Bendifuna ukunika i-wry chuckle ngaphambi kokuba singene kwizinto ezinzima malunga ne-Iraq, ndiye ndazama ukuqalisa eli nqaku ngokuqulunqwa ngokufanelekileyo. Uyazi, a ideja Vu-into ephinda-phinda kwakhona. Ndikhe ndacinga ngokukuxelela ukuba, ngo-2011, ndanxibelelana nombhali owaziwayo ukuba abhubhise incwadi yam, Sasithetha kakuhle: Indlela endincede ngayo ukuphulukana nedabi leentliziyo kunye neengqondo zabantu baseIraq, kwaye wala ngobuchule, esithi ngokurhabaxa, "Nguwe ke oza kubhala incwadi yokugqibela ngokusilela eIraq?"
Andikwazanga ukwenza nayiphi na loo nto. Njengomntu olikhathalele kakhulu eli lizwe, ndiyifumana ngaphandle kokukholelwa ukuba iWashington iphinde yangena kumgxobhozo weSunni-Shia mess eIraq. Ijoni eliselula ngoku elibekwe njengenye ye-1,600 engeyiyo-ibhutsi-emhlabeni inokuba yayineminyaka esibhozo ubudala xa uhlaselo luka-2003 lwenzeka. Mhlawumbi kwafuneka abuze uyise ngale nto. Ngapha koko, ngaphantsi kweminyaka emithathu eyadlulayo, xa utata wade wafika ekhaya nentloko yakhe โibambe phezulu,โ uMongameli Obama qi niseka Abantu baseMelika bathi "sishiya ngasemva i-Iraq eyongameleyo, ezinzileyo nezimeleyo." Kwenzeka ntoni ngokuqhwanyaza kweliso?
Oonyana baseIraq
Ngamanye amaxesha, xa ndivula iTV kwezi ntsuku, umbono wokubona kwakhona iindawo e-Iraq bendindoyisa. Emva kweminyaka engama-22 njengonozakuzaku kunye neSebe likarhulumente, ndachitha iinyanga ezili-12 ezinde e-Iraq ngo-2009-2010 njengenxalenye yomsebenzi waseMelika. Indima yam ibikukukhokela amaqela amabini kwiโukwakha ngokutshaโ isizwe. Ngokwenyani, oko kwakuthetha ukuhlawulela izikolo ezingasoze zigqitywe, ukuseka iivenkile ezithengisa ipastry ezitalatweni ezingenamanzi okanye umbane, kunye nokuqhuba iminyhadala yepropaganda engapheliyo kwimixholo yeveki eveliswe yiWashington ("ishishini elincinci," "ukuxhotyiswa kwabasetyhini," " ukwakha idemokhrasi.")
Sade salungiselela imidlalo yebhola ekhatywayo engathandekiyo, apho imali yabarhafi baseMelika yasetyenziselwa ukunyanzela amaqela amaSunni athandabuzayo ukuba ajongane namaShia athandabuzayo ngethemba lokuba, ngandlelโ ithile, umbhodamo owenziwe luhlaselo lwaseMelika unokulungiswa ebaleni lokudlala. Emva kwemini, siye wasilela ngokuqinisekileyo ukulungelelanisa iwaka leminyaka ubudala iSunni-Shia esahlulwe kubomi bokucoca ubuhlanga ngo-2003-2004, nokuba amanqaku alawulwa ngononophelo kwiqhina ngamajoni angama-82 asemoyeni awayekunye nawo. Ndisebenzile.
Ngo-2006, i-US yakhupha ukunyuswa kulawulo lweNkulumbuso Nouri al-Maliki, usopolitiki waseShia wakhetha ukumanyanisa iIraq. Kwalandela ubuxoki obuqaqambileyo becebo. Besebenzisa imali eninzi, abathunywa baseWashington benza i Sahwa, okanye oonyana baseIraq, Iqela elikhululekile le-Sunni elathanjiswa "njengabaphakathi" abavuma ukuyeka okwethutyana ukubulala ngokubuyisela indawo ethenjisiweyo etafileni kwi-New (er) Iraq. "Indawo yezopolitiko" yoku yayiza kudalwa kukunyuka okukhulu kwemizamo yomkhosi waseMelika, eyathi yafumana igama elithengiswayo: Ukunyuka.
Ndibekwe ityala lokudibana no Iinkokeli zeSahwa kwindawo yam. Umsebenzi wam ngelo xesha yayikukuzama ukubeyisela ukuba bahlale enqanaweni ithutyana nje elingephi, nanjengoko baye baqonda ukuba babekho. Urhulumente kaMaliki waseShia eBaghdad, owayesele etyeshela izibongozo zaseMelika ukuba zibandakanyeke, wayezimisele ekuqinisekiseni ukuba akusayi kubakho โnyanaโ beSunni kwi-Iraq yayo.
Umanyano lobuxoki neminqamlezo ephindwe kabini yayingaqhelekanga kwiinkokeli zamaSunni endandizibandakanye nazo. Rhoqo, intetho yethu - phezu kweeglasi ezincinci ezingapheliyo zeti eswiti, iti eswiti exutywe ngamacephe amhlophe-ashushu entsimbi - yasuka kumaShia kunye namaMelika ukuya kumzabalazo wookhokho babo ngokuchasene neBritish. Ukuziphindezela kuye kwenzeka kwizizukulwana, bandiqinisekisa, kwaye iinkumbulo zinde kuMbindi Mpuma, balumkisa.
Ukuhamba kwam ngo-2010, unyaka ngaphambi kokuba umkhosi waseMelika uhambe, i iqinisoemhlabeni bekufanele ukuba kucace ngokwaneleyo kuye nabani na onombono ukuba athathe. Urhulumente wase-Baghdad waye waguquka waba yi-kleptocracy yelizwe lesithathu eyonwabileyo ephenjelelwa yimali yaseMelika, kodwa nge-twist embi kakhulu: babeliqela loozwilakhe abazinikele ekutshutshiseni, ukujongelwa phantsi, ukuthotywa, kwaye mhlawumbi ngenye imini batshabalalisa ilizwe elincinci lamaSunni. .
Impembelelo yase-US yayiphela ngokukhawuleza, ishiya iSebe likaRhulumente, ibutho elincinane lomkhosi, ii-spooks ezahlukeneyo, kunye neekontraki ezifihlwe emva kweendonga ze-ambassy ye-dollar-dollar. enkulu ehlabathini!) eyayakhiwe kwi-a umzuzu we-imperial hubris. Igunya lasemzini elalinempembelelo enkulu kwiziganeko ngelo xesha Iran, ilizwe ulawulo lukaBush lwalukhe lwazimisela ukulisusa ecaleni kukaSaddam Hussein njengenxalenye yeAxis of Evil.
Abazukulwana base-Iraq
Iindleko ezothusayo zako konke oku - $ 25 billion ukuqeqesha uMkhosi waseIraq, $ 60 billion kulwakhiwo-olungekho, $ 2 zezigidi kwimfazwe iyonke, phantse4,500 Abantu baseMelika babhubhile kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-32,000 benzakele, kunye nenani lokufa kwe-Iraq elingaphezulu 190,000 (nangona olunye uqikelelo luhamba njengoko phezulu njenge a million) - ngoku inokulinganiswa neziphumo. Iinzame zeminyaka elithoba zokudala ilizwe lomxhasi waseMelika e-Iraq lusilele, kabuhlungu kwaye ngokupheleleyo. Ubungqina baloo nto bukwiphepha lokuqala lanamhlanje.
Ngokwendlela yokubala ekrwada, sichithe igazi kwaye asifumananga oli. Endaweni yoko, imfazwe yaseMelika yobugrogrisi yakhokelela ekubhangisweni koMbindi Mpuma emva-.War Cold I-stasis yokuba, ngokumangalisayo, yayibanjwe kunye ngumlawuli wase-Iraq wangaphambili we-autocratic uSaddam Hussein. Sikhuphe indlwane ye-hornet yenzondelelo yamaSilamsi, ihlelo, ubufundamentali, kunye ne-pan-nationalism. Amaqela abagrogrisi abangamaSilamsi akhula melele kunye nokuninzi usasazo ngonyaka. Lo mbane woyikekayo kuMbindi Mpuma oshiye umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseMelika kwilitha elibi kangako uya kuhlala kwiintsuku zabazukulwana bethu. Bekufanele ukuba maninzi kangaka amakamva. Ngoku, baya kuba mbalwa njengoko abafileyo beqokelelana kumabhodlo e-hubris yethu. Yiloo nto kuphela esiphumeleleyo.
Phantsi komongameli omtsha, onyulwe ngo-2008 kwinxalenye yesithembiso sakhe sokuphelisa ukubandakanyeka emkhosini waseMelika e-Iraq, iqhinga laseWashington laguqukela kwi-media-mantra emnandi kakhulu yokuba "akukho zibhutsi emhlabeni." Endaweni yoko, exhaswa yi-intel enomsindo kunye nokusetyenziswa "kotyando" kokuhlaselwa kwedrone kunye nezinye iintlobo zamandla omoya, ii-ops ezifihlakeleyo zase-US zaziza kunxulumana nezinto "eziphakathi" koorhulumente bamaSilamsi okanye phakathi kwabavukeli ababachasayo - kuxhomekeke ekubeni iWashington ukukhetha ukuxhasa urhulumente wesigebenga okanye abalwi.
Iziphumo? Isiphithiphithi eLibya, sigxininiswe ngu Ukuhamba Izixhobo eziphambili ezivela kwizixhobo zomkhosi oswelekileyo uMuammar Gaddafi kuMbindi Mpuma kunye neendawo ezibalulekileyo zaseAfrika, isiphithiphithi eYemen, isiphithiphithi eSyria, isiphithiphithi eSomalia, isiphithiphithi eKenya, isiphithiphithi eKenya. South Sudan, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, isiphithiphithi e-Iraq.
Kwaye kwafika i-Islamic State (IS) kunye ne "caliphate," entsha Umntwana ozelwe ngumsebenzi ongakhathaliyo kunye norhulumente weShia ozilawulayo ukuba abeke amaSunni endaweni yawo kube kanye. Kwaye ngequbuliso sasibuyela e-Iraq. Yintoni, ngo-Agasti 2014, ekuqaleni yakhuthazwa njengemizamo yobuntu elinganiselweyo yokusindisa Yazidis, ihlelo elincinane lonqulo ekungekho namnye eWashington okanye naphi na kweli lizwe wayekhe weva ngalo ngaphambili, ngokukhawuleza lajika langena kuloo mikhosi ye-1,600 yaseMelika ibuyela emhlabeni eIraq kunye neenqwelomoya zaseMelika esibhakabhakeni ukusuka eKurdistan emantla ukuya. emazantsi eBaghdad. I-Yazidis ishiywe, okanye igcinwe, okanye ingasafuneki. Ngubani owaziyo kwaye ngubani, ngelo xesha, owayenenkathalo? Baye, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, bayifezile injongo yabo kakuhle njenge casus belli yale mfazwe. Intlungu yabo ubuncinci yayinenyani eyoyikisayo, ngokungafaniyo nokuhlaselwa okucingelwa ukuba kwi IGulf of Tonkin eyabangela imfazwe eyandayo eVietnam ngowe-1964 okanye i-Iraqi engekhoyo iiWMDs eso yaba sisizathu sohlaselo luka-2003.
Imfazwe entsha yase-Iraq ibonisa "abaqeqeshi" beMisebenzi eKhethekileyo, uhlaselo lomoya ngokuchasene nabalwi be-IS besebenzisa izixhobo zaseMelika Lahliwe nguMkhosi wase-Iraqi (ngoku ngokucacileyo ukuba kunjalo iphinde yaxhaswa nguWashington), iinqwelomoya zaseU.S. ezithatha esibhakabhakeni zisuka ngaphakathi kweIraq kunye nomthwali kwiPersian Gulf kwaye mhlawumbi nakwezinye iindawo, kunye nemfazwe yomoya ngaphesheya komda ukuya eSiriya.
Kuthatha amanqaku amaninzi okujika ukuya kwisangqa
The iqiniso emhlabeni kule mihla iqheleke kabuhlungu: i Iraq nangakumbi yahlulwe yaba feuding karhulumente-lets; urhulumente waseBaghdad kleptocracy malunga nokuvuselelwa yimali yaseMelika ehamba simahla; kunye nenkulumbuso entsha ye-Shia ikhutshwe uluhlu olufanayo lwe-2003-2011 yi-Washington: guqula i-Sunni, idibanise i-Iraq, kwaye uyenze i-snappy. Isebe likarhulumente lisahlala lifihlwe emva kweendonga zaloo ndlu yozakuzo yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Imali eyongezelelekileyo iya kuchithwa ukuqeqesha yawa Umkhosi wase-Iraq. Iran ihleli igunya lasemzini elinempembelelo enkulu kwiziganeko.
Umehluko omnye ongaqhelekanga kufuneka uqatshelwe, nangona kunjalo: kwimfazwe yokugqibela yase-Iraq, ama-Irani axhasa kwaye aqondise ukuhlaselwa ngamajoni aseShia ngokuchasene nemikhosi yaseMelika (kunye nam); ngoku, abasebenzi bayo abakhethekileyo kunye nabacebisi ukulwa silwe ecaleni-ngecala nabo amajoni angamaShia afanayo phantsi kokhuselo lwamandla omoya waseMelika. Ngaba ufuna iibhutsi zokwenyani emhlabeni? Imikhosi yase-Irani sele ikhona. Ngokuqinisekileyo ngumzekelo wendlela ezopolitiko ezenza ngayo abalingane abangaqhelekanga, kodwa kunye nento eyenzekayo xa uhlanganisa "iqhinga" lakho xa ubaleka.
U-Obama akanakubekwa tyala ngayo yonke le nto, kodwa uyenzile indima yakhe ukuyenza ibe mandundu - kwaye okubi kakhulu kuya kwenzeka njengoko ulawulo lwakhe luphinda luthatha ubunini bomlo weSunni-Shia. Isicwangciso โesitshaโ somanyano esiza kusilela silandela ipateni yaleyo yasilelayo ngo-2007: sebenzisa umkhosi waseMelika ukudala indawo yezopolitiko โyoxolelwanisoโ phakathi kwamaSunni awayetshiswe, aneentloni kabini kunye norhulumente wamaShia wokulalanisa waseMelika. imali iyazama ukukrokra kwisivumelwano esichasene neminqweno yeIran. Mhlawumbi nayiphi na inhlangano entsha yeSunni ehlanganiswe kunye, nangona kunjalo ngokufutshane, ngabameli baseMelika kufuneka babizwe ngokuba ngabazukulwana base-Iraq.
Ukongeza kwinto eyoyikisayo ngokubanzi, abantu abaphambili abaphetheyo ukubeka izicwangciso zaseWashington zisebenza bubuso obuqhelekileyo obuqhelekileyo. UBrett McGurk, ababekhonza kwi izikhundla eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo we-Iraq kulo lonke ulawulo Bush kunye Obama, kwakhona khomba indoda njengoSekela Nobhala welizwe lase-Iraq nase-Iran. UMcGurk wayekhe wabizwa ngokuba "Umhlebezi kaMalikiโ ngokusondelelana kwakhe nowayesakuba yinkulumbuso. IMelika yangoku ummeli, URobert Stephen Beecroft, wayengusekela-mphathi wemishini, inombolo yesibini kwi-ambassy yase-Baghdad, emva kwi-2011. Ngokwe-diplomatic, enye faux umdibaniso wokuzimisela (ngokumangalisayo un) uyahlanganiswa. Kwaye i iingcali bafuna imfazwe kwi-hysteria eshushu eWashington onke amagama aqhelekileyo, ubukhulu becala intsalela evela kwiintsuku zozuko lohlaselo luka-2003.
ULloyd Austin, i jikelele ukongamela iinzame zomkhosi omtsha waseMelika, ukongamela ukurhoxa kuka-2011. Ngokubanzi John Allen, ekhutshwe emkhosini ukuze alungelelanise imfazwe entsha kummandla - wayesandul 'ukuba ngumcebisi woluntu kuNobhala kaRhulumente uJohn. Kerry -wayengusekela mphathi kwiphondo lase-Anbar e-Iraq ngexesha lotyando. Kwakhona kwicala lase-US, i-mercenary iikontraka zokhuseleko are umva, nanjengoMongameli Obama Cits, ngaphandle kokuphoxeka, isigunyaziso samandulo se-2002 sokuhlasela i-Iraq. chasene njengomgqatswa u-Obama njengenye yezizathu zakhe ezisemthethweni zemfazwe yalo nyaka. Ama-Irani, nawo, anomphathi-mkhosi ofanayo emhlabeni e-Iraq, Qassem Suleimani, intloko ye-Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps's Quds Force. Ihlabathi elincinci. Suleimani ikwanceda ngqo kwimisebenzi yeHezbollah ngaphakathi eSyria.
Nditsho nomntu ophethe inqwelomoya kwiPersian Gulf eqalisa ukubetha umoya, iUSS UGeorge HW Bush, ithiywe ngokufanelekileyo ngomongameli owasingenisa nzulu eIraq malunga nekota yenkulungwane eyadlulayo. Cinga nje oko okomzuzwana: besise-Iraq ixesha elide kangangokuba ngoku sinenqwelo-moya ephethe inqwelomoya ebizwa ngokuba ngumongameli owasungula uhambo.
Kwi Ishedyuli yeenyanga ze-36 ngenxa "yokutshabalalisa" i-ISIS, umongameli sele enikezela imfazwe yakhe kumongameli olandelayo, njengoko kwenziwa kuye nguGeorge W. Bush. Lo mongameli uzayo usenokuba nguHillary Clinton, owayengunobhala welizwe njenge-Iraq War 2.0 yade yafikelela kwisigqibo sayo. Ngokucacileyo, yayingumyeni wakhe olawulo lwakhe lwagcina iMfazwe yase-Iraq yango-1990-1991 iphila ngeendawo ezingabhabhayo kunye nezohlwayo. Biza ukuba umnombo wolunye uhlobo xa kufikwa ekulweni e-Iraq de isihogo sibe ngumkhenkce.
Ukuba kukho isifundo esisisishwankathelo apha, mhlawumbi sesokuba ngokucacileyo akukho mngxuma ungenako ukugrunjwa nzulu. Kwenzeka njani ukuba kucace ngakumbi, emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini izibhengezo ezingenanto yoloyiso e-Iraq, ukuba "impumelelo" yokwenyani, nangona ichazwa, ayinakwenzeka? Ekuphela kwendlela yokuphumelela asikokudlala. Kungenjalo, ungumntu nje owanyayo kwi-geopolitical elingana nomdlalo we-carnival ringtoss onenqindi eligcwele iikota ukurhweba ngesilwanyana esixutywe ngexabiso eliphantsi.
Apocalypse Emva koko-Kwaye Ngoku
Iimfazwe zaseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma zikho kwindawo enemibono apho ubunyani bungabalulekanga kangako, ke ukuba ucinga ukuba uyivile yonke le nto ngaphambili, phakathi kuka-2003 no-2010, uyenzile. Kodwa kwabo bakwiminyaka ethile, i-echoes ibuyela umva kakhulu. Kutshanje ndijoyine ingxoxo Umabonakude waseDatshi apho owayesakuba yiNkongolo yeRiphabhlikhi Pete Hoekstra wakhukulisa ulwimi. Njengoko besithetha nge-ISIS, uHoekstra wagxininisa ukuba i-US kufuneka ibakhanyele "indawo engcwele eCambodia." Wakhawuleza wazilungisa waza wathi โyiSiriya,โ kodwa ingongoma yabethelelwa.
Besikhe salapha ngaphambili, njengoko ukusilela komgaqo-nkqubo waseMelika kunye neqhinga laseVietnam ladibana nemfazwe eCambodia naseLaos ukukhanyela indawo engcwele kwimikhosi yaseNyakatho yeVietnam. Njengakwi-ISIS, saxelelwa ukuba babengamabhari ababefuna ukunyanzelisa intanda-bulumko engendawo kuwo wonke ummandla. Nabo, ngokudumileyo babefuna ukuliwa โngaphayaโ ukuze bathintelwe ukuba bangasihlaseli apha. Asizange sithi "iLizwe lasekhaya" ngelo xesha, kodwa ufumana umfanekiso.
Njengoko ukufana neVietnam kuxela, kunjalo ke umahluko. Xa inyaniso yokungaphumeleli kweMelika eVietnam ekugqibeleni kwacaca ukuba akukho mntu wayeshiywe ukuba axoke, imfazwe yaseMelika yaphela kwaye imikhosi yabuyela ekhaya. Abazange babuye umva. IMelika ngoku ilwa iMfazwe yase-Iraq okwesithathu, ngandlel' ithile ilindele iziphumo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa iqinisekisa ukusilela kuphela. Ukuchaza ngenye indlela uJohn Kerry oselula, yena ubuyile Vietnam, ngubani oya kuba ngowokugqibela ukufela loo mpazamo ingapheliyo? Kubonakala ngathi kuya kuthatha iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba sazi.
UPeter Van Buren wavuthela impempe kwinkunkuma yeSebe likaRhulumente kunye nokuphathwa kakubi ngexesha lokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Iraqi kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala, Thina Mnaant Ewe: Indlela endincede ngayo ukuphulukana nedabi leentliziyo kunye neengqondo zabantu baseIraq. A Tom Dispatch rhoqo, ubhala ngeziganeko zangoku kwiblogi yakhe, Sasithetha kakuhle. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Iziporho zikaTom Joad: Ibali le#99Percent.
Eli nqaku libonakala kuqala TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki we iProjekthi yobuKumkani baseMelika, Umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yokuNqoba, njengenoveli, Iintsuku Zokugqibela Zopapasho. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ngu Indlela yaseMelika yeMfazwe: Indlela iiMfazwe zikaBush zaba zezo zika-Obama (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela