Inqaku loMhleli: Apha ngezantsi uya kufumana udliwano-ndlebe noDebbie Bookchin, intombi yongasekhoyo uMurray Bookchin, owasweleka ngo-2006. U-Bookchin uchithe ubomi bakhe kwimibutho yenguqu ekhohlo, ezibandakanya nombutho wolutsha lwamakomanisi eneminyaka elithoba waza waba yiTrotskyist ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, phambi kokuba atshintshele kwingcinga ye-anarchist kwaye ekugqibeleni azichaze 'njenge-communalist' emva kokuphuhlisa iingcamango 'zomasipala wenkululeko'.
U-Bookchin waye (kwaye uhlala) enempembelelo njengoko wayenokuphikisana. Ukugxeka kwakhe ngokunzulu nge-ecology kunye 'ne-anarchism yokuphila' kwavusa iqela leengxoxo ezishushu eziqhubekayo nanamhlanje. Ngoku iimbono zakhe zenguqu ziye zachongwa ngumbutho wenkululeko wamaKurd, osebenzisa imisebenzi kaBookchin ukwakha idemokhrasi, ngokulinganayo ngokwesini noluntu oluzinzileyo kumbindi Mpuma, sibona umdla ovuselelweyo ebomini kwaye iingcinga zale ngcinga inkulu yezopolitiko.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu i-ROAR iyavuya kakhulu ukupapasha olu dliwano-ndlebe kunye no-Debbie Bookchin, engaboneleli nje kuphela ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwilifa lezopolitiko likayise, kodwa likwanika umbono wobomi bendoda emva kweengcamango.
::::::::::::::::::::::
UFederico Venturini: Iincwadi zeVerso zisanda kupapashwa Inguquko elandelayo: Iindibano ezidumileyo kunye neSithembiso seDemokhrasi eNgqo, ingqokelela yezincoko nguyihlo uMurray Bookchin. Ngaba unokusixelela okuthile ngale ncwadi? Kutheni ugqibe ekubeni uqalise eli phulo?
UDebbie Bookchin: Ukudalwa kwale ncwadi kwaphefumlelwa phakathi kwezinye izinto ngengxoxo yezopolitiko eqhubekayo malunga nokuba loluphi ulwalathiso ekufuneka luthathwe ngasekhohlo malunga nombuzo wombutho. Umpapashi wethu, uVerso, upapasha imibhalo kaSlavoj ลฝiลพek noSimon Critchley. Ngokufutshane, i-ลฝiลพek ixhasa inguqu ngamandla anikwe ilizwe eliphakathi - ukuhlaziywa kwethiyori kaMarxist. UCritchley, kwelinye icala, uxhasa inguqu yentlalo eyenzekayo kwi-interstices yoluntu.
UMurray wavakalelwa kukuba zombini ezi zisombululo yayiziimpendulo ezinganelanga kumbuzo wokuba zingaphuhliswa njani na iindlela zolawulo olunolawulo lwentando yesininzi nolunokutshintsha uluntu ngokusisiseko. Besicinga ukuba le ngqokelela yezincoko ezingedemokhrasi yokwabela amagunya inokunika inqaku lesithathu elibalulekileyo kule ngxoxo yezopolitiko. Yaye sasifuna ukuzinikezela, kunye nombandela othile owawungekapapashwa ngaphambili, kwisizukulwana esitsha samatshantliziyo.
I-Bookchin yafika njani kwingcamango yolawulo lwentando yesininzi?
UMurray uchithe ubomi bakhe bonke efunda iintshukumo zenguqu kwaye eneneni wabhala yonke imbali yezo ntshukumo kumsebenzi wakhe onemiqulu emine, INguquko yesiThathu. Olu pho nonongo luphinde lwaqinisekisa inkolelo yakhe yokuba utshintsho oluguquguqukayo alunakufezekiswa ngemisebenzi ehlala ngaphakathi kwimida yoluntu-umzekelo, ukwakha imibutho efana ne-co-ops yokutya kunye nezikolo ezikhululekile, njengoko uCriticley ephakamisa - okanye ngokudala ilizwe elikhulu lobusoshiyali, Umbono oye wanyeliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye awunakuze uzuze naluphi na uhlobo lokubhenela ngokubanzi.
Endaweni yoko, waziva ngathi kufuneka sisebenzise iindlela zombutho ezakhelwe phezu kwezithethe ezizezona zenguquko-ezinje ngeParis commune ka-1871 kunye nemibutho eyasekwa ngo-1936 yenguqu yaseSpain-isithethe esingahoywayo esibethelela ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kwinqanaba likamasipala. kwiindibano zasebumelwaneni ezithi zicele umngeni kwi-hegemony yesizwe-karhulumente. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba wayengumMelika, wayekwajonge indlela yokwakha phezu kwezithethe ezinokuthi zibe nomtsalane kuluntu lwaseMelika, njengeekomiti zoVukelo lwaseMelika okanye idolophu yaseNew England yendibano yedemokhrasi esasebenza kwiindawo ezinjengeVermont. namhlanje. Ezi ziingcamango axoxa ngazo kwizincoko ezikule ncwadi.
U-Bookchin waziwa ngemibhalo yakhe nge-ecology, hierarchy kunye ne-capitalism - eqokelelwe phantsi kwe-ambrella yento awayibiza ngokuba 'yi-ecology yentlalo'. Iingcamango ezikule ncwadi zivela njani kwingcamango ye-ecology yentlalo?
Elinye lamagalelo aphambili kaMurray kwingcinga yasekhohlo yayikukunyanzeliswa kwakhe, emva phayaa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, ukuba zonke iingxaki zendalo ziingxaki zentlalo. I-ecology yezentlalo iqala kulo mba: ukuba asisoze sajongana ngokufanelekileyo nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukutyhefa komhlaba ngezibulali zinambuzane kunye nentaphane yezinye iingxaki zendalo eziye zajongela phantsi uzinzo lwendalo esingqongileyo, de sijongane nemiba esisiseko yolawulo kunye nolawulo oluphezulu. . Oku kubandakanya ulawulo olusekwe kwisini, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nokhetho ngokwesondo, kunye nokwahlulwa ngokwemigangatho.
Ukuphelisa ezo ntlobo zengcinezelo ngokukhawuleza kuphakamisa umbuzo wendlela yokulungelelanisa uluntu ngendlela eyandisa inkululeko. Ke iimbono ngeendibano ezidumileyo ezichazwe kule ncwadi zikhula ngokwemvelo ziphuma kwintandabulumko yentlalontle. Baphendula umbuzo wendlela yokuqhubela phambili inguquko eya kufikelela inkululeko yokwenene ebantwini ngoxa isavumela intlangano yentlalontle eyimfuneko ukuba iphile ngemvisiswano omnye nomnye kunye nehlabathi lendalo.
Iindibano ezidumileyo ziyinxalenye yokubaluleka okuhlaziyiweyo uBookchin akunika intlangano kamasipala. Waqala nini yaye kwakutheni ukuze uBookchin anikele ingqalelo kule miba?
UMurray waqala ukucinga ngale miba kwangethuba, ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Uthetha nabo nango-1968, kwisincoko sakhe esithi, โIintlobo Zenkululeko.โ Kodwa lo mbuzo, wezopolitiko nentlalontle, ingakumbi uMurray kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo yobomi bakhe, xa izincoko esiziqokelele apha zabhalwa. Xa uMurray wabona imeko enzima yentshukumo ye-alter-globalization kunye neentshukumo ezifanayo, wathi ukuzibandakanya nje โkwiminyhadala yabacinezelekileyoโ kusilele ukunikezela ngesikhokelo sobuchule sokujongana nokungalingani okunzulu kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho.
Uchithe iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu esebenza kwisithethe se-anarchist kodwa wayeziva ngathi i-anarchism ayizange ijongane ngokwaneleyo nombuzo wamandla kunye nombutho wezopolitiko. Endaweni yoko, wakhuthaza intanda-bulumko yedemokhrasi ekuhlaleni, ephantsi, awayibiza UbuKomanisi. Wabiza intetho yezopolitiko yaloo ngcamango Umasipala waseLibertarian. Wayekholelwa ukuba ngokuphuhlisa kunye nokumisela iindibano ngokubanzi kwinqanaba lengingqi sinokuzixhobisa kwakhona njengabemi abakhutheleyo, sicwangcisa ikhondo loluntu lwethu kunye noqoqosho kunye nokudibanisa nezinye iindibano zengingqi.
Wayenombono wolu rhulumente ozimele njengoluqina ngakumbi njengoko luqina lube โngamandla amabini,โ ayeza kucela umngeni, aze ekugqibeleni aphelise amandla ombuso wesizwe. UMurray ngamanye amaxesha wayesebenzisa igama elithi Communalism ngokutshintshana kunye neLibertarian Municipalism kodwa ngokubanzi wayecinga ngobuKomanisi njengesambulo sefilosofi yezopolitiko kunye neLibertarian Municipalism njengenkqubo yabo yezopolitiko, ebandakanya ukusebenza kwabagqatswa kwinqanaba likamasipala, umasipala wezoqoqosho nokunye okunjalo.
Kubonakala ngathi iintshukumo zamva nje ezifana ne-Occupy Wall Street kunye ne-indignados movement ziyafana nezinye zezi ngcamango. Wayeza kucinga ntoni uBookchin ngabo nangenkqubela efana nePodemos eSpeyin?
UMurray ngewayevuya kakhulu ukubona Iindignados intshukumo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuthanda kwakhe i-1936 revolution yaseSpain, eyazisa incwadi yakhe IiAnarchists zaseSpain. Kwaye ebeya kuzixabisa iimpembelelo ezingemva kwe-Occupy kunye nokuvukela kwabemi ngaphesheya kweMideast. Kodwa ndicinga ukuba wayezilindele iingxaki ezininzi ezazixakekisa u-Occupy. Oku kuquka iingxaki ezikhoyo ekusetyenzisweni kwemvumelwano, kunye nenkolelo eyimpazamo yabaninzi abangaphakathi kwintshukumo ye-Occupy yokuba isenzo sokudala iinkampu zoqhanqalazo sinokulingana nokubuyiselwa ngokwenyani kwamandla athandwayo, athe uMurray wayekholelwa ukuba kufuneka amiselwe kwiindibano zengingqi ngaphakathi. uluntu ukuze kudalwe amandla okwenene ezopolitiko.
Ndicinga ukuba kunzima ukungavuyiswa ziziganeko zezopolitiko eGrisi naseSpain, apho amaqela amatsha, angaphezulu kwedemokhrasi esiza kulawulo. Kodwa uMurray ngewayelumkisile ukuba ezi ntlobo zamaqela esizwe phantse zisoloko zinyanzelwa ukuba ziyekelele kwiinjongo zazo ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba apho zingasameli utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Ulumkise malunga naloo nto xa iJamani iGreens ingena kulawulo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye wangqinwa echanekileyo. Baqala ngokuzibiza ngokuba "ngeqela elingelilo iqela" kodwa baphela kumanyano kunye neCDU egcinayo (iChristian Democratic Union) ukuze kugcinwe amandla.
Yiyo loo nto esahlula phakathi โkobuchwephesha,โ igama lakhe kurhulumente omele ngokwemveli, ongaze atyale amandla ngenene kubemi, kunye โnezopolitiko,โ igama afuna ukuphinda alibange ukuze libonise ukuzilawula ngokuthe ngqo ngokwedemokhrasi ziindibano ezidumileyo. uthungelwano ukwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela imimandla emikhulu. Ngoko sesinye sezizathu esibangela ukuba sikuvuyele ukupapashwa kwale ncwadi ngeli xesha; ithetha ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpembelelo zezigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele abafuna idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo endaweni yedemokhrasi emele, kwaye inceda ukukhomba indlela yokuphumeza loo njongo.
Njengoko idemokhrasi ethe ngqo iye yaba sisikhalo, umsebenzi kayihlo uye wonwabele ukuphinda uqalise. Kodwa nangaphambi koko, wayethathwa njengenye yezona ngcinga zibalulekileyo ze-anarchist kunye ne-libertarian zenkulungwane edlulileyo. Kunjani ukuba yintombi yakhe?
Ndicinga ukuba kukho iimpendulo ezingaphezu kwenye kulo mbuzo. Enye yezopolitikoโuninzi lobomi bam obudala ndibuchithe njengentatheli ephandayo, kodwa okoko utata wam wasweleka ngo-2006, ndiye ndaziva ndiba ngumsebenzi wam ukuncedisa ekuphuhliseni iimbono zakhe phambili, ukuba siphila kwixesha Isidingo sotshintsho kwezopolitiko asizange sibe sikhulu, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe unegalelo elikhulu kwiKhohlo.
Enye impendulo yeyobuqu ngakumbi - bendinobuntwana obungaqhelekanga ngenxa yobutshantliziyo babazali bam bobabini kunye nokubandakanyeka okunzulu ngezimvo ezininzi. UMurray wayezifundele - akazange aye ekholejini - ngoko wazifundisa yonke into ukusuka kwifiziksi ukuya kwifilosofi kwaye wayenomyalelo obalaseleyo wembali. Wayenomnqweno wemvelo wokulungelelanisa yonke into, kwaye oko kwamenza ukuba azibandakanye kakhulu ukuba kufutshane. Kwaye umama wam, uBea, wayeyingcali yezibalo, kwaye ingcali ye-dialectical ngokwayo. Ubukrelekrele bakhe kunye nokuqonda kwakhe kwamenza waba nesandi esibalulekileyo kuye, nto leyo eyamnceda ukuba acacise izimvo zakhe.
Babesondelelene kakhulu; nangona babetshatile kuphela iminyaka eli-12 baqhubeka behlala kunye amashumi eminyaka, de kwasekuqaleni kwee-1990s. Ngoko ke kwakukho iingxoxo ezingapheliyo kunye namaqhina anamandla engqondo kunye nangokweemvakalelo nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe likhaya elidlamkileyo ngokumangalisayo ukuba likhuliselwe kulo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba ndakhulela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970 yayikwalixesha elisebenza kakhulu kwezopolitiko, ngoko indlu yethu yayizele ngabantu abanomdla. lonke ixesha, nto leyo yayimnandi kakhulu kumntwana.
Ekugqibeleni, into endiyixabisayo ngabazali bam bobabini luthando lwabo olukhulu lweengcinga - ukuzibophelela kwabo ubomi babo bonke kwiingcamango ezinkulu ezithi zisisiseko senguqu yezopolitiko- kunye nomnqweno wabo wokuthatha amanyathelo kuzo.
Ngaba ungathetha into malunga nokuba uMurray wayenjani njengomntu?
Ngelixa kunzima ukukholelwa xa ufunda ezinye zeepolatemics zakhe, uMurray wayeshushu kakhulu kwaye ebakhathalele abantu ababemngqongile. Wayenomdla oxhasayo kubafundi bakhe kwi Iziko le-Ecology yeNtlalo kwaye wayesisidalwa esinentlalontle kakhulu; wayethanda inkampani elungileyo.
Kwimibhalo yakhe emininzi, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yakhe yangaphambili, njengezincoko eziku I-Post-Scarcity Anarchism, kwaye kunjalo I-Ecology yeNkululeko, kodwa nakwiziqwenga zamva nje I-Anarchism yeNtlalo okanye i-Lifestyle Anarchism, unokuva ubunzulu bombono wakhe we-utopian, inkolelo yakhe yokuba abantu bafanelwe ukuhlala kuluntu olwandisa ubuchule kunye nenkululeko. Njengomntu wayechukumiseke ngokunzulu kukubandezeleka kwabantu novelwano, kwaneemvakalelo zakhe maxa wambi. Kwangaxeshanye, wayezibophelele ngokunzulu kwingcinga esengqiqweni kwaye wayevakalelwa ngamandla ukuba abantu banembopheleleko yokudala uluntu olunengqiqo.
Njengazo zonke iinkcuba-buchopho eziye zavelisa umsebenzi otyhutyha amashumi eminyaka, ukucinga kukayihlo kuye kwatshintsha njengoko ixesha lihamba. Uyichaza njani le nto?
UMurray wayehlala efunda, evavanya, kwaye ephinda ephonononga. Wavumela iithiyori zakhe ukuba ziguquke ngokwendalo kunye ne-dialectically kwaye akazange abambelele ekubekeni iimfundiso zethiyori, nokuba ziiMarxist okanye i-anarchist. Kwelinye icala, uMurray wayengakhuselekanga ekwenzeni iimpazamo. Ke, umzekelo, ngelixa bendivumelana nokugxeka kwakhe "indlela yokuphila" i-anarchism (kwincwadi yakhe I-Anarchism yeNtlalo okanye i-Anarchism ye-Lifestyle Anarchism: Umsantsa ongaqhawukiyo epapashwe ngo-1995), ndicinga ukuba kukho iimpazamo zesimbo ezenze ithoni yakhe yahluka ngakumbi kunokuba bekufuneka kwaye oko kunokwenza kube nzima kwabanye aba-anarchists abangaqinisekanga ukuba bamkele imbono yakhe.
Kodwa ndicinga ukuba ngoku, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, ukugxeka kwakhe kuye kwamelana novavanyo lwexesha kungekuphela nje ngokubhekiselele "kwindlela yokuphila" ye-anarchism kodwa i-anarchism nganye kunye nokuba ubuKomanisi bunokubonwa, ngandlela-thile, njengenkqubela phambili enengqondo ejongene ne-lacunae yombutho. kwi-anarchism. Ndiyathemba ukuba ii-anarchists ezifunda le ngqokelela intsha yezincoko ziya kububona ubuKomanisi njengento ephuma kwindalo ye-anarchism kwaye bajonge ukugxeka kuka-Murray malunga nokusilela kwe-anarchism kwimeko yokukhangela isixhobo esinamandla sotshintsho lwenguqu.
Ucinga ukuba kutheni uMurray wamkela into abanye abantu ababeyijonga njengelizwi elirhabaxa kwincwadi yakhe ethi 'Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism'?
UMurray uchithe ubomi bakhe bonke echaza ukuba kutheni ukungabi nangqiqo kobungxowankulu kunokuchaswa kuphela yintlangano yentlalontle kwaye nali iqela lamazwi e-anarchists liyichitha loo njongo ngokuthanda umntu ozimeleyo, ochasene netekhnoloji, ezopolitiko zamandulo, awathi uMurray wafumanisa ukuba ayinangqondo. ubungxowankulu buqu.
Ke, ukuba ithoni yakhe yayingaxoleli, kungenxa yokuba wayezama ngamandla ukuhlangula imeko yentlalontle ye-anarchism. UMurray naye wayengazikhathazi ekugxekeni kwakhe i-ecology enzulu-umzekelo ekuthetheni kwakhe ngokungagungqiyo, kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba abanye babe nesibindi sokutsho, ukuba i-ecology enzulu yayiyintanda-bulumko engafanelekanga, echasene nengqiqo yezopolitiko. Kwakukho abaninzi kwi-anarchist kunye neentshukumo ezinzulu ze-ecology abakwazanga ukuphendula ukugxeka kwakhe kwezo ngcamango. Ngoko ke ezinye zezi ntshaba zabhenela kuhlaselo lobuqu.
Kwincwadi yakhe Ukufumana kwakhona i-Bookchin: I-Ecology yeNtlalo kunye neeNgxaki zamaXesha ethu, UAndy Price weYunivesithi yaseSheffield Hallam eNgilani wenza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokuhlalutya izigxeko zikaMurray ngokubhekiselele kwi-anarchism kunye ne-ecology enzulu kunye nokutyhila iinzame zokumenza i-caricaturize ngamanye amalungu aloo ntshukumo. Incwadi yexabiso lunyango oluhle kakhulu lwaloo miba, kwaye kwenzeka ukuba isebenze njengentshayelelo enkulu kwiingcamango zikaMurray.
Yintoni oyijonga njengeyona mfundiso ibalulekileyo kaMurray?
Imfuneko yokucinga nge-dialectical-yokuba ukwazi ngokwenene into kufuneka uyibone ekukhuleni kwayo ngokupheleleyo, hayi ngokwezibalo, hayi njengoko โinjaloโ kodwa njengoko inamandla okuba โyiyo.โ Obo lawulo kunye ne-capitalism yayingelophuhliso olungenakuthintelwa kwaye ilifa lenkululeko belisoloko likhona kunye nelifa lolawulo. Ukuba ngumsebenzi wethu njengabantu abakwaziyo ukucinga okunengqiqo ukuzama ukuphuhlisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo olwandisa inkululeko.
Kuthekani ngeyona mpumelelo yakhe ibalulekileyo?
Kwinqanaba elisisiseko, ukwazisa kwakhe i-ecology njengodidi lwezopolitiko kwakungaqhelekanga. Wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe ekuthetheni ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba i-capitalism ayihambelani nokuphila ngemvisiswano nendalo yendalo, ingcinga leyo amatsha ntliziyo aphambili namhlanje abafana noNaomi Klein abayithathileyo baza bayenza yaziwe. Kwakhona wayephambi kwexesha lakhe ekugxekeni iNhlohlo ngokwembono yeLeftist, egxininisa ukuba iMarxism yendabuko, ngokugxila kwi-proletariat njengeklasi ye-hegemonic kunye nokunciphisa kwayo kwezoqoqosho, kwafuneka iyekwe ukuze ithande isakhelo esicacileyo sotshintsho lwentlalo. .
Kodwa eyona nto ibaluleke nangakumbi, ndicinga ukuba, yayingumnqweno wakhe wokuphuhlisa ithiyori yentlalontle esekelwe kwifilosofi. Ngamanye amazwi, wayekhangela isiseko esinenjongo sebutho labantu eliziphatha kakuhle. Loo nto yamkhokelela ekubeni agxile kwimbali, ianthropology, nakwibhayoloji nakwinzululwazi, yonke loo nto ikwinkonzo yokuqhubela phambili ingcamango yokuba ukuncedana, ukuphelelisana, nezinye iingcamango ezibalaseleyo kwindaleko yendalo zalatha kwingcamango yokuba abantu bayakwazi. ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yabo ukuze baphile ngemvisiswano omnye nomnye kunye nendalo yendaloโukuba siyakwazi ukudala oko wakubiza ngokuthi โindalo ekhululekileyo.โ Kwaye ngale ngqiqo ndiya kuvumelana nawe ukuba wayengomnye wabantu abacinga kakhulu bokuqala benkulungwane yamashumi amabini.
Kutshanje igama likaBookchin liye lavela ngokunxulumene nentshukumo yokuzimela geqe yamaKurd. Ngaba unokusixelela kancinci malunga nendima yakhe ekuphembeleleni ukuchasana kwamaKurd kunye neendlela zabo zentlalo zombutho?
Ngoku amaKurds kwiindawo zaseTurkey nakumantla eSyria abandakanyeka kwenye yezona nzame zinamandla nezintsha ehlabathini zokusebenzisa ukwenza izigqibo ngedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo kwezopolitiko zabo. Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambi kokuba uMurray asweleke ngo-2006, wayenjalo kuqhagamshelwe nguAbdullah รcalan, inkokeli evalelweyo yokumelana namaKurdish. Ngelixa bengazange babenalo ithuba lokuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, u-รcalan wenza uphononongo olunzulu ngomsebenzi kaMurray, efunda iincwadi eziziintloko njenge I-Ecology yeNkululeko kwaye Ukusuka ekuPhumeleleni ezidolophini ukuya kwiZixeko.
Ngenxa yoko, u-รcalan wayishiya indlela yakhe yobuMarxist-Leninist yenguqu kwezentlalo wakhetha indlela ka-Murray engeyoyamanani, nenkululeko kamasipala, ehlengahlengisa iingcamango zikaMurray waza waphuhlisa ezakhe ukuba zibe koko wayekubiza ngokuba. IDemocratic Confederalism. Sibona ezi ngcamango zisebenza ngoku kwiindawo ezininzi zaseKurdish eTurkey nakwingingqi yaseRojava enyakatho yeSiriya, kuquka ne-Kobani, apho imikhosi yamaKurd yalwa kwaye ekugqibeleni. waqhuba out Ilizwe lamaSilamsi ukusuka esixekweni emva kweentsuku ezili-134 zokulwa.
Ezi dolophu ziphawuleka ngokumisela uhlobo lwamabhunga edemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo axhobisa ilungu ngalinye loluntu kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, isini okanye inkolo. Baye bamkela iinqununu zokwenziwa kwezigqibo zedemokhrasi, ubugosa bendalo, kunye nokulingana kunye nokumelwa kwabantu abambalwa bobuhlanga kunye nabasetyhini, ngoku benza i-40 yepesenti yequmrhu ngalinye elithatha izigqibo. Baye baseka inkululeko yokuthetha kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi balawula uqoqosho lwabo. Okubalulekileyo bajonga ukuzimela kwamaKurd njengento engenakwahlulwa ekudaleni uluntu olukhululekileyo, olungengongxowankulu lomntu wonke kwaye badale eyabo imimandla ezimeleyo emi njengomngeni wokwenyani kurhulumente wesizwe.
Olu hlobo lokuzilawula aluyiyo ingingqi kuphela kodwa yehlabathi. Ndinqwenela ukuba uMurray, ongazange akholelwe kuphela ngamandla kwimodeli kamasipala wenkululeko, kodwa nakumzabalazo wamaKurd wokuzimela, wayephile ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze abone.
Kwintshayelelo yakho kule ncwadi, ubonisa ukuba impembelelo kaMurray iye yavakala nakwizenzo kunye nezopolitiko zemibutho emitsha yoluntu. Ucinga ukuba lithini ilifa lakhe kwimibutho yezentlalo kwaye yintoni injongo yakho ngokuphathelele kolu papasho lutsha?
Ndicinga ukuba iimpawu zengcinga kaMurray ziyabonakala kuluhlu olubanzi lwethiyori yezopolitiko kunye nentlalontle yangoku, umzekelo kumsebenzi oqondayo weethiyori ezinje. UDavid Harvey kwaye UMarina Sitrin. Umhleli wam uBlair Taylor, umviwa wePhD kwiSikolo esitsha soPhando lwezeNtlalo kwiSebe lezoPolitiko, ugxile kakhulu kwimbali yemibutho emitsha yentlalontle kwaye uye waqaphela ukuba le mibutho sele isamkele uninzi lweengcinga zikaMurray, nokuba oku ngamanye amaxesha bekungazi. . Uyabona oku ekusebenziseni amaqela obudlelwane, ii-spokes-councils, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuququzelela idemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo; kubuntununtunu kwimiba yolawulo kunye nolawulo lwemigangatho; ekuqondeni kwezopolitiko zangaphambili-oko kukuthi kufuneka siphile imilinganiselo ekuhambeni kwethu esifuna ukuyifumana kuluntu olutsha.
Ezi zonke ziikhonsepthi ezaziswa nguMurray ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Uzibona ezi zimvo emsebenzini nakumbutho wotshintsho lweedolophu nasezitratweni xa abaqhankqalazi bebuzwa ziintatheli: โNifuna ntoni?โ kwaye baphendule, "Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo." Ndicinga ukuba iyamangalisa into eyenziwa ngumsebenzi wakhe xutyushwa ngabantu abafana noDavid Harvey noDavid Graeber kwaye baphinde bafunyanwa sisizukulwana esitsha. Into endithembayo kukuba imibutho yentlalontle emila kumhlaba jikelele iya kuthathela ingqalelo ukusebenzisa izimvo ezikule ncwadi njengendlela yokubuyisela amandla athandwayo kumgangatho kamasipala, ukuze sikwazi ukwenza utshintsho lwezopolitiko oluyimfuneko ukusisusa kwindawo yoqhanqalazo. kuleyo yenguqu yentlalo-kuluntu oluzilawulayo kunye nekamva elikhululekileyo.
UFederico Venturini litshantliziyo-umphandi, esebenza nentlalo-ntle yendalo kunye nentshukumo yentlalo yasezidolophini. Ngoku ungumgqatswa wePhD kwiSikolo seJografi, kwiYunivesithi yaseLeeds kwaye ulilungu le Iziko leTransnational of Social Ecology
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Ndikhumbula kakuhle uMurray Bookchin ngokucinga kwakhe ukuba imiboniso enzulu yokuchasana nongxowankulu kunye ne-pro-socialist apho iiflegi ezibomvu kunye nentetho evulekileyo yeenzuzo zobusoshiyali yayiyinto eqhelekileyo, ngoku zizinto zexesha elidlulileyo.
Uqhanqalazo ngoku lubonakala ngakumbi malunga nokulungiswa okuncinci kobungxowankulu, kwi-oligarchy kodwa ngokusisiseko kushiya ezo nkqubo zobuzwilakhe kunye nezingenabuntu endaweni.
Namhlanje, amagama athi isoshiyali kunye nobukomanisi ayityhefu ngenxa yempumelelo iGOUSA kunye neStalinist/Leninists ekuchazeni ngokutsha ubukhapitali bombuso obufana neSoviet njengobusoshiyali . (Chomsky)
Ukuba neqela elilawulayo elinomxholo othi โUbuKomanisiโ kwalityhefa ngakumbi elo gama .
Kubonakala ngathi esi yayisisizathu sokuba uBookchin agqale ubukomanisi; indlela esezantsi ukuya phezulu eyona ndlela ilungileyo yotshintsho esiyifunayo sonke kunokuba imiboniso ye-flash-in-the-pan ekhoyo namhlanje kwaye ihambe kwiingqondo zabavoti ngeentsuku ezimbalwa.
Le amnesia sisiphumo sikarhulumente kunye nejelo leendaba ezenza konke okusemandleni ukujongela phantsi/ukungahoyi/ukubonisa imiboniso efana ne-Occupy newenza loo msebenzi ngempumelelo kakhulu .
UMurray wayephambi kwethu sonke ekucingeni ukuba ixesha loqhanqalazo oluninzi lwe-SERIOUS SYSTEM CHANGING lifikile kwaye lihambile.
Ngokwam, ndikhumbula ndiseBoston xa elinye lamaqela ezopolitiko lalibambe indibano yabo eBoston Gardens kwaye bonke abaqhankqalazi babegcinwe kwindawo ebiyelweyo kwiibhloko ezithile zeGadi.
Oko kwakungasoze kwenzeke emva phaya kwi-30s.
IMO