Ndingathanda ukuthetha ngokufutshane ngomba ochasene nempucuko oye wasiwa phantsi (ngaphandle nangaphakathi) wanyanzeliswa ngaphakathi kweenxalenye zemo engqongileyo eKhohlo. Kukho ukungacaci kakuhle kwithiyori, kodwa ukugcina izinto zimfutshane kwaye zilula kangangoko, ithiyori echasene nempucuko endifuna ukuzoba kuyo iza kuvela ikakhulu kumazwi kaDerrick Jensen. Ube ngoyena mxhasi unenkathalo nohlalutyayo wale ndlela ndiye ndadibana nayo, kwaye uye waphakama umdla waphantse wafikelela kwisimo sikamesiya phakathi kwenxalenye yeKhohlo enobufundi obuzinikeleyo (ndiqikelela kakhulu ngakumbi ngokwezimvo kunokuqhelisela) . Eyam indawo-nje ukuze ukwazi ukuyivavanya ngcono ingxabano yam-kukuba umsebenzi kaJensen (kunye nethiyori echasene noluntu ngokubanzi) ubukhulu becala ukwinqaku ngeendlela ezininzi malunga nohlalutyo, kodwa kuyingxaki kwindlela yokujonga, kwaye ekugqibeleni ayinambono malunga nokuguquguquka. kunye nezinye iindlela ezinokulandelwa ngokweendlela ezintsha zokuququzelela imisebenzi yoluntu.
Ngaphandle kokusilela kule ndlela, ukuqina okwandayo kwemeko yethu yendalo abunakukhanyelwa, kwaye ndiyakholelwa ukuba isikhundla esichasene noluntu sifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngaphambi kokuba sigxothwe ngokugqibeleleyo njengokuthunyelwe. Imeko yethu ibuza umbuzo wokuba zeziphi iinxalenye zethiyori ye-anti-civ ezinokuthi kwaye zifanele zihlangulwe, kwaye xa sele zisindisiwe, oko kuthetha ntoni kwiinjongo zethu ezibanzi malunga nokusukela uluntu oluthatha inxaxheba? Iphinde yachazwa kwakhona: ngaba ukujongelwa phantsi kombuzo ochasene noluntu ngumba wethiyori engalunganga kunye nokunqongophala kokunokwenzeka (zombini ngokwemiqathango yokungafuni okubanzi kunye nokungenzeki ngokupheleleyo), okanye ngaba yingxaki yokuthetha ngengxaki ngelishwa igubungela into yexabiso undoqoโinto ofanele ubambelele kuyo, ukusulungekiswa nokusukelwa? Ndiwela kwinkampu yokugqibela, kwaye ndifuna ukuxoxa ngeminye imigibe yendlela yangoku yokuchasana nempucuko, yongeza ipolisi kwizinto ezingaphakathi kuyo endicinga ukuba zihlangulwe kwaye zinamandla, kwaye zinyuse uphuhliso lombono kwikamva ngokulungisa ithiyori echasene noluntu kunye nepraksis yenkcubeko kwaye emva koko kudityaniswe umdibaniso kunye neendlela zangoku ezipheleleyo eziya kuluntu oluthatha inxaxheba.
I-Self-Self Riteric Rhetoric
UDerrick Jensen kutshanje upapashe incwadi yomqulu emibini ekupheleni kwempucuko-umqulu wokuqala wenza ityala lokungazinzi kwempucuko eyonakalisayo kwaye owesibini waphuhlisa ityala lokuyimisa. Wachaza "impucuko" ngokuthi:
Inkcubeko-oko kukuthi, intsonkothile yamabali, amaziko, kunye nezinto zakudala-ezikhokelela kwaye ziphuma ekukhuleni kwezixeko (
impucuko, yabona
yoluntu: ukusuka
uluntu, intsingiselo
Ngummi, ukusuka kwisiLatin
i-civitatis, intsingiselo
isixeko-ilizwe), nezixeko ezichazwayoโukuze zahlulwe kwiinkampu, iidolophana, njalo njaloโnjengabantu abahlala ngokusisigxina okanye kancinane kwindawo enye kwindawo exinene ngokwaneleyo ukuze kufuneke ukuba ukutya nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko kuthuthelwe kwamanye amazwe.
[i]
Ngezicatshulwa ezimbalwa ezikhankanyiweyo, wongezelela ukuba "impucuko isuka ekoyisweni kwamanye amazwe kunye nengcinezelo ekhaya," echaza: "iimpawu zayo eziphambili, ezihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona. yabasebenzi, ukuveliswa kwemveliso ngoomatshini, ukunyuswa kwamandla omkhosi, ukuxhaphazwa kwezoqoqosho kwababuthathaka, kunye nokuqaliswa kobukhoboka kunye nokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwimizi-mveliso neyomkhosi. "
[ii]
Ezinye zeendawo eziphambili zeengxoxo zakhe zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: impucuko ayikho kwaye ayinakuze igcineke; abo bafuna ubutyebi baya kwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukutshabalalisa uluntu lwemveli kuba uluntu lwemveli aludli ngokuncama ngokuzithandela okanye luthengise ubuncwane elusekelwe kulo uluntu (okanye umhlaba oluhlala kuwo) de lutshatyalaliswe uluntu; impucuko yemizi-mveliso ibiya kuwa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kogonyamelo oluzingisileyo nolusasazekileyo; impucuko isekwe kuluhlu olucacileyo nolwamkelwe ngokubanzi kodwa oluhlala lungachazwanga, apho ubundlobongela bunokuqukuqela phantsi uluhlu lwemigangatho ngokungabonakali kwaye ingaqatshelwa, kodwa xa iqukuqela iphezulu ithathwa ngokothuka, ukoyikeka, kunye nokufelwa kwamaxhoba (oku kulandela ukuba ipropathi yabaphezulu kuluhlu lwemigangatho ixabiseke ngaphezu kobomi babangaphantsi); inkcubeko elawulayo ayisayi kungenela naluphi na uhlobo lwenguqu ngokuzithandela kwindlela yokuphila ephilileyo nezinzileyoโkufuneka iyekwe; okukhona silinde ukuyimisa, i-messier iya kuba kukuwohloka ekugqibeleni, kwaye izinto ezimbi ngakumbi ziya kuba zezabantu kunye nabangengabo abantu abaphila ngexesha layo, nakwabo balandelayo; nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho okanye yentlalontle engabancediyo abantu bendalo esekelwe kuyo ayizinzanga, iziphatha kakubi, yaye ibubudenge; inkcubeko eyongameleyo yinkcubeko yokusebenza; uthando alubhekiseli kwi-pacifism.
[iii] Ndingathanda ukugxila kwezi ndawo njengeyona nto iphambili yendlela yokulwa noluntu.
Ngokumalunga ne-rhetoric, ndifumene umsebenzi kaJensen unzima ukuwenza xa ndiqala ukudibana nawo. Okukhona ndichitha ixesha elininzi nayo, kokukhona kwakubonakala ngathi iintetho-ntetho ziwubhukuqa unobangela wazo ngendlela nje yokufaka iimpawu zobuntu ezitsalela ingqalelo kwizinto ezingezozamntu kunye neenkquboโingxaki ebangela umdla. Umzekelo: ukubiza ububi bequmrhu (ngakumbi ukutshata isichazi sesibizo), uJensen kufuneka aqale adubule ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo yoshishino ingaphezulu nje kweziko lenkcubeko kwaye ngaphezu kwendlela yokwenza izinto ezithileโ eneneni sisidalwa esikhohlakeleyo esidalwe yindalo nesikhohlakeleyo. Kodwa ke ukwenza ithiyori isebenze kwakhona, uJensen kufuneka abethe umva umfanekiso awenzileyo ukuze akwazi ukuthetha kwakhona ukuba yindlela ethile yokwenza izinto kwaye kungoko unokucelwa umngeni kwaye utshintshwe. Indlela yakhe iyonke iyingxaki kuba ixesha lakhe elininzi uchitha kulo mhlaba uphakathi: efaka imiphefumlo kwizakhiwo nakwiinkqubo ezingenazo. Kuyavunywa ukuba itsala ingqwalasela, kodwa iphinda ifike nje endleleni yenqaku elipheleleyo. Enyanisweni, ukukhwebula ekunikeni ezi zinto kunye nemiphefumlo yeenkqubo kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuphepha impembelelo yokuzibandakanya nabo. Ndicinga ukuba ukuba mna, ngokomzekelo, ndichonga kwinqanaba elithile ngomsebenzi wam wenkampani ngelixa le ndlela ibiza zonke iinkampani ezimbi kwaye zizimisele ukutshatyalaliswa kweplanethi, ndisenokuba sele ndikhusela. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ndiyachonga le nto ibizwa ngokuba yimpucuko, ukubiza amava am enkcubeko yonke ibe sisilayi sobubi obutshabalalisayo kundishiya ndingenamhlaba omncinci wokuma. Ngaloo ndlela, uninzi lwayo lubetha i-rhetoric engaphantsi kobuchule esiyivileyo kuKhohlo wakudala.
Nangona mhlawumbi i-semantics nje encinci, i-rhetoric eyingxaki nayo ifika kwenye yezihloko zakhe eziphambili: ezizezi, "isenzo sokutshabalalisa ihlabathi senza imali." Oku kubonisa ukuba sele uyavuma ukuba injongo yazo zonke ezi zenzo kunye nenkcubeko eyongamileyo kukutshabalalisa ihlabathi, endicinga ukuba, sisiphumo sokungeyomfuneko kunye nokugxeka. Kuya kuba sengqiqweni ngakumbi kum kwaye ekugqibeleni kube luncedo ngakumbi (ekukhangeleni isandi esivakalayo sokuluma kunjalo) ukuyijika kwaye uthi "isenzo sokwenza imali sitshabalalisa ihlabathi." Oku kuthatha inkqubo eqondakalayo (utshintshiselwano lwemali, iimarike, inkunzi, inkcubeko yorhwebo, njalo njalo) kwaye iyilandele kwiziphumo ezingqiniweyo (ukonakala kwemekobume okunokwenzeka okungenakuguquleka), ngokuchaseneyo nokuthatha iziphumo kuqala, ngaphandle kobungqina, kunye nokusebenza ukusebenzela umva. kwizenzo eziziphakamisayo.
Xa sithetha ngokubanzi, kubonakala kusengqiqweni ukutsho nje ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye neendlela zokucinga ekujoliswe kuzo, kwaye ukuba ezo ekugqibeleni zilingana ngokubanzi "nempucuko," makube njalo. Kodwa ukothuka kakhulu malunga nezigqibo ezikhawulezileyo kunye nokudala i-mantra "ekuhliseni impucuko," ivela njengento yokuxhoma kunye nokungeyomfuneko kwisizathu. Ukuqala kwam ukuyijonga yonke le nto, le ndlela yokwenza kwanzima ukuyiginya yonke loo miguduโkungekhona kuloo nto ithethwayo, kodwa ngendlela ebekuqhutywa ngayo. Amanqaku akhe aya kujongelwa phantsi ukuze aqwalaselwe, kodwa ubukhulu becala nje ukukhanya kwezigqibo zakhe zokubamba kwaye kuncinci ngokohlalutyo lwakhe lokwenyani.
Oko kuthethiweyo, isizathu sam sokuzisa le miba yobuciko kukuvuma ukuba eneneni kukho ingxaki ngamacandelo endlela, kodwa ngakumbi ukutsho oko akuthethi ukuba ayicimi into engaphantsi kwayo, endicinga ukuba ifanelekile. icingela ngokulunga kwayo.
Amandla
Ke yintoni ekhoyo enokuthi kwaye kufuneka ihlangulwe kule ndlela yeKhohlo elibanzi? Ngaba inguqu emandla yokuthatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane bethu nokusingqongileyo (ukuba siyakhathala ukuvumela oko kwahlukana kwentsomi kudlale ixesha elide), oko kuthetha ukuba sisiphelo sento esicinga ngayo ngoku โnjengempucukoโ? Ndingathi, ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo.
Qwalasela oku. Ngokuqhelekileyo sinokuqonda okulungileyo kwecala lonikezelo lwenkcubeko ebalaseleyo: ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kweemveliso kunye namandla, kwaye apho konke oku kuvela khona kwinqanaba lehlabathi (bona, umzekelo,
Ibali lezinto), kwaye apho yonke into ihamba khona kanye siyadinwa, xa kuphuma entsha, okanye xa ingasasebenzi. Eyona nto sinayo apha ilingana nenkcubeko yokusebenza njengoko uJensen waphawulayo. Iimveliso zethu zivela ekuphelisweni okunyanzeliswayo kobutyebi kokubini apha nakwamanye amazwe, kwaye abo banegunya elincinane lezopolitiko baphelela kumgca ongaphambili wokujongana nenkunkuma kunye nongcoliseko. Ngaba inkqubo iye yavulelwa kwiingxoxo zokuthatha inxaxheba, kunye namabhunga abasebenzi kunye nabathengi, abathi nayiphi na kwezi zixhobo zingundoqo (i-bauxite ye-aluminiyam, umzekelo) isaza kufumaneka? Yonke imihlaba iya kuphinda yabiwe kwaye ilungiswe.
Le ngcinga ngomhlaba othathiweyo (ukuba awuziboleki kuqwalaselo olululo) ihambelana nombono womsebenzi othathiweyo ngokwemizi-mveliso: abasebenzi basefektri abangenalo ilizwi kwinto abayivelisayo, indlela oveliswa ngayo, okanye njani (kancinci) bayahlawulwa. Omnye unokuthambekela ekuthini, ngokubhekiselele kumhlaba othathiweyo, ixesha elide kakhulu, umhlaba sele uxutywe ukuveliswa kunye nokwahlulahlula, kwaye asifuni ukuphazamisa ukuveliswa kwezinto "sizidingayo." Okufanayo kunokuthiwa ngokumalunga nomsebenzi owenziweyo-ide kakhulu, izakhiwo sele zikho, kwaye asifuni ukuphazamisa ukuveliswa kwezinto "sizifunayo". Ekugqibeleni, yonke into ilungele ukulungiswa kwakhona.
Ngale ndlela, phantsi kolwakhiwo lokuthatha inxaxheba, sinokuthi ndlela ntle kwi-aluminiyam (kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi). Uluntu njengoko silwazi kunye nendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nomhlaba iya kutshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kangangokuba oko siye sakwamkela njengempucuko kunokuba kungabonakali. Yonke into enokwanelisa imibuzo ye
Intoni ngempela ilungile ngokwendalo kwaye zeziphi iinkqubo ezilandela
umgaqo wokhuseleko[iv] inokujika ibe "yi-anti-civ" ngokwayo ngeenkqubo zendalo ngaphakathi kohlengahlengiso oluthatha inxaxheba. Oku akufuni nokuba "umva emithini" i-rhetoric kunye ne-weirdness.
Enye indlela yokucinga ngombuzo ochasene noluntu kukuba ukuba inkcubeko elawulayo ayinakugcinwa kwaye ilindele ukuwa njengoko kubonakala (jonga nje ukuba kulula kangakanani ukubona ivenkile yokutya engenanto ... izinto ezininzi zijinga iintambo ezibhityileyo kakhulu), ngoko ngokuwohloka okubonakalayo, uninzi lwento eyenza impucuko ngokucacileyo ayizinzanga kwaye isengozini ngokulula. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwetekhnoloji yethu esiqeshiweyo ngoku isasekelwe kwi-oyile, imigodi, ezolimo kwimizi-mveliso / i-monoculture, ukuxhaphaza, ukusebenza, njl. abo zisekelwe kwinto enye, zikhangeleka ngathi ziyaphinda-phindeka), kwaye ubuchwephesha obuninzi obunye busaphuhliswa kakhulu kumbindi wabo kusetyenziswa ezi nkqubo zifanayo abathi bazibuyisela endaweni yazo. Izisombululo zokujikeleza konke oku zinokuthi zilingane neenzame zokwenyani kunye nezisebenzayo ezichasene ne-civ malunga nokuhlengahlengiswa koluntu kunye nemithombo yalo-kwakhona, ukusebenza ngokuyimfuneko kwaye kuncitshiswe i-rhetoric eyingxaki kunye "nokubuyela emithini" engaqhelekanga.
Ukuphuhlisa uMbono
Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wento engaphaya kwempucuko kuba iye yaguqulelwa kwiingcamango zabantu zokuthuthuzelaโngapha koko, nantoni na eyenye ibiya kuba ngqwabalala, ingenangqiqo, yaye imfutshane, akunjalo? Ndithi i-metabolized nangona kunjalo kuba kukusabela kwamathumbu kunokuqonda. IComfortยฎ enikezelwa yinkcubeko ebalaseleyo ayikhululekanga kwaphela. Ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na, ngumdaniso olusizi wenkqubela-phambili yawo etshabalalisayo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomnqweno wenkcubeko yabo bangaphakathi kuwo abafuna (ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo) ukumelana nezinto zabo zangaphandle ezingalunganga.
Kwabo banako ukufikelela, iinzame zokuchasana nenkqubela phambili eyonakalisayo yenkcubeko ziye zenziwa ngokwamkelwa kweenguqulelo zeendlela ezilahlekileyo zemveli zezinye iinkcubeko ezithe zadlula le (yoga, ukutya okuphilayo, ukuhlehla kwendalo, ngokubanzi Ubudala"yness, njl.). I-counterbalances ifunwa ngeenkolo kunye nezomoya ezithi apha kwaye ngoku zibubuxoki okanye zihamba phambili, kwaye ukutshabalalisa kuyingxenye yomdlalo, ngoko yibani ngabakhonzi abathobelayo kwaye nigxininise amandla emva kokufa kunye ne-ethereal. Ukuchasana kuyafunwa ngamachiza (jonga amanani osetyenziso lwesizwe lwamayeza, iinarcotics, kunye notywala; bona kwakhona
UStephen Bezruchka "Ngaba iMelika ikuqhuba uhlanya?"). Enyanisweni, ukuchasana nenkcubeko eyongameleyo bekusoloko kukhula ngamandla kwaye kuqhubeleka ukukhula: inkcubeko yeqela lemigulukudu; inkcubeko yepunk; inkcubeko yegraffiti; i-anarchists kunye namaqela achasene nenkcubeko; ama-squatters; uluntu; izibhedlele zokhathalelo olulolunye; iintshukumo zangoku zenguqu kulo lonke elaseLatin America naseYurophu; abafundi abathatha iiyunivesithi zabo; abasebenzi bathathe indawo zabo zokusebenza; abasetyhini ngokunyuka bebanga indawo yentlalontle kuluntu ngokufanelekileyo; Umlo wenkululeko wabemi bomthonyama kunye nobukoloniyali; njl.njl. Ukongeza, uninzi lwetekhnoloji esiziva singenakuphila ngaphandle kwazo ziziimpendulo ezingundoqo kwizinto zangaphandle ezingalunganga zenkcubeko elawulayo kuneempendulo zokwenyani kwiimfuno ezingaphakathi zomntu (ngokungathandabuzekiyo-ukujonga ubugcisa bezonyango-oku kukhomba kuluhlu olukhulu. kumashishini ezifo ezingapheliyo, kunye nolunye uphando lucebise ukuba uninzi lweemfuno zethu zokhathalelo lwamazinyo zisisiphumo sokutya okuphuculweyo kokutya okwenziwa kakhulu.
[v]). Impucuko ayikhululekanga; kunjalo nje.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona kunzima ukucinga ngayo nayiphi na enye into engaphaya kwempucuko (kwaye inxalenye yaloo ngxaki isebenzisa igama elithi "impucuko" ngokwayo), ubunzima apha bunokuqikelelwa. Ethetha ngenkululeko kunye neminye yemisebenzi kaRousseau, uChomsky wachaza ukuba:
URousseau wabagxeka oosopolitiki neenkcuba-buchopho ezifuna iindlela zokusitha isibakala sokuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo nechazwayo yomntu yinkululeko yakhe: โBathi amadoda atyekele ebukhobokeni ngenxa yomonde abanawo abo baphambi kwamehlo abo. bathwale ubukhoboka babo, ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba kufana nenkululeko ngokungabi nacala kunye nokulunga-ixabiso labo livakalelwa kuphela nje ngokuba umntu uyayonwabela, kwaye ukunambitheka kwabo kulahlekile ngokukhawuleza xa umntu elahlekile ... "
[vi] Njengobungqina bale mfundiso, ubhekisela kwimimangaliso eyenziwa ngabo bonke abantu abakhululekileyo ukuze bazikhusele kwingcinezelo. Uthi: โKuyinyaniso ukuba abo babushiyileyo ubomi bomntu okhululekileyo abenzi nto ngaphandle kokuqhayisa ngokungapheliyo ngoxolo nokuphumla abakunandiphayo kwimixokelelwane yabo . . . ubomi ngokwabo ukuze kugcinwe oku kuphela okulungileyo kujongelwa phantsi ngabo baphulukene nabo; xa ndibona izilwanyana ezizalwe zikhululekile kwaye zidelela ukuthinjwa ziqhekeza iintloko zazo kwimivalo yentolongo yazo; xa ndibona inkitha yabantu abakhohlakeleyo behamba ze ngokupheleleyo behlekisa ubu-European voluptuousness. kwaye banyamezele indlala, umlilo, ikrele, nokufa ukuze balondoloze ukuzimela kwabo kuphela, ndivakalelwa kukuba akufanelekanga ukuba amakhoboka aqiqe ngenkululeko. "
[vii]
Isibakala sokuba i-myopia inokuqikelelwa icebisa ukuba iimpendulo zokuqala kwezo ngcinga zobomi obungaphaya "kwempucuko" (ngaphaya kwenkcubeko elawulayo; ngaphaya kokuphila ngaphandle kokuhambelana noko kufunwa luluntu kwiziseko zomhlaba ezinempilo malunga nempilo yomntu, yezoqoqosho, yezentlalo nezopolitiko ukongeza kwintlalontle yomhlaba ngokwawo) thetha yonke into malunga nemeko yengqondo nentlalo yoluntu, kodwa kancinci malunga nokuba nokwenzeka kokwenyani kwenguquko ebanzi yentlalo ngendlela ekhululekileyo kunye nobulumko bendalo-oko kukuthi inguqu emandla kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphila akuthintelwanga, kunzima nje ukukubona kwii-engile ezithile.
Ngokubhekiselele kumbono nangona kunjalo, konke oku kufikelela kuvuthondaba kwindlela ehlaziyiweyo ethi ugxininiso akufunekanga lube sesiphelweni sayo nantoni na njengoko kufanele kube kukwakha ngokutsha. Ngelixa indawo esisiseko ye-anti-civ isandibambele ubukhulu becala, ukuze ndiqhubele phambili kuphuhliso olungcono lwezinye iindlela-ezo zisazama ukumisa ukonakalisa kwenkcubeko elawulayo ngelixa zidityaniswa ngokusebenzayo kwipraksis ethatha inxaxheba-ndicinga ukuba intshukumo yepermaculture ibonelela ngolu nxibelelwano ngaphandle komthungo.
Permaculture
Ingcamango
kwemvume yaqala yachazwa nguBill Mollison kunye noDavid Holmgren ngeminyaka yee-1970. Yaqala njenge-portmanteau "yezolimo ezisisigxina", kwaye emva koko yandiswa ngepraksis ukuya kubhekiselele ngakumbi "kwinkcubeko esisigxina" ngokwayo-indlela yokwakha ubomi obuzinzileyo kunye noluntu, kunye neendlela zokulima / kwezolimo zilumboniso nje omnye. Ngokusisiseko yinkqubo yokuyila-elula okanye entsonkothileyo njengoko umntu efuna ukuyenza-edibanisa izindlu ezifanelekileyo kunye ne-landscape, imisebenzi ekusetyenzisweni okuncinci kwezixhobo kunye neyona nto incinci iphumayo yongcoliseko, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithombo yendalo.
[viii] Yi:
Imbonakalo-mhlaba eyilwe ngobunono elinganisa iipateni kunye nobudlelwane obufumaneka kwindalo, ngelixa ivelisa ukutya okuninzi, ifayibha kunye namandla okubonelela ngeemfuno zasekhaya. Abantu, izakhiwo zabo kunye neendlela abazilungelelanisa ngazo zingundoqo kwi-permaculture. Ngaloo ndlela umbono we-permaculture wolimo olusisigxina okanye oluzinzileyo uguqukele komnye wenkcubeko esisigxina okanye ezinzileyo.
[ix]
Kuba yindlela yokuyila ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kunye neenkqubo zezolimo ezihlala zihleli ezilinganisa ubudlelwane obufumaneka kwi-ecosystems yendalo, ayichasi kwaphela iteknoloji okanye ichasene nokuthuthuzela. Luhlobo oluthile lobuchwephesha obulinganisa indalo ngendlela apho, umzekelo, izitiya eziyilwe ngabantu zibe nemveliso enkulu kunendalo okanye ulimo lwemizi-mveliso.
I-Permaculture asiyondlela yomgaqo-nkqubo, kodwa idluliselwe kwimigaqo embalwa elula: (1) ukunyamekela umhlaba (umhlaba, amahlathi, amanzi, njl.); (2, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo akunyanzelekanga ukuba bahlukane) ukukhathalela abantu (ubuqu, izalamane, uluntu, njl.); kunye (3) nesabelo esifanelekileyo (imida ekusetyenzisweni nasekuveliseni kwakhona, ukwabiwa ngokutsha kwentsalela, kongiwa, ukubalwa kweendleko zizonke, ukuphiwa ngelixa ziqokelela, njl. njl.).
[X] Uyilo lwenkqubo yokujolisa ngokuthe ngqo ngakumbi, uHolmgren wenze imephu yemigaqo eyi-12 ekhokelayo:
1. Jonga kwaye usebenzisane -Ngokuthatha ixesha lokuzibandakanya nendalo sinokuyila izisombululo ezihambelana nemeko yethu ethile.
2. Bamba kwaye ugcine amandla - Ngokuphuhlisa iinkqubo eziqokelela izixhobo xa zininzi, sinokuzisebenzisa ngexesha leemfuno.
3. Fumana isivuno -Qinisekisa ukuba ufumana imbuyekezo eluncedo ngokwenene njengenxalenye yomsebenzi owenzayo.
4.
5. Sebenzisa ukuzilawula kwaye wamkele impendulo -Sidinga ukudimaza umsebenzi ongafanelekanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zinokuqhubeka nokusebenza kakuhle.
6. Ukusetyenziswa nokuxabisa izibonelelo neenkonzo ezivuselelekayo โ Busebenzise ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo ubuninzi bendalo ukunciphisa indlela esiziphethe ngayo ngokutya kunye nokuxhomekeka kwimithombo engahlaziyekiyo.
7. Ukuvelisa akukho nkunkuma โ Ngokuxabisa kunye nokusebenzisa zonke izibonelelo ezikhoyo kuthi, akukho nto iya kumosha.
8.
9. Yila ukusuka kwiipateni ukuya kwiinkcukacha - Ngokubuyela umva, sinokujonga iipatheni kwindalo kunye noluntu. Ezi zinokwenza umqolo woyilo lwethu, kunye neenkcukacha ezizaliswe njengoko sihamba.
10. Dibanisa kunokwahlula - Ngokubeka izinto ezifanelekileyo kwindawo efanelekileyo, ubudlelwane bukhula phakathi kwezo zinto kwaye zisebenza kunye ukuxhasana.
11. Sebenzisa izisombululo ezincinci nezicothayo - Iinkqubo ezincinci kunye nezicothayo kulula ukuzigcina kunezinkulu, zisebenzisa kakuhle izixhobo zasekhaya kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezizinzileyo.
12.
13. Sebenzisa kwaye uxabise iyantlukwano -Iyantlukwano inciphisa ukuba sesichengeni kwizisongelo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ithatha ithuba lendalo eyodwa yendawo ehlala kuyo.
14. Sebenzisa imiphetho kwaye uxabise umda -Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezinto kulapho iziganeko ezinomdla zenzeka khona. Ezi zidla ngokuba zezona zinto zixabisekileyo, ezahlukeneyo kwaye zinemveliso kwinkqubo.
15.
Sebenzisa ngokuyilayo kwaye uphendule kutshintsho - Sinokuba nefuthe elihle kwinguqu engenakuphepheka ngokuqwalasela ngokucophelela, kwaye singenelele ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
[xi]
UHolmgren uyacacisa:
Imigaqo yePermaculture ziingxelo ezimfutshane okanye iziqubulo ezinokukhunjulwa njengoluhlu lokujonga xa kuqwalaselwa iinketho ezintsonkothileyo ngokungenakuthintelwa zoyilo kunye nokuvela kweenkqubo zenkxaso yendalo. Le migaqo ibonwa njengehlabathi jikelele, nangona iindlela ezibonisa ngayo ziya kwahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo kunye nemeko. Le migaqo ikwasebenza kuhlengahlengiso lwethu lobuqu, lwezoqoqosho, lwezentlalo nezopolitiko.
[xii]
Xa uMollison eqala ukuyila iinkqubo ze-permaculture, wayekholelwa ukuba unokwakha iindawo ezizinzileyo njengehlathi elinemvula ngokudityaniswa kwendlu, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kwinkqubo yokuphila. Indawo nganye phakathi kwendawo awayesebenza nayo yayinengqokelela yeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezilawula enye kwenye, ngaloo ndlela idala inkqubo engakhathalelwanga. Yonke into ibandakanywe ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi.
Ekubeni yaqala ukuchazwa kwi-70s, ininzi yezibonakaliso zayo ziye zakhula ngenxa yomdla wezolimo. Ngethamsanqa yinkqubo esekelwe kwipraksis ngokwendalo, ke iye yanexesha elithile lokwakha impumelelo, ukulungisa iindlela, ukwandisa ukugxila, kunye nokufundisa. Njengoko ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuqhubeka nokukhula-ukwandisa ngaphaya kweendlela zezolimo / zegadi kunye nokuba yinto epheleleyo kwindlela yokujonga-ithiyori ecacileyo malunga noqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba kunye noluntu, kwaye ngokwemiqathango ye-socialism ye-libertarian ngokubanzi, iya kuyinika iindlela ezixabisekileyo zokulungiswa kwexesha elizayo. Ke ngaloo ndlela, zombini ithiyori ye-permaculture kunye nethiyori yoluntu ethatha inxaxheba inegalelo kwizinto ezibalulekileyo kwithiyori eyomeleleyo ebonisa ikamva elinobulungisa neliphilileyo.
ukubaluleka
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba yeyiphi na ipermaculture enokubonelela ngendlela epheleleyo kuluntu oluthatha inxaxheba kunokuvumela ukusulungekiswa okubalulekileyo kweenjongo. Umzekelo, ngaba kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukuthathwa kwemizi-mveliso phakathi kwemizi-mveliso engazinzanga okanye imizi-mveliso ehlala imimandla kunye nezixhobo ezikude? Xa sithetha ngokwendalo, amanye (kakuhle, amaninzi) amashishini kufuneka kwaye aya kusilela kwaye kufuneka sikwazi ukuyamkela loo nto kwaye sinike imibono yento enokuthi ilale ngaphaya koluntu lwemizi-mveliso. Ukuqulunqa uloyiso lwethu lwabasebenzi njengokuthatha ngempumelelo kunye nokusebenza kweefektri kunokuba yinjongo engalunganga kunye nomlinganiselo ongalunganga. Siluqulunqa njani uloyiso lwethu ukuba ukuthathwa kwalo ekugqibeleni kusilele emva koko? Ngaba ulwakhiwo lothatho-nxaxheba lwalunganelanga kumsebenzi (ngaloo ndlela lucebisa imingxunya ekusebenzeni kwethiyori), okanye kungenxa yokuba umsebenzi uwonke nje wawungazinzanga okanye wawungenakho ukuqhutywa ngaphandle koxhatshazo kwinqanaba elithile?
Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho indawo yokuba iindlela zokuphila zokwenyani zisemngciphekweni kwaye naluphi na uhlaziyo olwenza ubomi babo bube bubi ngakumbi linyathelo eliya kwicala elifanelekileyo. Kule nto ndiyivuma ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ndicinga ngokombono, singakwazi ukwenza ngcono kwaye sibe nombono wento engaphezulu-ukuhamba ngaphaya kokumisa nje kuluntu lwezoshishino. Iifektri, ezilawulwa ngabasebenzi okanye ngenye indlela, zisabophelela bonke abo babandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso ezingagcinekiyo ubukhulu becala. Ukuba injongo kukuguqula konke oko kwisakhiwo sothatho-nxaxheba, kwenzeka ntoni ke ukuba/xa itekhnoloji yemizi-mveliso ingazange yenzeke into eya kuthatha indawo ye-oyile, imigodi, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuxhaphazwa apha nakwamanye amazwe? Okanye kuthekani ukuba iindleko zinkulu kakhulu ukuba zingazivelisa ngokusengqiqweni ukusa kumkhamo wokuba zisetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo? Oku kuthetha nje ukuba ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kulandelwa ngokunyanisekileyo, uluntu luya kubonakala lwahluke kakhulu. Kwaye kulungile. Itekhnoloji isenokubonakala yahluke kakhulu, kwaye sisenokwazi ukufumana intuthuzelo enzulu. Silahle amandla aluncedo ngokwaneleyo ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo.
[i] UDerrick Jensen.
Engame, vol. 1: Ingxaki yempucuko. Amabali asixhenxe Press. 2006. p17.
[iv] Oko kuthetha ukuba isenzo okanye umgaqo-nkqubo unokubangela ingozi enkulu okanye engenakulungiseka kuluntu okanye kokusingqongileyo, ngokungabikho kwemvumelwano yesayensi yokuba ingozi ayinakwenzeka, umthwalo wobungqina uwela kwabo baya kuthethelela ukuthatha inyathelo.
[vi] Isicatshulwa sithathwe kumthombo wokuqala. UJean-Jacques Rousseau. "Ngokuchasene neGunya elingenasizathu." Intetho ngeMvelaphi kunye neZiseko zokungalingani.
[vii] Noam Chomsky. Ithatyathwe kwintetho yakhe ethi: Urhulumente kwikamva. Inikwe ngo-1970 kwiziko lemibongo.
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