hip kunye ne-United States aye atyhala i-ajenda yobukhosi kunye neenqanawa zabo zemfazwe e-Las Islas Malvinas nje kunxweme lwaseArgentina - kwakhona - kwaye bomba ioli apho. Umongameli waseArgentina uCristina Fernandez ubeke ulawulo ekuthuthweni kwenqanawa kumanzi ajikeleze iziqithi, esithi nayiphi na inqanawa ehamba okanye isuka eziqithini kufuneka ifumane imvume yangaphambili kwilizwe lakhe-imfuneko iBritane yaxelela abaphathi ukuba bayihoye. Kwinkqubo yakhe yeveki, uAlo Presidente, uHugo Rafael Chávez Frías, uMongameli weRiphabhliki yaseBolivarian yaseVenezuela. mva nje uxhaswe abantu baseArgentina xa waxelela uKumkanikazi uElizabeth II ukuba iintsuku zobukumkani ziphelile:
"Khangela, eNgilani, kuya kude kube nini uhlala eLas Malvinas Queen of England, ndithetha nawe ... ixesha lobukhosi liphelile, awuzange uqaphele? Buyisela i-Malvinas kubantu base-Argentina."
Ulumkise amaBritane ukuba kukho imfazwe, iArgentina ayizukushiywa ukuba izimele. Kumyalezo wakhe kukumkanikazi wathi, "AmaNgesi asasongela iArgentina. Izinto zitshintshile. Asisekho kwi-1982. Ukuba ingxabano iqala, qiniseka ukuba iArgentina ayiyi kuba yodwa njengokuba yayinjalo emva."
I-Axis ye-Logic Columnist, u-TJ Coles wenza umsebenzi obalaseleyo wokuchaza imbali emva kokuhamba kobukhosi ngokuchasene ne-Argentina, ukuphulwa kwabo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, inkuthazo yabo kunye nohlobo lobundlobongela babo.
– Les Blow, Umhleli
Ngomhla wamashumi amathathu weMfazwe yaseFalklands (1982), iBritane ithumele inkwili exhobe ngenyukliya eMalvinas ukuphendula kwiinzame zozakuzo zikaMongameli waseArgentina uKirchner zokuphumeza izigqibo eziphambili ze-UN kunye nokubuyisela ngoxolo amanzi emimandla evela eYurophu ekulobeni ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuhlola ioyile.1Inyathelo leBritani lifanele ligqalwe njengokwaphulwa koxolo nolona lwaphulo-mthetho luqatha lweSahluko 1 seSiqendu 2(4) soMnqophiso weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo esithintela ukoyikiswa kwamandla.2
Ukuthumela inqanawa enezixhobo zenyukliya kumanzi aseArgentina ukuphendula kwidiplomacy kuyayicima ingcinga yokuba imfundiso yase-UK eqhubekayo eLwandle inento yokwenza “nokuthintela” yenyukliya, njengoko kubangwayo.3 Endaweni yoko, inento yokwenza "nokuphatha intonga enkulu ... [ukunyanzela] abanye ukuba benze ngendlela enqwenelekayo," njengoko owayesakuba yiNtloko yaBasebenzi baseLwandle uAdmiral Stanhope wayibeka kwiChatham House ngo-2009.4 Imeko iphinde yabonisa ukuba ihlabathi elilawulwa yi-psychopathic, i-power-mad, ubukhulu becala elite yindoda liyingozi kakhulu kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba liphelile.5
I-BBC yavuma ukuba "ummandla weLatin America kunye neCaribbean utyunjwe indawo engenazinyukliya phantsi kwesivumelwano esasayinwa kwi-1960s," i-UK ayinayo ingxaki yokuyaphula.6 Uvoto olwathathwa ngo-2008 lubonisa ukuba abantu abaninzi bafuna umhlaba wonke ube yindawo engenazixhobo zenyukliya. “Onke amazwe anezixhobo zenyukliya kuya kufuneka aziphelise ngokwexesha. Onke amanye amazwe kuyakufuneka ukuba angawaphuhlisi”, uphando lweWorldPublicOpinion lundulule:
"Onke amazwe ... aza kubekwa esweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayasilandela isivumelwano." Umyinge wehlabathi jikelele wama-76% uthande izindululo kuquka nezixhobo zenyukliya zombuso wabo, apho kufanelekileyo: i-77% yabantu baseMelika bakhetha esi sikhundla; i-87% yesiFrentshi; 81% amaBritane; ama-69% aseRashiya; amaTshayina angama-83%; ama-67% amaSirayeli; 62% amaIndiya; I-46% yasePakistani (i-41% ichasa).7
Inyani yokuba ukupheliswa kwenyukliya akwenzekanga akubonisi nje indelelo oorhulumente abanayo ngoluntu lwabo, kodwa nokudelela kwabo umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zenyukliya zibulala ngokungakhethiyo, kodwa phantsi kwemfundiso yeMutually Assured Destruction (MAD, ewe MAD) enokuzikhusela ngokusemthethweni, iNkundla yeHlabathi (i-ICJ) yacebisa ngo-1996 ukuba ekuphela kwendlela esemthethweni yokusombulula lo mba kukuthotywa kwezixhobo zehlabathi.8 IBritane ibonakalise ngenene ukudelela kwayo umthetho ngomba waseMalvinas.
Malvinas: Umthetho
IArgentina inamabango olongamo ngaphezulu kwe-Islas Malvinas, okanye "iZiqithi zaseFalkland" njengoko abahlali baseBritane bezibiza njalo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uMongameli uKirchner wachazayo ngoDisemba 2011, “iMalvinas ayingonobangela waseArgentina, ngunobangela wehlabathi lonke kuba [amaBritane] athatha ushishino lwethu lokuloba neoli.”9 Ityala laseArgentina lolongamo lomelele, kodwa ngokungafaniyo nokuhlala kwePalestine (umzekelo) umba useza kusonjululwa yiNkundla yoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe (njengoko kufanele).10
Oko kwathiwa, umba webango laseArgentina wahluke ngokupheleleyo kwibango lolongamo lwaseBritane. Ngaphambi kokuba ibango laseArgentina lizinziswe, ummandla kufuneka uqale ukhutshwe ngenxa yokuba iBritane ayinalo ilungelo elisemthethweni kuMalvinas. Kodwa i-decolonization ayinakwenzeka ngelixa iBritane iqhubeka nokuthatha iziqithi.
Ibango leBritane lolongamo (kwaye ke ngoko ukuzimela kwabantu besiqithi) lityala elivulekileyo nelivaliweyo: iBritane ayinalungelo lasemthethweni lokuya kwiziqithi okanye kumanzi ommandla. Ke ngoko, iziqithi kufuneka zisuswe umkhosi kwaye zipheliswe ngoxolo. Ngokubhekiselele kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ze-UN (ecatshulwe ngezantsi), iArgentina ingabanga ulongamo emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwekoloni (uti postiditis). Umbandela webango lobuxoki lolongamo lwaseBritani (eli kuthethwa ngalo kweli nqaku) ulungelelaniswe kwizigqibo ezininzi zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo:
ISigqibo seNdibano kaWonke-wonke sika-2065 (XX), esamkelwa nge-16 kaDisemba 1965, “Sithathela ingqalelo[ed] … injongo exatyiswayo yokuphelisa yonke indawo ubukoloniyali ngazo zonke iindlela zabo, enye yazo equka iZiqithi zaseFalkland (Malvinas).” IsiGqibo sasishiya kwiArgentina neBhritane ukuba zithethathethane ngalo mba kusetyenziswa idiplomacy yamazwe amabini.11 IBritani yawaphula lo mba weSigqibo. Ngenxa yoko, ngoDisemba 1973, iSigqibo seNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo 3160 (XXVIII) “Bekaza [ed] umbulelo ngeenzame eziqhubekayo ezenziwa nguRhulumente waseArgentina… esiqithini.” ISigqibo kwakhona “Ncedisa[d] ooRhulumente baseArgentina [kunye ne-UK] …ukuphelisa imeko yobukoloniyali” (akekeliswe kwintlandlolo).12 Kwakhona, iBritani ayizange ivume ukuthobela umthetho.
Isizathu sokuhlelwa kukaMalvinas njengomcimbi wobukoloniyali sibuyela emva ekufumaneni iziqithi yiFransi. Ingcali yaseKing’s College yaseLondon uChristoph Bluth yaphawula ukuba “Ekubeni zazinjalo iziqithi terra nullius ngaphambi kokuba amaFrentshi azinzise ePort Louis aza afuna ukongama phezu kwawo, indawo yokuhlala yaseBritani [ekuqaleni kowe-1765] imele igqalwe njengengekho mthethweni.”13Emva koko iMalvinas yathengiswa eSpeyin, nto leyo eyaqondwa yiBritani. Inqaku leVIII leSivumelwano saseBritish-Spanish sase-Utrecht (1713) sithi:
"... akukho Kumkani wamaKatolika [uCharles II] okanye naziphi na iindlalifa zakhe kunye nabalandeleli bakhe nantoni na, baya kuthengisa, bavelise, bathengise, batshintshe okanye nangayiphi na indlela phantsi kwegama elihlukanisiweyo nabo kunye neCrown yaseSpain ukuya kumaFrentshi okanye nakweyiphi na iintlanga. Nawaphi na amazwe aphantsi kolawulo okanye imimandla okanye nayiphi na inxalenye yawo yeSpeyin eMelika.”14
Ngo-1771, phantsi kwesoyikiso semfazwe, iSpeyin yavuma ukuvumela amathanga aseBritani ukuba ahlale kwesi siqithi, kodwa kwakhona yagxininisa ulongamo lwayo phezu kwe-Islas Malvinas. UBluth wathi “iArgentina ithi iphumelele amalungelo eSpanish ngokomgaqo we-uti possidetis. Lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba amazwe akwiLatin America ayaphumelela kwimida yeSpeyin emva kokuba iSpeyin imkile kumathanga awo.”15
Ukugqabaza kwijenali yeChatham House Imicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe, UPeter Calvert waphawula ukuba "Ngo-1811 iSpeyin yayisebenzise onke amalungelo olongamo kwiziqithi iminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe, kwaye iNkomfa yeNootka Sound ye-1790 iBritani yabonakala iyiqaphela le nyaniso", kwaye emva koko yarhoxisa "yonke indawo yokuhlala eMpuma Falkland. .”16 Ngowe-1810, iBuenos Aires yakha urhulumente wayo.
I-Argentina ibhengeze inkululeko ngo-1816 kwaye, kwiminyaka emine kamva, i-Heroina Colonel Daniel Jewitt yafika eziqithini egameni lamaPhondo aManyano aseRio de la Plata, apho ama-Argentina aqesha umrhwebi waseFransi uLouis Vernet ukuze ahlalise isiqithi, ebiza igama. waba yirhuluneli ngowe-1828, waza wangena ezihlangwini zeSpanish. Ukubhala ngaphakathi Yale Law Journal, W. Michael Reisman waqinisekisa ukuba “Ekufumaneni inkululeko, ithanga langaphambili [oko kukuthi iArgentina] ngokuqhelekileyo lidla ilifa wonke ummandla welo thanga. Lo mgaqo, owamiselwa kuMbindi Merika yaye, kwinkulungwane kamva, eAfrika, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kubonakala usebenza kwiiFalklands [Malvinas].”17
Ngowe-1833, iBritani yabagxotha abemi. UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle waseArgentina uDon Manuel Moreno waxelelwa yiNkulumbuso uPalmerston xa ephendula imibuzo yolongamo, ukuba "uRhulumente wamaPhondo aManyeneyo wayengenako ukulindela ukuba urhulumente waseBritane uza kuvumela naliphi na elinye ilizwe ukuba lisebenzise ilungelo elivela eSpain. IGreat Britain yayikhanyela iSpeyin ngokwayo.”18 Ukubhala Imicimbi yaMazwe ngaMazwe, uPeter Calvert waphawula ukuba “iOfisi yezangaphandle [yaseBritani] kangangezihlandlo ezininzi ukususela ngowe-1910 ibe yindawo yamathandabuzo malunga nokuba semthethweni kwetyala laseBritani kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe yaye eneneni izizathu iBritani elisekele kuzo ibango layo azizange zitshintshwe. kube kanye kodwa kabini ebudeni beli xesha [1910-1982].”19
Isikhundla samva nje seOfisi Yezangaphandle sesokuba kuxhomekeke kubemi besiqithi isigqibo sokuba bafune ukuzimela okanye bahlale bengabemi baseBritani. UChristoph Bluth wabhala wathi: “Isibakala sokuba ‘bengabemi bomthonyama’ baseBritani sibonisa ukuba abangomthonyama, bathunyelwa eFalklands emva kokuba befuduswe ngendluzula abemi bangaphambili ukuze bathatyathelw’ indawo yiBritani. , yaye ngenxa yoko umgaqo wokuzilawula awusebenzi” ngenxa yokuba iBritani ayinalungelo lasemthethweni kwezi ziqithi.20Ngokomzekelo, uAlejandro Betts waziva enyanzelekile ukuba ayishiye iMalvinas ngowe-1982 emva kwemfazwe, yaye, ngenxa yemithetho yocalucalulo yobuhlanga eyayithintela abemi baseArgentina ukuba batyelele kwanakwiziqithi, kwafuneka ayishiye ngasemva intsapho yakhe.21
Ngo-1983, iPalamente yaseBritane yapasisa uMthetho woBuzwe baseBritani (iZiqithi zaseFalkland) iqaphela abantu baseMalvinas njengeBritane. Ngo-2011, iNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yathi uDick Swale, ilungu leFalkland Islands Legislative Assembly, wavuma ukuba “abemi baseArgentina bagxothwa ngamaBritani ngo-1833,” isithi “abemi abambalwa ababekho kwezi Ziqithi baye bakhuthazwa. ukuhlala” ngurhulumente waseBuenos Aires. Nangona oku kwavunywa, wacatshulwa ngokuthe ngqo esithi “Ulongamo aluxoxiswana,” ngaloo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuba iiFalklanders zinomdla ngokuyintloko kumbandela wolongamo, kungekhona ukuzikhethela.22
Khawufan’ ucinge ukuba amagunya ozakuzo nawomkhosi eBritani naseArgentina ebenokujikwa emva kokuba abemi baseArgentina bazenze ithanga kwiZiqithi zaseShetland ngokugxotha abemi. Phezu kwazo nje izinyanzelo zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, abantu baseArgentina bayala ukuwushenxisa lo mmandla, besala ukuvumela amaBritani ukuba atyelele, yaye ngenxa yoko iBritani (phantsi komkhosi womkhosi) ithimba iziqithi ngaphandle kokuphalazwa kwegazi. I-Argentina emva koko iye yavala isindululo sokupheliswa komlilo esixhaswa yi-UK kwaye yandisa imfazwe ngokwenza imigodi kwisiqithi, ithumela inkwili yenyukliya, izike iinqanawa zokulwa zaseBritane, kwaye, kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo, ibandakanyeka kuphononongo lwe-oyile kunye nokuloba ngokugqithisileyo kumanzi ommandla waseBritane, ukwaphula ishumi elinambini leemayile zolwandle ezimiselwe yi-UN.23
Ukwakhiwa komkhosi
Okubaluleke ngakumbi kunomba we-Malvinas yimigaqo-nkqubo yaseBritani yembali yezentlalo noqoqosho e-Argentina kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo kwangoku. Umhlalutyi weHouse of Commons Library uVaughn Miller wacacisa wathi: “Iinkampani zaseBritani zaba nendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezorhwebo eArgentina ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19,” watsho njalo umhlalutyi weHouse of Commons Library uVaughn Miller, eshiya yonke into ethetha ngobuhlwempu obabubangelwa yiyo. "Uloliwe, iplanti yokulungisa ukutya kunye neenkonzo ezininzi zezemali zaphuhliswa kwaye zilawulwa ziifemu zaseBritane."24 Unyulo lukaPeron ngowe-1946 lwarhoxisa “ulawulo lobuqhophololo lobuqhophololo eArgentina”, kuquka “nolawulo lwaseBritani kwizinto eziluncedo zikawonke-wonke” kunye “nobutyala,” uGuillermo A. Makin wabhala kwincwadi yeChatham House ethi International Affairs—Argentines inyanzeliswe ukuba yamkele iBritish “ iimali-mboleko.”25
Okunganyanisekiyo kunokukrwitshwa kwezentlalo noqoqosho, kodwa kusebalulekile kwaye kuxhokonxa, zizenzo ze-UK zobundlobongela ngokuchasene neArgentina. "[T] ukusetyenziswa kwamandla akuzange kube yinto esisigxina yendlela yolawulo lwezopolitiko olwahluke kakhulu lwase-Argentina kwingxabano [ye-Malvinas]," uMakin waphawula. Ngaphandle “kokuzimisela kweArgentina ukuthobela isivumelwano sokungafumani ingxwabangxwaba engaqhelekanga yeenqanawa zemfazwe kulo mmandla”, iBritane yawaphula amanzi ommandla waseArgentina ngeminyaka yoo-1950. UJohn Biscoe, eza nezixhobo zokwakha isiseko somkhosi wase-UK.
Umkhosi waseArgentina wawuchitha umsebenzi kodwa wabangela ingqumbo yomkhosi wase-UK owatshisa isiseko sase-Argentina kwi-Deception, kunye nezinye ezimbini kwiminyaka elandelayo.26 I-oyile yaba ngumba ophambili phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1970 xa i-UNESCO yaxhasa iprojekthi yokukhangela. Ngowe-1975, iRSS Shackleton yadutyulwa xa yayinyhasha imimandla yaseArgentina. Abaphandi beNdlu yeeCommons uClaire Taylor kunye noVaughn Miller bachaza ukuba umdla waseBritane ovuselelayo unento yokwenza noqoqosho:
Ngo-1976 kunye no-1982 u-Lord Shackleton wavelisa iingxelo ezimbini malunga nemo yoqoqosho lweZiqithi zaseFalkland eyathi emva koko yaba yiplani yoqoqosho.
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