Malunga neminyaka eyi-130 eyadlulayo, uJosiah Strong, umshumayeli odumileyo nowayengumfundisi ophambili kubukhosi baseMelika, wanikela ukhetho olucacileyo โkwizizwe eziphantsiโ ezaziza kuqubisana nazo eUnited States njengoko yayizalisekisa โikamva layoโ ngaphaya kweelwandle. Ithemba labo ekuphela kwalo iya kuba 'kukulungela nokuthantamisa ukulinganisa' kwiminqweno yentsha, 'ngokukhethekileyo' ebalulekileyo nendlongondlongo yempucuko yama-Anglo-Saxon-Christian aphuma eUnited States. Yandisa okanye ufe - kwisigama sikaStrong, yiba 'iphelile' - ezo yayikuphela kweendlela ezizezinye zeentlanga ezibuthathaka kuStrong, kwiimeko ezininzi akukho mlandeli kaCharles Darwin, wayekholelwa ukuba lukhuphiswano olunokuthi luchazwe kuphela 'njengokusinda kwabanamandla.'
Kwangelo xesha linye, iFransi yayichaza izazisi zayo zobukhosi kunye nezobuzwe, ngokusekwe kwingqikelelo 'yokudibanisa' kwimvumelwano yeriphabliki esekwe libertรฉ, egalitรฉ kwaye Fraternitรฉ. Kwabo bathathwa ngesiFrentshi ngokwenene (vrais franรยงais) - ukusuka e-Brittany ukuya kwimimandla yaseBasque, ukusuka kwi-Germanized-Moselle ukuya kwi-Savoie ethetha isiTaliyane - i-identity engenakubalwa ehlukeneyo yobuhlanga kunye nemimandla inokuthi ifakwe kummi kunye ne-republic yakhe ethandekayo.
Ngaphandle nje, ngaphesheya kolwandle, kumathanga aseFransi, kwakuya kuba nzima ngakumbi. Ngelixa injongo esemthethweni yomgaqo-nkqubo wobukoloniyali wamaFrentshi, ngakumbi e-Algeria, 'yayikukumanyaniswa' kwamaSilamsi kwinkcubeko yale mihla yesiFrentshi, ngokwenkqubo ezi zizwe zibini zahlala zahlukene ubukhulu becala. Kanye njengokuba namhlanje kwiindawo zasezidolophini zaseFransi, kwakungekho kuxubana phakathi kwabemi baseYurophu nabaseSilamsi. Inkcazo yamva nje kwi Inkululeko yemihla ngemihla yesiFrentshi inokuthi (ngotshintsho olungephi) ichaze naliphi na ixesha: 'Iindlela zabantu belizwe izitya yaye abo baphumelele kwiSikolo soLawulo lweSizwe ababalaseleyo abakhe bawele.' Kunoko, isiluleko sikaStrong sokuba sithobeke okanye sife sasiyinyaniso abo boyisiweyo abajamelene nayo. Inkcaso, njengoko isitsho, yayililize, ngaphandle nje kweendleko zobomi bezigidi.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini inani elikhulu lamakholoni aqala ukufudukela kwindawo yawo iaure mรยจre - IFransi-ukusebenza kwiintlobo zemisebenzi amaFrentshi, ejongene nokunqongophala okukhulu kwabasebenzi, ayengafuni ukuyenza. Akumangalisi ukuba, ukulingana kweriphabliki kubo bonke abemi kwahlala kuliphupha elikude. Inene, ulwahlulo lokubini kunye nolwahlulo lwenkqubo yobukoloniyali baseFransi luye lwaqina kwilizwe elingumama. Kukho, ingozi yokuba vrais franรยงais inokuthi ingcoliswe ngabasemva kwaye (nanamhlanje ngokwembono yoMphathiswa wezangaphakathi kunye neNkolo uNicolas Sarkozy) engengomntu ngokupheleleyo Okunye, yayinkulu kakhulu. Enyanisweni, iinjongo zeriphabliki zenkululeko kunye nokulingana, xa zamkelwa ngabafuduki abavela kwiikholoni, zasongela zombini ulawulo lwaseFransi phesheya kunye nobukhulu obumhlophe ekhaya. Ukwahlula abaphambukeli kwiighettos, apho banokujongwa ngcono yimikhosi yokhuseleko eyenzelwe ezo njongo, kwabonakala kusisisombululo esisebenzayo.
Ipolisi ayisebenzanga. Iiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo zibhentsise indlela inkulungwane yezithembiso ezingeyonyani zokulingana kweriphabliki eziye zavelisa into engekho ngaphantsi kwegunya elingaphantsi koMongameli waseFransi uJacques Chirac alichaze 'njengolawulo loloyiko oluthambileyo' kunye nobomi bokufa kwilizwe. ibhanue. Njengoko evuma, imeko enjalo ayinakukhokelela ekubeni abatsha beghetto 'bavukele' sonke isizukulwana okanye njalo. Eyona nto ibangele ukuba olu vukelo lwamva nje lube qatha ngakumbi kune-'intifadah yezixeko' zesizukulwana sakudala kukuba yenzeka ngokucothayo, kubuhlungu ukudityaniswa kwe-France kwi-neoliberal globalized order.
Nangona ngokwembali engazange ibonwe ngaphambili abaxhasi bayo bakholelwa ukuba umanyano lwehlabathi lunjalo, luqondwa ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi njengokwandiswa kunye nokwandiswa kweenkqubo ezazalwa kwixesha lokugqibela elikhulu lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi - elo lama impiriyali aphezulu aseYurophu apho i-France's Republican identity yabunjwa. Yintoni enika umanyano lwehlabathi lwangoku amandla alo awodwa aqhekekayo, nangona kunjalo, yindlela elenza buthathaka ngayo amandla akhuselayo elizwe-lilizwe elathi, kude kube mva nje, lisebenze njengesithinteli (nangona kuyingxaki) ngokuchasene 'nokudityaniswa' koluntu luphela kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nehlabathi liphela. ucwangco lwenkcubeko.
Ukuguqulelwa kwimeko yesiFrentshi, oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente osoloko etyholwa ngokongamela 'ilizwe lentlalontle elidumbileyo' eneneni unemali encinci anokuyichitha kwiintlobo zokwakhiwa ngokutsha kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa kwakhona ethenjiswa kubemi ibhanue ngethemba lokuphelisa ubundlobongela obukhoyo. Enyanisweni, eFransi njengakumazwe amaninzi, urhulumente uhlala enyanzeliswa ukuba akhethe phakathi kokuchithwa kwemithombo yobutyebi ekujonganeni nokungalingani okungxamisekileyo okanye ukuqhubeka nokubonelela ngenqanaba elamkelekileyo leenkonzo, kwimeko yaseFransi, izigidi zabemi be-petite-bourgeois kunye nabadla umhlala-phantsi. abasebenzi (abasebenzi bakarhulumente) abashiyekelwe zii-euro ezimbalwa ukusuka ukuya kwicala lasekunene kwaye bangene kulwamkelo lweJean-Marie Le Pen's Front National.
Njengoko umbhali-mbali ongumFrentshi u-Emmanuel Todd watshoyo mva nje Le Monde, abaphambukeli kunye noohlohlesakhe abancinane, abathi ngenye indlela 'banomdla ohluke kakhulu,' kunye bavelise ivoti eyothusayo ethi 'hayi' kuvoto-zimvo yoMgaqo-siseko weEuropean Union, kanye kuba bobabini babona uMgaqo-siseko njengonyanzela iFransi kwindlela yeniyoliberal hayi kancinci kwimidla yabo. Kodwa njengoko amagqabantshintshi kaMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi uSarkozy ekuqaleni kobundlobongela abhengezwa elubala, i-neoliberal globalization inomkhwa ombi wokuqinisa ucalucalulo kunye nokukrokrelana okukhuliswe kunye nokucinezelwa yimbono yeriphabliki yaseFransi.
Ngapha koko, ulwimi lukaSarkozy lwenza ingqiqo ngakumbi xa siqonda ukuba, kweli xesha liphambili lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi, lo myalelo โawusadibanisi okanye ufe,โ kodwa kunoko (njengoko ENew York Times Umhleli wayichaza kwiminyaka eyadlulayo), 'lawula okanye ufe.' Kulo mxholo we-zero-sum, ukwaliwa kwe i-banlieues' Abemi bamaSilamsi ukuba 'bangene ngokukhawuleza nangokuthambileyo' kwiriphabliki okanye i-neoliberal order bayishiyile imikhosi yomthetho kwaye bayalela into encinci ngaphandle kokuba (basoyikise) ukubacoca kumbutho wezopolitiko. Yeyiphi enye indlela amaFrentshi okwenyaniso anokugcina ukufana kweeyure zabo ezingamashumi amathathu anesihlanu zomsebenzi weveki kunye nezibonelelo zesisa zomhlalaphantsi?
Ukuba ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuvelisa iingxaki ezininzi zoqoqosho, kubangela iingxaki zenkcubeko zibe namandla ngakumbi kwisisongelo sabo kwimeko yangoku. Njengenqaku lakutshanje kwi Ukukhulula wathi, 'Imodeli yesiFrentshi' apho abantu kufuneka 'balibale ukuba bangoobani' ukuze balinganise 'ayinakusinda kumanyano lwehlabathi.' Oku akuyonto imbi, kunjalo. Amashumi eminyaka okwenziwa kocalucalulo avelise, ngokwejografi, ubuncinci, 'i-ghetto Islam' ngoku ebonwa njengendawo ephambili yokufuya iijihadi zehlabathi ze-al-Qa'eda. Kodwa ukuba ubundlobongela kwezi veki zimbini zidlulileyo buveze nantoni na elungileyo, yindlela amaqela amaSilamsi angoontamo-lukhuni angazange aphumelele ngayo ekungeneni kakhulu kwinkcubeko yolutsha lwasezidolophini. ibhanue. UbuSilamsi asiyongxaki ke ngoko; kunokuba ingxaki kukuba uninzi lwabahlali be ibhanue bangamaSilamsi kunye/okanye abamnyama, kwaye baye bacalulwa ngenxa yoku kuyo yonke imbali yeRiphabhliki.
AmaSilamsi anokuthi agcinwe ngokwasemzimbeni, kodwa amakhulu odliwano-ndlebe nolutsha olukwishumi elivisayo kumaphephandaba aseFransi naseMelika ukusukela oko kwaqala udushe lunika umfanekiso ocacileyo wabo bavukelayo: Bavukela ngokuchanekileyo kuba basaphupha ngokumkelwa njengamaFrentshi, hayi ngenxa yokuba. baye bancama iprojekthi enjalo. (Ewe, indlela umntu achaza ngayo isazisi samaFrentshi ngokuqinisekileyo ngomnye umba obalulekileyo oza kubanjwa apha). Abahlalutyi abaliqela baseFrentshi abacingayo bade batolike ubundlobongela 'njengokwaliwa ukujongelwa phantsi' okubonisa ulwamkelo olunzulu lwemilinganiselo esisiseko yesiFrentshi echazwe 'kumanyano lwenkululeko nokulingana.'
Oko kusenokuba njalo. Kodwa ukuba uluntu lwaseFransi luyayixhasa intshukumo kaSarkozy yokuphelisa ubundlobongela ngokucoca iighetto 'zabakhathazi' babo, 'i-intifadah yezixeko' inokuba kukuwonga uMarianne, umfuziselo wesizwe waseFransi kunye nomntwiso wenkululeko nengqiqo, kodwa. kaMusab al-Zarqawi kunye nabangena ezihlangwini zakhe.
Ilungelo lokushicilela lika-2005 Mark Levine
UMark LeVine, unjingalwazi wembali yanamhlanje kuMbindi Mpuma, inkcubeko, kunye nezifundo zamaSilamsi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia e-Irvine, umbhali wencwadi entsha, Kutheni bengasithiyi: Ukuphakamisa isigqubuthelo kwi-axis yobubi (Oneworld Publications, 2005). Iwebhusayithi yakhe www.culturejamming.org.
[Eli nqaku lavela kuqala I-Tomdispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika kunye nomlobi Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba.]
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