Inani labantu baseMelika abanembali yolwaphulo-mthetho lenyuke kakhulu kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo. Namhlanje, phantse isinye kwisithathu sabantu abadala abakwiminyaka yokusebenza banerekhodi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngapha koko, abantu abaninzi baseMelika banerekhodi yolwaphulo-mthetho kangangokuba ukubala kwabo bonke phantse akunakwenzeka.
Ngokutsho Uphando luka-2012 lweSebe lezoBulungisa, iindawo zokugcina imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente ziqulethe iirekhodi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezili-100. Ezi zibizwa ngokudumileyo ngokuba โzii-rap sheetsโ okanye โiirekhodi zolwaphulo-mthethoโ nangona uninzi lwabantu abanazo bengazange bagwetywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunzima. Aba vimba babhala phantse konke ukubanjwa, nokuba kukhokelela ekumangalweni okanye ekugwetyweni. Kwaye ngelixa iirekhodi ezizizigidi ezili-100 zikhona, eli nani liphantse lagqithisa inani lokwenyani labantu ababanjiweyo nangaliphi na ixesha ebomini babo, kuba umntu omnye enokuba nerekhodi lokubanjwa kumazwe amaninzi.
Ngomzamo wokwenza imbali epheleleyo yolwaphulo-mthetho ifikeleleke ngokulula kuzo zonke ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho, i-FBI igcina i-database ebonisa ezi rekhodi ezaziwa ngokuba yi-Interstate Identification Index (III). Nanini na xa umrhanelwa wolwaphulo-mthetho ebanjwa kwaye aprintwe ngeminwe yi-arhente yasekhaya, yelizwe, okanye ye-federal; ezo rekhodi zithunyelwa kwi-FBI ukuze zifakwe kwi-III. I-FBI inika isifundo ngasinye inombolo yesazisi eyodwa ebonisa zonke iirekhodi zikarhulumente ezikhoyo zaloo mntu, oku kuthetha ukuba inani ngalinye lihambelana nomntu owahlukileyo.
Ukusukela nge-1 kaJulayi, 2015, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-70 baye iirekhodi indexed yi III.
Amanani ngokwembono:
IMelika ngoku ihlala inani elifanayo labantu abaneerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho njengoko isenza abaphumelele kwikholeji iminyaka emine.
Phantse isiqingatha samadoda amnyama kwaye phantse ama-40 ekhulwini amadoda amhlophe babanjwe ngama-23 eminyaka ubudala.
Ukuba bonke abantu baseMelika ababanjiweyo bebeluhlanga, bebeya kuba li-18 lehlabathith inkulu. Enkulu kuneCanada. Enkulu kuneFransi. Ubukhulu obuphinda kathathu iOstreliya.
Inani labantu baseMelika abaneerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho namhlanje likhulu kune bonke abemi baseU.S. ngowe-1900.
Ukubamba izandla, abantu baseMelika abaneerekhodi zokubanjwa banokujikeleza umhlaba kathathu.
Amaqela amakhulu abantu baseMelika
Elona qela likhulu akukho mntu ufuna ukujoyina
Nokuba luphi uhlanga okanye isini, abaphandi baqikelela ukuba ngeminyaka engama-23 phantse umntu omnye kwabathathu baseMelika uya kuba ebanjiwe.
Ngo-1965, uqikelelo lokugqibela olupapashiweyo lwale nqanaba ludweliswe; izinga lalingama-22%. (bona uChristensen (1967)
Umzobo ongezantsi ubonisa indlela iipateni zokubanjwa ezitshintshile ngayo phakathi kwe-1960 kunye ne-2000. Iidayimani eziluhlaza zimele uqikelelo lwamathuba akhulayo okuba ubanjwe bubudala kwi-axis ethe tye ngo-1965 kwaye izikwere ezibomvu zimele uqikelelo oluhambelanayo luka-2012. Ngelixa amathuba okuba umntu abanjwe eneminyaka eyi-16 ayafana nanamhlanje njengoko kwakunjalo kwiminyaka engama-50 eyadlulayo, ngeminyaka eyi-19 amathuba aqala ukuhlukana kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, umntu oselula namhlanje unethuba elingakumbi lokubanjwa ngama-36 ekhulwini kuneqela labazali bakhe ngeminyaka yee-1960.
Ukuphindaphindwa kokuBanjwa kwabantu abadala abancinci (1965, 2012)
Ukuveliswa kwenxalenye evela: uRobert Brame, uMichael G. Turner, uRaymond Paternoster, kunye noShawn D. Bushway (2012). Ukuxhaphaka kokubanjwa ukusuka kwiminyaka eyi-8-23 kwisampulu yesizwe. Unyango lwabantwana, 129:21-27. Cofa umfanekiso ukuze ubone owokuqala
Yonke into yokubamba iza nesigwebo, unetyala okanye akunjalo
A Uphando luka-2012 olwenziwe nguMbutho woLawulo lwezaBasebenzi, yafumanisa ukuba ama-86 ekhulwini abaqeshi basebenzisa iitshekhi zolwaphulo-mthetho ubuncinane kubagqatswa abathile, yaye uninzi (ama-69 ekhulwini) lujonga bonke abagqatswa. Kwi uphando olufanayo luka-2010 liqela elifanayo, i-31 yepesenti yabaphenduli bathi ukubanjwa ngaphandle kokugwetywa kuya kuba "nefuthe elithile" kwisigqibo sabo sokuqesha.
Ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe imvelaphi, izicelo zomsebenzi zihlala zibuza abanokuba ngabaqeshwa ukuba "bakhe babanjelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi?" Akafunyaniswa enetyala, ubanjwe nje. Bekungayi kuba sengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ukuyijonga loo bhokisi kuya kuwanciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuqwalaselwa. Ngexesha elithile, umntu ofuna umsebenzi kunye nerekhodi lokubanjwa unokuyeka nje ukucela izicelo ngokupheleleyo, ayeke kwikamva elingaqinisekanga lemarike yomsebenzi ongekho sikweni - uzimisele ngakumbi ukubandezeleka ngenxa yokungakhuseleki kwemali kunokuba neentloni zokulahlwa okuqhubekayo.
Kakade ke, ukugwetywa kubi ngakumbi kwabo bafake izicelo zemisebenzi. Uphononongo lweSebe lezoBulungisa luka-2009 lwafumanisa ukuba ukugwetywa kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lobugebenga kwanciphisa amathuba okufumana umsebenzi ngama-50 ekhulwini. Ngaphezu koko, isiphumo esibi sokuba netyala kwimbali yabo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwafunyaniswa ukuba inkulu ngokuphindwe kabini kwabantsundu abafuna umsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa noogxa babo abamhlophe. Ngokucacileyo kukho ibala elibalulekileyo eliyanyaniswa nesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa uninzi lwabantu baseMelika abanembali yolwaphulo-mthetho abazange bagwetywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunzima; abaninzi babengamangalelwanga nalinye ngokusesikweni.
the Atlantic kutshanje ikhuphe into exhasiweyo enesihloko esithi โEsingakukhankanyiyo malunga nentswela-ngqesho: Amashumi asixhenxe ezigidi zabantu baseMelika abaneerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho bathintelwe - ngumthetho okanye ibala - ekubeni negalelo kuqoqosho..โ Oko bekuya kukhathaza kakhulu ukuba bekuyinyaniso, kodwa akunjalo.
Inyaniso yeyokuba, ukuba ukubanjwa kuye kwagxothwa wonke umntu emsebenzini, uqoqosho lwethu luya kunyanzeliswa. Endaweni yoko, ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho ayimthinteli umviwa ngokwahlukileyo; inciphisa nje isakhono somgqatswa sokufumana izikhundla ezithile ezinokuba ngowona mdlalo ubalaseleyo wezakhono zabo. Ukuze umntu akhutshelwe ngaphandle kwesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho ngokuqhelekileyo siyafuneka kwaye nangona kunjalo esi sigwebo sigcinelwe ubukhulu becala kwiindawo ezinelayisenisi. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kunengqiqo (abagcini bokhuseleko, abongikazi, abasebenzi basebhankini), ngelixa ngamanye amaxesha akwenzi (abachebi beenwele okanye i-cosmetologists).
Abaqeshi banesizathu sokufuna ukuqesha abasebenzi abathembekileyo nabathembekileyo. Kodwa ekubeni bebaninzi kangaka abantu abaneengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba abaqeshwa abaxabisekileyo abahoywa. Ngokutsho kweSociety of Human Resource Management survey, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabaqeshi (52 pesenti) bathi esona sizathu siphambili sokujonga imvelaphi yabaviwa kukunciphisa uxanduva lomthetho kunokuqinisekisa indawo ekhuselekileyo yokusebenza (49 pesenti) okanye ukuvavanya ukuthembeka (ukuthembeka). 17 ekhulwini). Ezi nkxalabo zikhokelela abaqeshi ukuba bagqithise abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo kwabo bangenabuchule. Ngokufanayo, abasebenzi abadiniweyo abaneerekhodi zokubanjwa banokuthi bajonge kwimisebenzi engabandakanyi kangako, baphele kwimisebenzi enokuthi ingabuzi malunga nokubanjwa okudlulileyo, kodwa ehlala ihlawula kancinci kwaye ihambelana nezakhono zabo.
Ngokutsho kukaProf. UAlfred Blumstein kunye noKiminori Nakamura, le yilahleko engeyomfuneko kuwo omabini amaqela. Aba baphandi bazimisele ukufunda ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukumisela ngokusemthethweni xa kungasafuneki ukuba umqeshi axhalabe ngesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elidlulileyo lomqeshwa. Bajonga abantu abangama-88,000 ababebanjelwe okokuqala kwiLizwe laseNew York baza babalandela kangangeminyaka engama-25 ukuze babone ukuba balwenzile na olunye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iziphumo zabo zenza ingqiqo: emva kwexesha elaneleyo lokulandela ityala langaphambili lidlula ngaphandle kwezityholo ezintsha, aboni bangaphambili abanakubanjwa kunommi oqhelekileyo. Ngelo xesha, ukubuza malunga neerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho kusebenza injongo encinci. Kwabo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho lokuqala besebancinane okanye abokuqala ulwaphulo-mthetho ilityala elinzulu, kuthatha malunga neminyaka esibhozo ngaphandle kwelinye icala ukuze โbazikhululeโ. Kwabanye, njengabo benza ulwaphulo-mthetho olungamandundu, kunokuthatha iminyaka emithandathu nje.
Ukunciphisa Umonakalo
Abaqulunqi bomthetho kunye nabaqeshi becandelo labucala bayabubona ubuyatha bokusukela iziporho kwixesha elidlulileyo labasebenzi kwaye baqala ukwamkela iinguqulelo zengqiqo eqhelekileyo. Amazwe asixhenxe amkele "ithuba elifanelekileyo" okanye "ukuvalwa kwebhokisi" imithetho ukuba bathintele umqeshi wabucala ekubuzeni ngembali ukugwetywa kwisicelo somsebenzi kunye nokulibazisa isheke imvelaphi de kamva kwinkqubo yokuqesha.
Le mithetho iyaqonda ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwingxelo yokubanjwa alunangqiqo. Abanye abaqeshi abacingayo sele bethatha amanyathelo azimeleyo. Ebutsheni balo nyaka iKoch Industries, eqeshe abantu abangaphezu kwama-60,000, isuse imibuzo malunga nezigwebo zangaphambili zolwaphulo-mthetho kwizicelo zabo zomsebenzi. Kule nyanga nje uMongameli u-Obama usayine umyalelo olawulayo wokuvala ibhokisi yezicelo zengqesho zomanyano, isenzo esicetyiswe liZiko leBrennan ngo-2014. Ngokucacileyo, eli nyathelo lifumene inkxaso enamandla kwaye olo luphuhliso oluhle kwabo bafuna umsebenzi abanembali yolwaphulo-mthetho.
Kodwa nangona ukuvalwa kwendawo yonke akuyi kubanqanda abaqeshi abanqwenela ukucalula abaviwa abaneembali zolwaphulo-mthetho. Akukho kunqongophala kwemithombo yomntu wesithathu egcina iifoto zokubhukisha, iingxelo zamapolisa, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zeerekhodi zoluntu ezifuna ukwazi. Ukuzama ukuthintela ukusasazwa kolwazi, nangona kunenjongo entle kulo mzekelo, lidabi eloyiswayo. Endaweni yoko, sifanele sivumele abantu ngabanye baphinde babalise amabali abo obuqu.
Ukuba ubuza malunga nokugwetywa kwishumi leminyaka eyadlulayo phantse akukho mntu ulungileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho umfutho omncinci wokubuza malunga nokubanjwa kwakudala. Ngokukodwa ukuba amashumi ezigidi zabantu baseMelika abaneerekhodi zokubanjwa abazange bagwetywe ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Abaqulunqi bomthetho kufuneka baphonononge iziphumo zomgaqo-nkqubo ofanayo owehlisa ukubanjwa okungakhatshwanga zizityholo ezilandelayo kwaye wosule irekhodi emva kwexesha elaneleyo (okanye kwimeko yabo babesakuba benetyala, ukuyeka ulwaphulo-mthetho), eya kuba linyathelo elibalulekileyo ukuhlaziya inkqubo yethu yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yendima yabo ekukhuthazeni ukhuseleko loluntu ithumela umqondiso oqinileyo kuluntu ngokubanzi malunga nokufaneleka kwesenzo esibi sangaphambili xa amagosa ogcino-mthetho etywina okanye ecima irekhodi lolwaphulo-mthetho elinxulumeneyo.
Okwangoku, akukho mmiselo jikelele ovumela ukucinywa kweerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kwinqanaba likarhulumente umba ulawulwa yimithetho ephazamisayo. Le mithetho iyahluka ngokwelizwe ukuya kwelinye kulwaphulo-mthetho olugubungelayo, kunye nenkqubo yokufuna ukucinywa, kwaye ukuhamba kuyo kudla ngokuba nzima, kuthatha ixesha kwaye kuyabiza. Iinzame ziyenziwa zokucoca ezi ndlela zivaliweyo. NgoMatshi, uSens. Rand Paul (R-KY) kunye noCory Booker (D-NJ) bazise HLALA UMTHETHO, enokuthi ivumele ulwaphulo-mthetho olungenabundlobongela kunye namatyala olutsha ukuba atywinwe okanye acinywe. Kule nyanga nje i-White House ibhengeze ukusekwa kweNational Clean Slate Clearinghouse, intsebenziswano phakathi kweSebe lezaBasebenzi kunye noBulungisa ukunceda ngokucoca kunye nokucima irekhodi.
Akukacaci nokuba enye yezi nzame iya kufikelela kwisiqhamo na, kodwa noko ibonakalisa oko abezopolitiko abasuka kumacala omabini epaseji bakulungele ukujongana nohlengahlengiso lobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho. Lixesha lokuba oogxa babo ngokufanayo baqonde izibonelelo ezibanzi zentlalo nezoqoqosho ezinxulumene nekamva apho abantu baseMelika abazizigidi ezingama-70 bengabotshelelwanga kwiimpazamo zexesha labo elidlulileyo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela