Intshukumo entsha yehlabathi echasene "nehlabathi jikelele," okuthetha ukuthi,
Esinye sezo zindululo “kukwandisa imali echithwa “ekuququzeleleni” “ukwandisa ipesenti yabasebenzi abangamalungu emibutho. Ukonyuka okulolo hlobo "koxinaniso" lwemanyano lunokwandisa impembelelo yeemanyano ezikhoyo, kodwa akusayi kutshintsha ukubandakanyeka kwazo kulawulo lwamalungelo kunye namagatya okungabikho kogwayimbo akhoyo phantse kuzo zonke izivumelwano zothethathethwano ezidityanelweyo. La magatya mabini anika ulawulo olwandisa ingeniso ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezingundoqo kwaye athathele abasebenzi amandla okwenza nantoni na malunga noko.
Esinye isicwangciso esivunywe ngokubanzi "lunyulo lokutshekisha amakhadi". Ukuba iwiswe emthethweni, loo nkqubo inokuthi inyuse inani leeyunithi zengxoxo ezimelwe yimibutho ekhoyo. Ayinakwenza nto ukutshintsha i-top-down, i-bureaucratic character yaloo mibutho. Ngenene, ngokungabikho kwamaphulo onyulo athatha ixesha elide kunye neempikiswano ezinkulu zikawonke-wonke, unyulo lokukhangela amakhadi lunokubangela ukuba iimanyano zibe phantsi kwedemokhrasi kunokuba zinjalo ngoku.
Ngaphezu koko, amava abonisa ukuba xa kungekho mthetho, ukuze kufumaneke unyulo olutshekishwa ngamakhadi, iimanyano zabasebenzi zihlala zenza iminyinyiva ebalulekileyo (abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo bangenakuthetha) malunga nokuba kuya kuba yintoni na kwikhontrakthi emva kokuba imanyano yamkelwe. Isicwangciso-qhinga sesithathu esicaciswe ngokubanzi "ligcuntswana okanye amalungu- kuphela iyuniyoni". Ingcamango yeyokuba umqeshi ufanele afunelwe ukuba athethathethane nalo naliphi na iqela labasebenzi elicela oko, nokuba abo basebenzi abalulo uninzi lwabasebenzi. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuphucula intshukumo yabasebenzi kuba ifuna imanyano yabasebenzi ibonakalise ixabiso layo ngezenzo, hayi izithembiso. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango ineentsilelo ezibalulekileyo. Abo bathanda umanyano lwabambalwa bayibona njengenyathelo eliphakathi ukuya kwinkxaso yesininzi kunye nokuqondwa komanyano njengearhente yothethathethwano olukhethekileyo.
Ngaphezu koko, njengezinye iimbono ezininzi zohlaziyo lwemithetho yezabasebenzi, kubonakala ngathi kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kwengalo karhulumente (njengeNkongolo okanye iBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi) phambi kokuba ibe yinyani. Okungcono kunayo nayiphi na le mibono yobuchule iya kuba kukubuyela ngabom kumgaqo obalulekileyo wentshukumo yabasebenzi: umgaqo wobumbano. I-Knights of Labor kunye ne-IWW yachaza lo mgaqo wokubambisana ngamaxesha onke ngamazwi athi, "ukulimala komnye kukulimala kubo bonke." Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo othile kuyabonakala. Umzekelo, ekugqibeleni iyakunqanda ukuyilwa kwamanqanaba omvuzo ahlukeneyo kubasebenzi abenza imisebenzi efanayo kwaye bahluke kuphela malunga nemihla yokuqeshwa kwabo. Kwakhona, kuya kufuna ukuba intshukumo yabasebenzi ifune izisombululo ezinceda "bobabini" abasebenzi abafuna ukungena
Ukuze kuphuhliswe umanyano lwemanyano olunjalo, abasebenzi, iimbali zabasebenzi, amagosa emibutho yabasebenzi, kunye namagqwetha abasebenzi kufuneka baqinisekise umbono osisiseko wokuba iimpendulo kwiinkxwaleko ezifunyanwa ngabasebenzi base-US (nakwezinye iindawo) ziya kukhula ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. , hayi ukusuka phezulu ukuya phezulu. Kufuneka sibuyele kumava abasebenzi beli lizwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930 ababengakwazi ukufumana uncedo nokuba kukwimibutho yemibutho yesizwe okanye kurhulumente kazwelonke, abathi ke ngoko bajikelana, bephucula imibutho emitsha yabasebenzi ukuze ilungelelanise imisebenzi yabo. ugwayimbo jikelele lwasekuhlaleni. Kunokuba bafune uncedo ezinkundleni, baye bafuna ukukhupha abagwebi emqolo, ngokusebenzisa imiqathango echasene nomyalelo womthetho weNorris-LaGuardia Act kunye nemithetho encinci yeNorris-LaGuardia yamazwe amaninzi. Umqathango oyimfuneko kumbutho omtsha wabasebenzi osuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kukuyeka ukufuna inkokeli entsha enomlingo yombutho okhoyo wemanyano yabasebenzi eya kuthi iphinde iphumelele.
Iinkcuba-buchopho ezinxulumene nombutho wabasebenzi zinoxanduva olulodwa. Ngo-1995, ababhali-mbali ababini basasaza i-Open Letter eya kuMongameli-onyuliweyo u-John Sweeney, owabulisa ukuphakama kuka-Sweeney "njengolona phuhliso lukhuthazayo kubomi bezopolitiko besizwe sethu ukususela ekuphumeni kwentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu," wavavanya unyulo lwakhe "njengesithembiso. ] ukwenza kwakhona indlu yabasebenzi ibe ngumbutho wezentlalo esinokuhlangana kuwo” saza sathembisa “ukudlala indima yethu ekuncedeni sifezekise isithembiso sika-Oktobha.”2
Xa u-Andrew Stern kamva wagxeka uSweeney kwaye wakhokela iimanyano ezinkulu ezininzi kumbutho omtsha, uBarbara Ehrenreich wabhengeza ukuba "ikamva lephupha laseMelika" ngoku "lisezandleni zika-Andrew Stern" ephethe "i-ajenda ebalulekileyo yenguqu" kunye "nenkalipho enesibindi. umbono wohlaziyo."3 Oku kucingelwa ukuba kwakuphambi komanyano lukaStern noWal-Mart. Oku kungasentla kwenza kucace ukuba kutheni kubaluleke kakhulu ukujonga kwakhona kuJohn L. Lewis, ukuhamba ngaphaya kukaSaul Alinsky, uMelvyn Dubofsky, uDavid Brody, noRobert Zieger, ngokwenene ngaphaya kwemvumelwano yababhali-mbali babasebenzi, malunga nalo mfanekiso weparadigmatic. Apha, uphando lukaJim Pope lisango lokuqonda ukubaluleka komsebenzi wenqanaba kunye nefayile njengombindi wokukhula kwentshukumo yabasebenzi.4
Njengoko uPapa esitsho:
Ngokwebali eliqhelekileyo, icandelo lesi-7[a] loMthetho wokuBuyiselwa koShishino lweSizwe [lenze ukuba libe nokwenzeka] iphulo eliqaqambileyo loququzelelo elamisela kwakhona imanyano yabasebenzi basemgodini kwiindawo zamalahle athambileyo. Ibali liqala ekupheleni kukaMeyi ka-1933, xa uMongameli we-UMW uJohn L. Lewis-elindele ukuphunyezwa kwecandelo lesi-7(a)- ebophelele isebe lezemali lilonke. . . . Abaququzeleli abalikhulu baphumela kumabala amalahle . . . esithi "uMongameli" ufuna abasebenzi basezimayini bajoyine imanyano. . . [W]kwisithuba seeveki zokutyikitywa kwecandelo 7(a), umanyano lubhalisa uninzi lwabasebenzi-mgodini kwiindawo zamalahle athambileyo.
Kweli bali eliqhelekileyo, uPope uphawula ngokufanelekileyo, "abasebenzi basezimayini zamalahle abafane bavele kwaye babethe-ukuba bangene ebalini konke konke-badlale indima encedisayo," kwaye kuthiwa baqhutywa nguLewis.
UPope usixelela ukuba waqalisa uphando lwakhe xa
ICandelo 7(a) "alizange livuse intshukumo okanye limise iimfuno zayo." Ngomhla we-17 kaMeyi, 1933, xa i-NIRA yaziswa kwiNgqungquthela, "ukunyuka okuququzelelayo kwempahla kunye namalahle kwakusele kushukuma ngokupheleleyo."
Ukususela ekuzihlanganiseni, abasebenzi basezimayini baqhubela phambili, ngokutsho kukaPapa, ukunyanzelisa ukusuka ngaphantsi. ULewis ucebise abasebenzi basezimayini ukuba bangaqhankqalazi kuba elona nyathelo liza kubakho
Abahlaseli, nangona kunjalo, bajonga ukukhethwa "kungekhona njengendlela yokunxibelelana, kodwa njengesixhobo sokunyanzelisa."
Abasebenzi basezimayini bahlala ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwemivuzo kwaye bathembisa ukunyuka kwemivuzo kuba uPope uthi into ababeyifuna "lutshintsho lwesakhiwo" kunye "nomyalelo omtsha wezoshishino." Abaqhankqalazi bazilungelelanise ngeekomiti zemingxuma ezithathe indawo yezixhobo ezisemthethweni ze-UMW. UPope uqukumbela ngelithi:
Kuwo wonke umzabalazo, uJohn L. Lewis wayelinyathelo elisemva kwamatsha ntliziyo emanyano yasekuhlaleni. Iphulo lakhe lokuququzelela elibhiyozelwayo alizange lisungulwe de kwaba semva kokuba abasebenzi basezimayini bezikhundla kunye neefayile sele bewuvuselele umanyano. Nje ukuba ithunyelwe, abaququzeleli bakhe basebenze ngokuzingileyo ukujongela phantsi intshukumo yogwayimbo. . . . Ngoko ke, ukuchacha okuchukumisayo kombutho we-UMW - kamva owachazwa nguLewis njengemveliso yoluleko olusembindini kunye nokwenza umthetho kurhulumente womanyano - eneneni yaziswa yintshukumo yedemokhrasi yamatsha ntliziyo asekuhlaleni enyanzelisa umbono wabo welungelo lokuququzelela.
Kufuneka demythologize hayi kuphela John L. Lewis, kodwa zonke iinkokeli ezifana Philip Murray, Walter Reuther, Cesar Chavez, Arnold Miller, Ed Sadlowksi, Ron Carey, John Sweeney, kunye Andrew Stern, kwaye kufuneka reconceptualize isikhundla-kunye-ifayile. Iintshukumo njengento engaphezulu kuneengqungquthela zokunyula iinkokheli zemanyano yabasebenzi abatsha.
Ukunyuswa kwezikhundla kwasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930 kwabangela ukuba abagqatswa bangene kwizikhundla zabo, kodwa bakwala ukwamkela izivumelwano zothethathethwano ezidityanelweyo ekwakuxoxwa ngazo ngaphandle kweminyango evaliweyo; uqalise uqhankqalazo olungeyonyani, ugwayimbo jikelele lwasekuhlaleni, nogwayimbo lwesizwe lwamalaphu; kwaye akazange alibaleke ithuba lokuzikhwebula ukuze aqalise imibutho emitsha.
Ayekholelwa, ngolwimi lwentlangano echasene nehlabathi jikelele, ukuba elinye ihlabathi linokubakho, yaye ngolwimi lukaKarl Marx noFriedrich Engels, babenehlabathi abanokuphumelela kulo.
Amanqaku"
1. Ababhali-mbali bahlala begxeka uSamuel Gompers ngokuxhasa "ukungabandakanywa" kwabasebenzi baseTshayina ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba. Xa uTom Leedham, njengomgqatswa we-Teamsters ye-Democratic Union kumongameli we-International Brotherhood of Teamsters, wagxeka umchasi wakhe (uJames Hoffa, Omnci.) ngokungenzi ngokwaneleyo ukugcina abaqhubi belori baseMexico baphuma ngaphandle.
2. Ileta yasayinwa, phakathi kwabanye, nguStanley Aronowitz, uDerrick Bell, uBarry Bluestone, uJulian Bond, uBarbara Ehrenreich, u-Eric Foner, uBetty Friedan, uHerbert Gans, uHenry Louis Gates, Jr., Todd Gitlin, uMichael Kazin, uJonathan Kozol , UWilliam Kornblum, uDavid Montgomery, u-Arthur Schlesinger Jr., uMichael Walzer, kunye noCornel West, owathi wancoma u-Sweeney "njengenkokeli yombono." "Ukunyuka kweNdlu yabaSebenzi," "Ngala MaXesha", Disemba 25, 1995, iphe. 4.
3. USteve Early, uphononongo lukaJohn Sweeney, "iMelika idinga ukuPhakanyiswa", kunye no-Andrew Stern, "Ilizwe eliSebenzayo", kwi-WorkingUSA: I-Journal of Labor and Society ", vol. 10, no. 1 (Matshi 2007) : 142.
4. "I
_____________
UStaughton Lynd "ngumbhali-mbali okhokelayo kwezentlalo othe wanikela ngobomi bakhe kwi-scholarship kwiklasi yabasebenzi kunye nentlalontle kunye nomanyano. Ungumbhali weencwadi ezininzi ezingomsebenzi, abasebenzi, nabacinezelekileyo. Wenza umthetho wengqesho njengegqwetha leenkonzo zomthetho kwi
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela