Kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo, ukuhla kunye nokuwa kobukhosi kudla ngokubonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza, ngamanye amaxesha inkqubo yentlekele kunye nokwahlula okucacileyo phakathi kwezigaba zobukhosi kunye ne-post-imperial. Enyanisweni, iinkqubo zama-emperor zihlala zikwazi ukunyamezela kwaye zilungele iimeko zamandla ancipha kakhulu. Umzekelo woku buBukhosi baseBritane, obaphelayo ngokusesikweni ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970. Ngaphandle kokuwohloka kobukoloniyali obuthe ngqo, iBritane iwugcinile umgaqo-nkqubo wama-impiriyali ongekho sikweni njengeqabane elincinane kwinkqubo yobukhosi baseMelika. Iziganeko zakutsha nje kwiPersian Gulf zibonisa ukuzingisa okulishwa kweBritish impiriyali. Nge-5 kaDisemba unobhala wezangaphandle waseBritani, uPhilip Hammond, sisayine isivumelwano kunye nogxa wakhe waseBahrain ukuseka isiseko esitsha somkhosi waselwandle waseBritane kwizibuko laseMina Salman kuBukumkani baseBahrain. Iya kuba yeyokuqala yohlobo lwayo ukusukela oko yarhoxa iBritane โkwimpuma yeSuezโ ngowe-1971. Ukuseka isiseko esitsha kuya kuwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule nempembelelo yaseBritani kulo mmandla. Isiseko siya kubamba yamva nje Uhlobo lwe-45 ababhubhisi kunye neBritani ezimbini abathwali beenqwelomoya abatsha. Iinqanawa zaseBritane ngoku ziya kukwazi ukuhlala kwiGulf ngaphandle kokujikeleza zibuyela kumazibuko ase-UK. I-Bahrain iya kuhlangabezana neendleko ezininzi zokwakha indawo entsha ngelixa iBritane iya kuba noxanduva lweendleko zayo zokusebenza.
Ilizwe elincinci laseBahrain (abemi abazizigidi ezisisi-1.34) bubukumkani obupheleleyo obulawulwa lusapho lwe-al-Khalifa. Ilizwe lanamhlanje laseBahrain laliyindalo enkulu yaseBritane. Umyili oyintloko waba UCharles Belgrave - umlawuli welizwe ukususela ngo-1926 ukuya ku-1957. Umanyano lwe-Bahrain kunye ne-United States (i-American 5th fleet isebenza ngaphandle kwe-Mina Salman) ngoku ibaluleke kakhulu kunobudlelwane bayo neBritani. Nangona kunjalo, ubudlelwane neBhritane buhlala busondelelene - kunye namalungu osapho lwasebukhosini ade akhathazwa emva kokubuya kolawulo lobukhosi.
IBritane ikwanoxanduva lokudala indawo yokhuseleko ethiyiweyo yaseBahrain, enerekhodi elibi lokuthuthunjiswa kunye nokunye ukuxhaphazwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngowe-1998, intloko yeCandelo loLawulo Jikelele laseBahrain loPhando loKhuseleko lukaRhulumente Ian Henderson - owayesakuba liGosa lobuKoloniyali eKenya ngeminyaka yoo-1950. Ukubandakanyeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuthuthukisweni kuzo zombini Khenya kwaye kamva Bahrain, uphando kwimisebenzi kaHenderson yiScotland Yard yachithwa kwi-2001 ngenxa yokwala kwabasemagunyeni baseBahrain ukusebenzisana nophando.
Igcuntswana elizizityebi leSunni lilawula amanqanaba aphezulu oluntu lwaseBahrain ngelixa uninzi lwamaShia luthwaxwa bubuhlwempu. Emva kwemvukelo yase-Arab Spring ka-2011 e-Tunisia nase-Egypt, uqhanqalazo lwaqala ngaphakathi e-Bahrain ngokuchasene nolawulo lwengcinezelo yosapho lwe-al-Khalifa. Kwiimeko ezininzi abaqhankqalazi babefuna nje ukuba kutshintshelwe kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko-kunokuba kubhukuqwe ubukhosi be-al-Khalifa, kodwa abalawuli base-Bahrain baphendule ngerhasi yeenyembezi, ukuvalelwa okungapheliyo kwabaqhankqalazi, kunye nokuthuthunjiswa. Iinkokeli zaseBahrain zibonisa imvukelo njengesekelwe kwinkolo esabelayo. Ngaphaya koko, banyanzelisa ukuba iminxeba yedemokhrasi ifihle iminqweno yokwenyani yombonisi we-Iranian-style theocracy kwaye baye baphindaphinda bathi ukuchasa ulawulo lwabo yasungulwa yiRiphabliki yamaSilamsi yaseIran.
Imithombo yeendaba yase-Bahrain esele ihlolwe ngokungqongqo sele iphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo ukusukela oko kwaqhambuka uqhanqalazo. Ngoku ka Indlu yeNkululeko, iBahrain ngoku iphakathi kwamazwe alishumi akhululekileyo ehlabathini. Isigwebo seDraconian siqhelekile kwezona zinto zingabalulekanga "zolwaphulo-mthetho." Umzekelo ngoDisemba 2014 umlweli weBahrain, Zainab al-Khawaja ugwetywe iminyaka emithathu entolongweni ngokukrazula ifoto kaKumkani. Utata wakhe, Abdulhadi, ugwetywe ubomi entolongweni ngenxa yokukhuthaza uqhanqalazo olunoxolo.
IBritane iphendule ngokuphathwa kakubi kwamalungelo oluntu e-Bahrain ngokuzonwabisa okumangalisayo. Imibutho yamalungelo oluntu nkqu ne Urhulumente wase-US KwiSebe ziye zasigxeka isantya somkhenkce sohlengahlengiso lukarhulumente lomgaqo-siseko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uRhulumente wase-Bhritane uye wabanga ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngesiseko esincinci, ukuba i-Bahrain ithatha amanyathelo abalulekileyo ekuphuculeni irekhodi yamalungelo oluntu. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2012, kwangaloo nyanga urhulumente wase-Bahrain wenza uqhanqalazo lwasesidlangalaleni olungekho mthethweni, iBritane ne-Bahrain zatyikitya inguqulelo entsha. isivumelwano sentsebenziswano kwezokhuseleko.
Ngaphandle kweengcebiso zeKomiti yePalamente yeMicimbi yezaNgaphandle (FAC), iOfisi yezaNgaphandle kunye neCommonwealth (FCO) liweyo ukudwelisa iBahrain "njengelizwe elixhalabisayo." NgoJanuwari 2014, iNkosana yaseBritane u-Andrew yatyelela eBahrain ngokwesicelo seFCO. Utyelelo lweNkosana lwaluyinxalenye yozakuzo wase-Bhritane "IVeki enkulu yaseBritane" - umsitho owasungulwa "ukugxininisa ubuhlobo kunye nobudlelwane obuluqilima bamazwe amabini phakathi kwe-United Kingdom ne-Bahrain." Ngokumangalisayo, ngexesha lotyelelo lwakhe, iNkosana yaseBritane uAndrew wathi: โNdikholelwa ukuba okwenzeka e-Bahrain kungumthombo wethemba kubantu abaninzi ehlabathini yaye kukuzingca kubantu baseBahrain.โ
IBritane igxekwe kakhulu luluntu lwamalungelo oluntu lwaseBahrain ngenxa yenkxaso yayo engagungqiyo kwi-elite elawulayo yaseBahrain. Kudliwanondlebe ngoNovemba ka-2014 uNabeel Rajab, uMongameli weZiko laseBahrain lamaLungelo oLuntu. wathi: โNase-US, abasixhasi ncam kodwa abanikezeli mvume yabo nakurhulumente wase-Bahrain. AmaBritane, hayi. Abaxhasi nje urhwebo neBahrain, kodwa ukuba naliphi na elinye ishishini okanye ilizwe liphuma ukuze liqhankqalaze iingxaki zamalungelo oluntu, iBhritane iyangena ukuba ithathe olo rhwebo. โ
URajab ucinge ukuba isiseko esitsha "sisipho" esivela kwi-al-Khalifas ukuya eBritani ngenkxaso yabo ebonakalayo.
UMaryam Al-Khawaja, uMlawuli we-Advocacy kwiGulf Centre for Human Rights, uthe ngoMatshi 2014. udliwanondlebe: "Ngelixa kulula ukuthetha ukuba amazwe asentshona anemigangatho ephindwe kabini ekunyhashweni kwamalungelo oluntu kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika, elona lizwe libi kakhulu ngokwemigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle elibhekiselele eBahrain yi-UK."
Ngokuphathelele inkululeko yeendaba eBahrain, iArch Puddington yeNkululeko House Utshilo ngo-2013: โIzithintelo kumaphephandaba ziye zaba mandundu ngokuthe ngcembe ukusukela oko kwaqala uqhanqalazo lokuxhasa idemokhrasi ngo-2011โฆ Iintatheli ezininzi zasekhaya ziye zabanjwa kwaye zavalelwa ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso kwaye izivumo ziye zakhutshwa ngokuthuthunjiswa.
IBritane yaphendula ngokukhusela irekhodi yeBahrain kwintetho yasimahla. NgoSuku lweHlabathi lweNkululeko yeendaba, umzi wozakuzo waseBritane upapashe amanqaku amabini ngenkululeko yamajelo eendaba - elinye libhalwe ngumhleli wephepha elilawulwa ngurhulumente, elinye ngumbutho wezopolitiko ovelana norhulumente. Kumhleli wangaphambili, uAnwar Abdulrahman Utshilo ukuba:
โImibutho ebizwa ngokuba ngamalungelo oluntu, ngelishwa, ubukhulu becala, ilawulwa ngabantu ababesakuba ngabavukeli kwanabanqolobi, namhlanje basasaza inguqulelo yabo yegama elithi โinkululekoโฆ โnjengababiโ yaye abona benzi bobubi bokwenene njengamaxhoba.โ
Isibhengezo sesiseko esitsha somkhosi waselwandle waseBritane siza ngexesha elithile elinomdla. IBritane irhoxile e-Afghanistan, kwaye umkhosi wase-Bhritane ujongene nokuncitshiswa kwebhajethi. Isitshixo kwingqiqo yeBritane yokuseka isiseko lubudlelwane be-UK kunye ne-United States. I-US "pivot ukuya e-Asiya" ayikunciphisi ukubaluleka okukhulu koMbindi Mpuma - kodwa ithetha ukuba imikhosi yase-US inokusasazeka kancinci. Ukuqinisa ubukho bomkhosi waseBritane kwiGulf kuya kugxininisa iimonarchies ezicinezelayo ezigcina "uzinzo" oluse-US kulo mmandla. Ekubeni i-Bahrain ihambisa i-bill, oku kubonakaliswa kwexabiso elisebenzayo lexabiso eliqhubekayo lomanyano lwe-Anglo-American. Unobhala wezoKhuselo uPhilip Hammond uyivume kancinci le nto ukubhengeza ukuba: โNjengoko iUnited States igxininisa ngakumbi kumzamo wayo kummandla waseAsia-Pacific, thina namaqabane ethu aseYurophu kuya kulindeleka ukuba sithabathe isabelo esikhulu somthwalo kwiGulf, kwiMpuma Ekufuphi nakuMntla Afrika.โ
Ngaphaya koko, imithombo yamandla kuMbindi Mpuma ibaluleke kakhulu e-UK njengoko oovimba boLwandle lwaseNyakatho besiya besihla. I-Qatar ngumboneleli oyintloko werhasi yendalo engamanzi (LNG) e-UK kunye nokubaluleka kwayo njengeqabane lorhwebo le-LNG. kuqikelelwa ukwanda njengoko imfuno yaseBritani isanda kule minyaka ilishumi izayo.
Amakhonkco ezorhwebo phakathi kweBritani neGulf States nawo abalulekile. I-UK ngowona mthengisi uphambili wezixhobo kulo mmandla, okwindawo eyandayo ugqatso lweengalo. Eyona ntengiso yezixhobo enengeniso kwimbali yaseBritani yayiyi Al Yamamah jongana neSaudi Arabia, ekhusele i-600,000 yemiphanda yeoli ekrwada yaseSaudi ngosuku iqala ngo-1985. Kutshanje iNkulumbuso uDavid Cameron utyelele iGulf ukuququzelela ukuthengiswa kwama-100 Typhoon multirole fighters eSaudi Arabia, Oman kunye neUnited Arab Emirates (UAE) kwisivumelwano esidityanisiweyo esixabisa malunga neebhiliyoni ezi-6 zeerandi. Utyelelo lukaCameron lukwangqamane nesibhengezo sentsebenziswano yokhuselo phakathi kwe-UK kunye ne-UAE. Ukusekwa kwesiseko esitsha saseBritane e-Bahrain kunokuququzelela ukuthengiswa kweTyphoon ebukumkanini. UDoug Barrie, umhlalutyi ophezulu kwi-International Institute of Strategic Studies wathi:
โUmculo wemo owenziwe sisivumelwano somkhosi waselwandle unokuba luncedo kuphela kubudlelwane bokhuseleko phakathi kwala macala mabini. Olu nxibelelwano lusondeleyo phakathi kwaba rhulumente babini lunika ithuba elihle lokusebenzisana kwezokhuselo, kubandakanya nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo zokhuselo.
IBritane ithi izixhobo zaseBritane azisetyenziselwa ingcinezelo yangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zitolikwa ngabalawuli baseBahrain njenge inkxaso ethe cwaka; ubungqina bokuba banokuthembela kwinkxaso yaseBrithani naphezu kokugxekwa ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphaya koko, iBritane inokwenza ukuthengiswa kwayo kweengalo eBahrain kube nemiqathango ukuba ibinobuzaza malunga nokuphelisa ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-US inakho misela umzekelo ngokwenza oku ngokubamba izixhobo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuya kwe UTom Malinowski, uSekela Nobhala weLizwe laseUnited States kumaLungelo oLuntu, owagxothwa kweli lizwe ngoJulayi. [1]
Ekugqibeleni, iGulf States nayo ityala imali eninzi eBritani. I-UAE isandula ukutyala imali eyi-8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye iQatar ikholelwa ukuba ityale imali malunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-20 e-UK - loo mali kulindeleke ukuba inyuke kakhulu.
Iintshukumo zamva nje zaseBritane kwiGulf zinokutolikwa โnjengembuyekezoโ esempuma yeSuez, kodwa inyaniso kukuba iBritane. zange uhambe - I-UK igcine ubudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye neentsapho ezilawulayo zengcinezelo IGulf Cooperation Council amashumi eminyaka. Isiseko esitsha, nangona kunjalo, simele ukunzulu okubalulekileyo kolu manyano lucwangcisiweyo. Umfelandawonye onengeniso enkulu kumagosa alawulayo eBritani kodwa umqobo onzima ekusekweni kwedemokhrasi kwiGulf. Ngapha koko, isiseko sibonisa ingozi enkulu kubantu baseBritane. Ubukho bokufakelwa komkhosi wasentshona kuMbindi Mpuma kuye kwaba yeyona nto iphambili ekunyukeni kobunqolobi bamaSilamsi. NjengoSeamus Milne phawula in Guardian, ukwakhiwa kwesiseko esitsha somkhosi waselwandle kuya kuphembelela abantu abaninzi abangamaSunni akuMbindi Mpuma, abajonga abalawuli babo njengabameli abangekho mthethweni bezinto zasentshona. Kwangaxeshanye, iya kunceda ukuchasa iShia underclass yeGulf kunye neShia Iran. Omnye unokucinga ukuba ukubandakanyeka kweBritane kwintlekele kwi-American ekhokelwa yi-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan ngebakhuthaze abaphetheyo baseBritane ukuba balahle umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle. Ngelishwa, ukuzibophelela kweBritani kulo mgaqo-nkqubo uyingozi kunamandla njengakuqala.
U-Alex Doherty ngumseki we Iprojekthi Entsha yaKhohlo kunye nomfundi ophumeleleyo kwiSebe leZifundo zeMfazwe kwiKholeji yaseKing yaseLondon. Ubhalele Z Magazine kwaye Idemokhrasi evulekileyo phakathi kwezinye iimpapasho. Ungamlandela ku-twitter @alexdoherty7
amanqaku:
[1] Ukuba umntu unokucacisa ukuba kutheni abantu baseMelika begxeka kakhulu irekhodi lamalungelo oluntu eBahrain mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba njengomdlali omncinci kwimicimbi yehlabathi (kunye njengomamkeli wotyalo-mali oluthe ngqo oluvela kwiGulf) IBritane ayinakukwazi ukwahlula amazwe aseGulf - axhomekeke ngamandla kumandla ase-US ukugcina ulawulo lwawo ngendlela engaxhomekekanga kwiqabane eliphantsi laseMelika.
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