Esi sahluko sibonisa ngokufutshane imeko yeenguqu ezintlanu ezibambekayo eziza kwenza isivumelwano semozulu sasemva kweKyoto sisebenze ngakumbi, sisebenze kakuhle, kwaye silingane.
1. Vumela iNzululwazi iMise iCap
Ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi, kufuneka sigxininise ukuba izazinzulu ezifunda imozulu, hayi i-economists, ziingcali ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ukuba zisicebise malunga nokuba kufuneka kuncitshiswe kangakanani ukukhutshwa kwe-net emhlabeni jikelele. (1) Izazinzulu ngemozulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba zichanile ngeengozi zokutshintsha kwemozulu kunezazi ngezoqoqosho. (2) Uluntu lwenzululwazi luthetha ngommangaliso ngelizwi elinye xa sithe sathoba iqaqobana lezazinzulu ezisebenza ngokucacileyo kumashishini efosili. (3) Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, uluntu lwezenzululwazi lusebenzisa ingqiqo ye-inshurensi, ekulungele ngakumbi ukunyanga imozulu, apho ukungaqiniseki kukhulu kwaye umngcipheko wecala ungenakucingelwa ngokoqobo, kunenye ingqiqo yohlalutyo lweendleko-inzuzo ethandwa yi-economist yezoqoqosho ... .
2. Iicaps zabo bonke
Njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSahluko se-8, iikhredithi eziqinisekisiweyo zokunciphisa ukukhutshwa (CERs) ziyinkohliso ngokupheleleyo phakathi koorhulumente beSihlomelo-1 okanye amaqela abucala ngaphakathi kwamazwe e-Annex-1 akanakujongela phantsi ukuncipha kwehlabathi ukuba nje ilizwe, izinto ezikhutshwayo zonyaka zibekwe esweni ngokuchanekileyo kwaye oorhulumente babanjwe ukuba. izibophelelo zabo zezivumelwano. Ukurhweba ngeekhredithi zekhabhoni zomgunyathi kunokugqobhoza imingxuma kwi-caption ye-global emissions kuphela xa iiprojekthi ezikumazwe angengawo e-Annex-1 apho izinto ezikhutshwayo zelizwe zingathintelwanga zithengisa ii-CER zomgunyathi koorhulumente okanye imithombo kumazwe akwi-Annex-1 ene-caps. Isicombululo esicacileyo kule ngxaki kukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhutshwayo kuwo onke amazweโoko kukuthi, ukuphelisa umahluko phakathi kwamazwe akwiSihlomelo-1 kunye namazwe angengawo aweSihlomelo-1 ngokupheleleyo. Isiqubulo sethu kufuneka sibe โAkukho sikepusi, akukho rhweboโโฆ. Kodwa abalweli bobulungisa bemozulu, kunye noorhulumente abakumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo, bathi ukukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo kubathintele ekuphuhliseni nasekufikeleleni kuqoqosho oluphuhlileyo. Ezi ngxoxo zokuba ukukhupha izinto ezikhutshwayo kwilizwe ngalinye akulunganga zichanekile ukuba iminqwazi ayilunganga. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nanye kwezi mpikiswano ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa kwe-capping kuyo yonke indawo enenyani ukuba ii-caps zisetwe ngokulinganayoโฆ.
3. Ii-Equitable Caps: Isakhelo samaLungelo oPhuhliso lweGreenhouse
Esinye isindululo esigqwesileyo sokumisela i-equitable caps kumazwe aphuhlileyo kunye namazwe asaphuhlayo ngokufanayo yi-Greenhouse Development Rights Framework ephakamisa ifomula esebenzayo kakhulu yokwabela i-caps eyahlukileyo kuwo onke amazwe ngokuqhubekayo ethathela ingqalelo kuphela abemi belizwe abaye baxhamla uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukudibanisa abo bahlali. ' โimbophelelekoโโyabo nganye ngekota ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ukususela ngowe-1990โโnesakhonoโ sabo bahlali nganye ngekota imveliso yasekhaya (GDP). Ngokuphatha amazwe ngokwahlukileyo ngokuqhubekayo, endaweni yokungavisisani njengoko iProtocol yaseKyoto isenza ngokumisela amazwe njengeSihlomelo-1 okanye esingesiso isiHlomelo-1, isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe se-post-Kyoto siya kuba nobulungisa ngakumbi. Ayizizo zonke ii-MDC ezinoxanduva ngokulinganayo kwaye ziyakwazi. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ayizizo zonke ii-LDCs ezinoxanduva ngokulinganayo kwaye ziyakwazi. I-China akufuneki iphathwe ngendlela efanayo ne-United States, kwaye iRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo ayifanele iphathwe ngendlela efanayo neTshayina, njengoko iphantsi kweKyoto. Ifomula yamaLungelo oPhuhliso lweGreenhouse iya kunika iUnited States iikepusi ezingqongqo (ezingaphantsi) kuneTshayina kwaye iza kunika iTshayina iikepusi ezingqongqo (ezisezantsi) kuneRiphabhliki yaseCongoโฆ.
4. Ukukhutshwa kweCap Net
Kuba iyinto ekhutshwayo, ingeyiyo into ekhutshwayo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kutshintsho lwemozulu, kufuneka sidlule kuzwelonke inethi izinto ezikhutshwayo - ezikhutshwayo nciphisa ukuthinjwa. Emva koko oorhulumente baya kuba nenkuthazo yokutyhafisa imisebenzi eyandisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kunye nokukhuthaza imisebenzi ecutha izinto ezikhutshwayo. Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe akufuneki siyalele koorhulumente ukuba bakwenza njani oku. I-Capping ye-net emissions yesizwe inika inkuthazo efanelekileyo koorhulumente ukuba bafumane iindlela zokunqanda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kuphelisa inkuthazo egqwethekileyo yokutshabalalisa kunye nokutyala okukhoyo ngoku phantsi kwe-Kyoto kumazwe angenayo i-caps enokuthengisa i-sequestration offsets, kwaye ayithwali umthwalo kwi-CDM ngentloko yentloko. ukugweba ukongezwa kunye nokuvuza ngokubhekiselele kwiiprojekthi zolondolozo. Ekuphela kwento esimele siyilinganise esivumelwaneni kukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwa minyaka le, kuzwelonke, oko kuthe ngqo kwaye akukho mpikiswano ngokwentelekisoโฆ.
5. Unothimba omtsha weMarike yeKhabhoni
Logama nje izinto ezikhutshwayo ezivela kumazwe angengawo e-Annex-1 zingekathintelwa, akukho ndlela yimbi ngaphandle kokunika iarhente yezizwe ngezizwe igunya lokuphonononga izicelo zee-CER ezivela kwimithombo ekuloo mazweโฆ. Kodwa ngethamsanqa kukho isherifu engcono ekhoyo nje ukuba ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuthintelwe kuwo onke amazwe. Nje ukuba ii-caps ezinjalo zisekiwe, ukucuthwa okucwangcisiweyo kwehlabathi kuya kuqinisekiswa nokuba bekuthengiswe ngee-CER zomgunyathi-kuquka ii-CER zomgunyathi zokuthinjwa kwempahla. Ngaphaya koko, oorhulumente bawo onke amazwe banokuba nenkuthazo enamandla yokuthintela amaqela abucala ngaphakathi kwemida yawo ekuthengiseni ii-CER zomgunyathi kwimarike yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe. Kusemdleni koorhulumente bamazwe ezikhutshwayo zelizwe lonke zivaliwe ukugcina amaqela abucala asebenza ngaphakathi kwemimandla yawo ekuthengiseni ii-CERs ezininzi kwimarike yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe kunesixa apho iprojekthi icutha ukukhutshwa okanye ukonyusa ukuthathwa kwempahla ngaphezulu nangaphaya koko bekuya kwenzeka ukuba iprojekthi ibingenziwanga, kuba ukuba oorhulumente belizwe abanetha izinto ezikhutshwayo ziye zasilela ukunqanda ukuthengiswa komgunyathi, mhlawumbi abo rhulumente okanye abemi babo baya kubandezeleka ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi zokuhlawula intsilelo ngokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo okanye ukuthenga ii-CER ezingaphezulu kunokuba bekuya kufuneka ngenye indlelaโฆ.
Kutheni IngeyoRhafu yeKhabhoni yeHlabathi?
Ingozi kaloliwe e-Copenhagen iphakamise umbuzo wokuba akunakuba ngcono na ukulahla ubume be-Kyoto ngokupheleleyo kwaye uzame ukwenza amazwe avumelane ngerhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe endaweniโฆ. Oosoqoqosho abaqhubela phambili ngokwesiko bathanda irhafu ngaphezu kweenkqubo ze-cap-and-trade ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezifanelekileyo. Ke kutheni abaqhubela phambili bengasishiyi isikhokelo se-Kyoto cap-and-trade framework njengovavanyo olungaphumeleliyo kwaye batyhale irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe endaweni yayo? Zithathu izizathu ezivakalayo kutheni le nto ingaba yimpazamo ebulalayo.
Okokuqala, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lutyale iminyaka elishumi elinesibini luthetha-thethana ngefomathi ye-cap-and-trade, kwaye inikwe ukungxamiseka kwengxaki xa kuthelekiswa nesantya se-diplomacy yamazwe ngamazwe akufanele sifune ukuqala kwakhona ....
Okwesibini, uluntu lwezenzululwazi lusibeke endaweni yokuba siphumelele iicaps zehlabathi ezithi, nokuba ayiso "sisombululo," isivumelwano esifanelekileyo kwiimeko zangoku. Iikepusi ezizinzisa iqondo le-GHG kwiatmosfera kwiindawo ezingama-350 kwisigidi ngasinye kwaye zigcine ubushushu behlabathi ukuba bunyuke ngaphezu kwe-2 degrees celcius inokuba linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili lokuthintela utshintsho lwemozulu phambi kokuba kube kudala kakhulu. Olu lutshintsho olukhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo kwaye ngenxa yobungqina obunamandla obuvela kwizazinzulu zemozulu eziingcali ezifanelekileyo malunga nokuba uphantsi kangakanani umnqwazi wehlabathi. Kwelinye icala, oosoqoqosho baba ziingcali zokubonisana malunga nokuba iphezulu kangakanani irhafu yekhabhoni yehlabathi kwaye abakhange baxhase isenzo esindlongo, kwaye akukho mntu ukholelwa ukuba sinalo naliphi na ithuba lokuphumelela inkxaso yezopolitiko kwirhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe ephezulu ngokwaneleyo yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi. phantse oku. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokungqongqo kwimbono yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwemveliso sikulungele ukufumana isivumelwano esingcono kakhulu kwisivumelwano sorhwebo kunye neengcali zenzululwazi, kunokuba sinethemba lokufumana irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye noqoqosho njengeengcaliโฆ.
Kodwa akukho nanye kwezi esona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokuba abaqhubela phambili kufuneka bakhethe isivumelwano se-cap-and-trade kwirhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe. Esona sizathu sinyanzelisayo kukuba akukho ndlela isebenzayo yokwenza irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe iphantse ibenobulungisa njengoko sinokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo we-cap-and-tradeโฆ. If umbutho womnqophiso wamazwe ngamazwe waqokelela le rhafu kuwo onke amazwe, ngoko Kwithiyori umbutho wesivumelwano unokwaba kwakhona ingeniso yerhafu ngendlela enobulungisa kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo-umzekelo, ukubuyisela i-China ngakumbi ngokumisela irhafu yekhabhoni ephezulu njenge-United States, kwaye ubuyekeze iRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo nangaphezulu. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba amazwe avumele iZizwe eziManyeneyo ziqokelele irhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe. Kulindeleke kakhulu ukuba nasiphi na isivumelwano serhafu yekhabhoni yamazwe ngamazwe endaweni yoko sifuna ukuba oorhulumente abathatha inxaxheba banyanzelise irhafu yekhabhoni efanayo kwaye emva koko baqokelele irhafu kubemi babo. Senze njalo, ngaba kukho nabani na ocinga ukuba i-Senate yase-US ingavuma ukuthumela amashumi, ukuba ayingomakhulu eebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka eqokelelwe kumashishini aseMelika kunye nabemi kurhulumente wase China?
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