I-CJP: Into eyaqala njengengxaki yezemali ngo-2007 iye yaba yeyona ngxaki inkulu yentswela-ngqesho kwilizwe lobungxowankulu elihambele phambili. Ngaba oku mhlawumbi kuthetha ukuba ingxaki ka-2007-08 ayibangelwanga yimali ngokwayo kodwa inezizathu ezisisiseko kuqoqosho lokwenyani?
JBF: Akukho mntu uthandabuzayo ukuba kukugqabhuka kweqamza lezemali okubangele ukudodobala kwezoqoqosho. Ke ngale ndlela unobangela wengxaki ibiyeyemali. Kodwa iimpendulo ezinzulu zifumaneka kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "yinyani yoqoqosho" okanye indawo yokuvelisa. Ingxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho njengeNgxaki enkulu yezeMali isoloko imveliso yezinto ezakhiweyo eziye zakhiwa kwiminyaka emininzi kwaye zihlala zineengcambu kwimveliso. Amazinga okukhula kwezoqoqosho aqolileyo, uqoqosho longxowankulu lwe-monopolistic lwe-Triad - i-United States / Canada, iYurophu, kunye neJapan-yaqala ukucotha ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye yehla ngokusisiseko kwishumi leminyaka ukusukela ngoko. Owona mba uphambili wokuchasana noku kudodobala koqoqosho ibikukwenziwa kwemali, nokunokuchazwa njengokubandakanya: (1) ukukhula kobungakanani bemali (indlela yetyala-mboleko) ngokunxulumene nemveliso; (2) isabelo esandisiweyo sengeniso yemali kwingeniso yenkampani iyonke; kunye (3) nokunyuka kwembuyekezo yemali njengento eyandayo elawulayo nakwimisebenzi yeefemu ezingezizo ezemali ngokunjalo.
Le nkqubo yokwenza imali yaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960 kwaye yakhula kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Xa kujongwe ukugcwala kweemarike kunye nokuhla kwamathuba otyalo-mali amaqumrhu kunye nabatyali-zimali ngabanye baye bajongana neengxaki zokufunxa intsalela. Impendulo yabo ibe kukugalela ngakumbi nangakumbi intshiyekela yezoqoqosho abanayo kwicandelo lezemali bekhangela amathuba aqikelelwayo anxulumene noxabiso lwempahla. Amaziko emali aye akwamkela oku kungena kwenkunzi enkulu ngokuyila izixhobo zemali ezingaqhelekanga. Yonke inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezimali inyuse uqoqosho ngokunxulumene noko bekuya kuba kuko ngenye indlela, ibeka umgangatho phantsi kohlumo loqoqosho.
Kodwa xa kujongwa ukuba inkqubo yezemali yona ngokwayo yayiyimpendulo kuqoqosho oludodobalisayo, olungazange lukwazi ukunyanga, oko kwavela kule nkqubo kwakusiba nkulu kwaye kuxhaphake amaqamza emali ngaphezulu kwesiseko soqoqosho esibuthathaka. Oku kukhokhelele ekubeni i-credit crunch emva kwenye, enye ibe nkulu kuneyokugqibela, kunye ne-Federal Reserve kunye nezinye iibhanki ezingoovimba zingena kwakhona kwaye kwakhona njengababolekisi bokugqibela kwiinzame zokuzama ukugcina yonke indlu yamakhadi ukuba ingadiliki. Ukuwohloka okupheleleyo kwezemali ngamaxesha onke kwakuthintelwa, oko kwamisela inqanaba leengxaki ezinkulu kwixesha elizayo. Ngeli xesha ukufakwa kwemali kuye kwadityaniswa nehlabathi njengoko onke amazwe ayenyanzeleke ukuba amkele uyilo lwemali olufanayo. Ekugqibeleni, imeko yayinyanzelekile ukuba ivele apho iziphumo zesikali sokuqhambuka kweqamza lezemali liza koyisa umthamo weebhanki ezingoovimba ukunqanda umonakalo omkhulu kuqoqosho. Oku kwenzeka ngeNgxaki enkulu yezeMali kwi-2007-08. Nangona kunjalo, ukuwohloka okupheleleyo kwezemali kwathintelwa ngenkqubo "enkulu kakhulu ukuba ingaphumeleli" yokuhlangula amaziko amakhulu emali - ngeendleko ezigqithiselwe kuluntu.
Uninzi lweengxoxo zazo zonke iNgxaki enkulu yezeMali, nokuba ngasekhohlo, ziye zathambekela ekugxileni kwimiba engaphezulu kunye neempawu, zingahoywa ukuphikisana kwexesha elide phakathi kwemveliso nakwimali. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ndiyazingca ukuthetha oko Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga, esekelwe ekuqaleni kumsebenzi we UHarry Magdoff kwaye UPawulos Sweezy, uye walandela ngokusondeleyo ukuphuhliswa koku kuphikisana kumanqaku abhalwe kwithuba leminyaka engamashumi amane nangaphezulu.
Eyona ngxaki iphambili yoqoqosho longxowankulu ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo ayiyongxaki yemali kangako njengokudodobala. Kwanabezoqoqosho benkululeko njengoPaul Krugman ngoku bathetha "ngesigxina esisisigxina." Eli xesha langoku liphawulwa kukukhula okucothayo kakhulu koqoqosho kuqoqosho olukhulileyo - into eyenzeka emva kweNgxaki enkulu yezeMali. Inkqubo ibanjwa kule nto sibhekiselele kuyo Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga njenge "stagnation-financialization trap." Ngaphandle kwee-booms ezikhokelwa yimali, akukho nto okwangoku yokwenza ukuba inkqubo ihambe kwindawo efileyo, ukuze kuthiwe. Kodwa inkqubo yokwenziwa kwezimali iye yatsala nzima okwangoku ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali-mboleko yebhanki, ayikwazi ukunika inkuthazo eyaneleyo yokuvuselela uqoqosho.
I-Capital ke ngoko ixhalatyelwe ngaphezu kwayo yonke into kukufumana inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemali kwakhona. Owona msebenzi uphambili kukuqinisekisa uzinzo nokukhula kwee-asethi zemali, ezibandakanya ubutyebi bongxowankulu kwaye namhlanje eyona ndlela iphambili yokuvelisa ubutyebi. Oko kuthetha ukuba ngokweemeko ezisebenzayo kunyanzeliswa iimeko zobungqongqo be-neoliberal ezijolise ekujikeni uqukuqelo loqoqosho lukarhulumente nolwabucala ngokwandayo ukuya kwicandelo lezemali. Urhulumente wobungxowankulu uyaguqulwa ukuze umsebenzi wakhe womboleki-mali wokugqibela ube yindima yawo ephambili, nazo zonke ezinye iinjongo zopolitiko ziphantsi koku. Ngaphantsi kwezi meko izicwangciso zakudala ze-Keynesian zokuchithwa kwenkcitho kunye nokukhuthazwa kwengqesho kufuneka kubingelelwe kwisibingelelo se-elite yamandla emali. Ekugqibeleni, oku kunokuphumelela ekuveliseni enye i-boom ekhokelwa yimali kunye neqamza. Kodwa iziphumo zale nkqubo igqwethiweyo, eqikelelwayo yokuveliswa kobutyebi, ukuba ivunyelwe ukuba iqalise ngokupheleleyo, inokuba qatha ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.
Ngaba uyakuqonda ukufakwa kwemali kuqoqosho njengesiphumo ngabom okanye esingafanelekanga esifunwa ngabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo okanye njengenxalenye yenkqubo eguquguqukayo, eqhubekayo yokuqokelela inkunzi?
I-JBF: Kubekho iingxoxo ezininzi, phakathi kwabakhululekileyo nasekhohlo, malunga nendlela urhulumente kunye nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo abakukhuthazileyo ukwenza imali-ngokungathi indima karhulumente kuyo yonke le nto yayiphambili. Umzekelo omhle woku Ukwenza imali kwiNgxaki nguGreta Krippner, ojongana nokwenziwa kwezemali ikakhulu njengolawulo lomgaqo-nkqubo. Oku kuhambelana kakuhle nombono odumileyo kunye ne-Keynesian ukuba ingxaki yayiyi-regulation yezemali kwaye isisombululo sisekulawulweni kwemali. Alithandabuzeki elokuba oorhulumente bakaTriad babebandakanyeke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yezemali yaye bawaxhakamfule onke amathuba ezobupolitika nawezoqoqosho awayeziswe kukusetyenziswa kwemali.
Kodwa ukulandelela ingxaki kurhulumente kukubeka inqwelo phambi kwehashe. Njengoko u-Sweezy waxoxa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, ingxaki ebalulekileyo yohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho namhlanje kukuqonda "ukuxhaswa ngemali kwenkqubo yokuqokelela inkunzi." Ujongene neqamza emva kweqamza elivela kubudlelwane bobuxhakaxhaka-mali, urhulumente akanakho ukukhetha, kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo, kodwa ukuguqukela kulawulo lwezemali ukuze kuthintelwe ukugqabhuka kweqamza - ukunika ulawulo lwezemali indawo engaphezulu apho isebenze ngokususa imiqobo ekwandiseni kwayo. Akukho mntu emva kwayo yonke into - ingenguye umphathi webhanki ephakathi, ingenguye uNobhala weSebe lezeMali, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ingeyiyo intloko yelizwe - ufuna iqamza liqhume kwiwotshi yakhe. Ukunciphisa ukulawulwa kwezemali, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme i-bubble eqhumayo kunye nokunika i-fuel ngaphezulu kwenkqubo yezemali, kwabonakala ngokukodwa kulawulo lukaClinton, apho u-Alan Greenspan, uLarry Summers, kunye noTimothy Geithner basebenza ngokubambisana. Kodwa ingcamango yokuba yonke le nkqubo yayingayiphi na indlela lawulwa ngurhulumente mhlawumbi ekunyukeni okanye ukuhla yinkohliso. Le yinkqubo esisiseko engalawulekiyo, eneengxaki zokwenene ezilele kuphuhliso olungenangqiqo loqoqosho longxowankulu.
U-Hyman Minsky ube negalelo mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye ingcali yezoqoqosho kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe ekuqondeni kwethu iingxaki zemali, kodwa kwakhona wenze isindululo semigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo nesengqiqweni yokujongana nesibetho sokungaqeshwa kunye nobuhlwempu. Ukungavisisani kwakho kulele phi kunye noMinsky, kwaye kutheni ama-radicals akufanele amkele izindululo zakhe zomgaqo-nkqubo oya kunceda ukuthomalalisa usizi nokubandezeleka kwezigidi zabantu abangaphangeliyo nabangamahlwempu?
JBF: Ngokuqinisekileyo uMinsky wayengumntu obalaseleyo we-post-Keynesian kwaye igama lakhe likhule ngokufanelekileyo ukusukela kwingxaki yamva nje. Umsebenzi wakhe wonke wawuzinikele ekuchazeni iingxaki zemali. Isiseko sohlalutyo lwakhe yayiyenye indlela yokutolika iKeynes (kwincwadi yakhe ye-1975 John Maynard Keynes)ezamile ukuguqula iimbono eziphambili zikaKeynes zibe yithiyori yeengxaki zemali zexeshana. Kule nkqubo, uMinsky wachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba uhlalutyo lukaKeynes kule ndawo lubopheleleke kwiinkxalabo zakhe malunga nokuma kwexesha elide okanye ukwehla kokusebenza komda wemali. UMinsky wabonisa ukuba i-capitalism yayine "isiphene" esibulalayo esibangele ukuba ivelise amaxesha e-Ponzi-style yokungazinzi kwezemali, ukusuka kwindawo ezinzileyo yezemali ukuya kwimeko engazinzanga ngokwasezimalini ngenxa yengqiqo yayo. Nangona kunjalo, ubuthathaka obuphambili bokuhlalutya kukaMinsky yayikukuba yayixhomekeke kwithiyori esulungekileyo yomjikelo wemali, inqunyulwe ekuqondeni utyekelo lwemveliso. Ngenxa yoko, akukho ithiyori yokwenyani yokwenziwa kwemali, eqondwa njengesiqhelo kunento eyenzeka kwi-cyclical, efumaneka kumsebenzi wakhe. Imodeli yakhe engabonakaliyo yeengxaki zemali ngoko yasuswa kwimiba emininzi yembali yokuqokelela kwangempela okwakugxilwe nguMarx, Keynes, kunye noKalecki. Nangona ndiyithanda kakhulu imodeli kaMinsky, UMagdoff kunye noSweezy nangona kunjalo wamgxeka ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ngokusilela ukujonga ubudlelwane obuguquguqukayo phakathi kwemveliso kunye nezezimali. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kusilela kukaMinsky ukulandelela ingxaki yezemali kwiingcambu ezibangela imveliso kunye nokujongana nophuhliso lwexesha elide lobungxowankulu lwamenza wamkeleka ngakumbi ekusekweni (nangona imvelaphi yakhe yasekhohlo kunye neengcinga) xa inkcazo yemali ka-2007-08. bekufunwa ingozi. Eyona nto ibambekayo yayiyimbono yokuba yonke le yayiyi "Minsky mzuzu," ecebisa umjikelo wayo kunye nethutyana. Ngaphezu koko, uMinsky - kunokuba acinge ngokungenangqondo kuhlalutyo lwakhe - wayecebise ukuba ulawulo olungcono lwemali olulawulwa ngurhulumente lunokoyisa ezi ngxaki.
Kwaphela emva kwexesha ebomini bakhe emva kwe-Crash ye-Stock Market ye-1987 ukuba uMinsky waqala ukucinga ngokucokisekileyo malunga nokuxhaswa ngemali ngokwawo, ngumba wexesha elide. Oku kwakukwincwadi ka-1989 Uphuhliso longxowankulu kunye neThiyori yeNgxaki ihlelwe nguMark Gottdiener noNicos Kominos (incwadi endithe ndanegalelo kuyo kwisahluko). Iqhekeza likaMinsky lalibizwa ngokuba yi "Financial Crises kunye ne-Evolution of Capitalism" kwaye waphakamisa umba "wobungxowankulu beemalike." URobert McChesney kunye nam siye sanikela inxalenye yeSahluko sesi-2 sencwadi yethu Ingxaki engapheliyo kuqwalaselo lwethiyori kaMinsky ngokunxulumene nemibuzo emikhulu ephakanyiswe nguMarx, Keynes, Kalecki, kunye noSweezy.
Isikolo esiyimonopoly capital school sibonakala singavisisani nolo hlalutyo luqatha lubanga ukuba ukutshintshwa kwemali eyinkunzi kubangele ukusekwa kweqela labaphezulu behlabathi ngoku elibumba ukwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo phantse kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kulo mxholo, uphendula njani kwisityholo esicacileyo, ukuba asicacanga, sokuba i-monopoly capital igxininise kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho kulwakhiwo lobungxowankulu obuphambili kodwa ithatha izigqibo kuqoqosho olukhulu malunga nokudodobala?
JBF: Kuyinyani ukuba kuthi ithisisi - edumileyo ngasekhohlo namhlanje - ukuba kukho ukunyuka kongxowankulu bezizwe ngezizwe kubonakala kulula kakhulu, kusilela ukubamba ukuphikisana okupheleleyo. Kukho utyekelo lokususa ingxaki yodidi kunye nokujongelwa phantsi kokhuphiswano lwama impiriyali. Olona gxeko lubalaseleyo lwezimvo endizaziyo lubonelelwe nguSamir Amin ngo-2011 kwincwadi yakhe. "I-Transnational Capitalism okanye i-Imperialism ehlangeneyo?" U-Amin uthetha, ngakumbi, kumsebenzi wakhe obalulekileyo ka-2010, Umthetho weXabiso leHlabathi liphela, "ye-capitalism yamva yee-oligopolies eziqhelekileyo, ezemali, kunye ne-globalized oligopolies" kwaye ibona esi sigaba silawulwa yi-Triad kunye ne-United States kwindawo ye-hegemonic. Oku kum kubonakala kuyimbono eyanele ngakumbi yenyaniso yethu yembali entsonkothileyo kunokuthembela kwingcinga yongxowankulu bezizwe ngezizwe njengohlobo oluthile. deus ex machina. Abahlalutyi kwimodeli yodidi longxowankulu bezizwe ngezizwe bajonga unxibelelwano olukhulayo phakathi kwamaqumrhu asekelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo angundoqo. Kodwa, eneneni, unxibelelwano olunjalo aluyiyo yonke into enomtsalane kuyo yonke iTriad xa iyonke. I-capital yase-US, umzekelo, isasebenza ngokuzimela okukhulu, njengoko i-US isenza. Ikomkhulu laseJapan lahluke kakhulu.
Kuyanika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba ingqikelelo enxulumeneyo yomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe yakhuthazwa yingcali yethiyori yolawulo yokusekwa uPeter Drucker, owathi loo mizi-mveliso - ayisasekelwanga kwisizwe esithile kodwa isebenza kumazwe ngamazwe - iye yalisusa iqumrhu lezizwe ngezizwe, elalichaziwe. ukusuka kwelokuqala njengequmrhu elisebenza kumazwe amaninzi kodwa lisekelwe kwelinye. Ngaphakathi Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga sisacinga ukuba ngamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe kuneenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ngokwengqiqo kaDrucker, ezihlala zilawula.
Ithisisi yetransnationization iye yathandwa kakhulu eYurophu ngenxa yenguquko yoLuntu lwaseYurophu. Kodwa le ngxaki ikhoyo ivule ukuchasana phakathi kweYurophu ngokwayo. Kule ngxaki ikhoyo umntu unokuxoxa ukuba ubudlelwane bobukhosi obubonakala phakathi, yithi, iJamani neGrisi zijongele phantsi zonke iingqikelelo ezilula malunga nokudityaniswa kwezizwe ngezizwe kongxowankulu, amaqumrhu, kunye namazwe.
Inxalenye yesibini yombuzo wakho ibonakala kum kude kakhulu neyokuqala. Ukwahlula phakathi kwe-microeconomics kunye ne-macroeconomics yaqaliswa ngexesha leentlekele zezoqoqosho ze-marginalist ezinxulumene ne-revolution ye-Keynesian. I-Keynes yazisa into esiyibiza ngokuba yimbono ye-macroeconomic kodwa ayiphumelelanga ukulungisa impixano phakathi koku kunye ne-neoclassical microeconomics. Ngamanye amazwi, wasilela ukwandisa "ithiyori yakhe jikelele yengqesho" kwithiyori ngokubanzi yoqoqosho luphela. Washiya iziseko zembono ye-neoclassical kwinqanaba le-microeconomic ubukhulu becala lingaqwalaselwa. Oku ke kwamisela inqanaba lemvuselelo yogcino ngokohlobo lweemfundiso zanamhlanje zeClassical neNew Keynesian.
Kalecki, ephuma kwisithethe sikaMarxian (apho wayephenjelelwa ngumsebenzi kaRosa Luxemburg ngokukodwa), kwaye nangona kunjalo elindele zonke iinkalo eziphambili ze-theory ye-Keynes jikelele yengqesho, waphuhlisa uhlalutyo lwakhe kwisiseko esaneleyo apho kwakungekho kwahlukana phakathi. microeconomics kunye ne-macroeconomics. Oku kwathatha imo yethiyori yakhe ye-monopoly capital, esakhela kwisithethe sangaphambili samaMarxian kule nkalo. Indlela yethu yokungena Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga ngumMarxian (okanye UMarxian-Kaleckian) enye, igxile ekuqokeleleni, nasekuboneni uqoqosho njengento ephilayo. Nangona umntu angakwazi ukubhekisela kwi-macroeconomic, ngokuchasene ne-microeconomic, uhlalutyo, kwimbono kaMarxian akukho ukwahlukana kwangempela.
Kubonakala ngathi sibona utshintsho lwembali lwamacandelo okukhula kongxowankulu ukusuka kumazwe ahambele phambili kongxowankulu ukuya kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi lehlabathi. Yintoni ebangela olu tshintsho kwaye zithini iziphumo zolu phuhliso kwiimpikiswano zakudala phakathi koMntla noMzantsi?
JBF: Zininzi izibaxo kule ndawo. Isabelo sengqesho kushishino lweGlobal South yenyuka ukusuka kuma-51 epesenti ngo-1980 ukuya kuma-73 epesenti ngo-2008 ngexesha leNgxaki yezeziMali eNkulu. Kodwa uninzi lwale mveliso kukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kweenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezisembindini. Izinga lokukhula koqoqosho kwiqaqobana loqoqosho olusahlumayo libe phezulu kakhulu kunelo loqoqosho oluqolileyo lweTriad. Ukanti ukuthetha ngokunyuka koMzantsi wehlabathi ngokubanzi yimpazamo enkulu. Njengoko mna noFred Magdoff sichaze kwi-2011 ngo Yintoni efunwa nguMntu woBume beNdawo malunga noBungxowankulu, ukususela kowe-1970 ukuya kowe-1989 iGDP yonyaka ngomntu ngamnye yamazwe asakhasayo (ngaphandle kweTshayina) yaba ngumyinge nje we-6.1 ekhulwini kumazwe e-G7 (eUnited States, eJapan, eJamani, eFransi, eUnited Kingdom, eItali naseKhanada). Ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya ku-2006 (ngaphambi nje kweNgxaki enkulu yezeMali) oku kwehle ukuya kutsho kwi-5.6 ekhulwini. Ngeli xesha, umyinge wonyaka we-GDP yomntu ngamnye waMazwe angama-48 angaPhuhliswanga Kancinane (igama le-UN) wehla ukusuka kwi-1.4 ekhulwini yamazwe e-G7 ngowe-1970-1989 ukuya kuphela kwi-.96 ekhulwini ngowe-1990-2006. Ukungalingani kuyanda ngokukhawuleza kwiintlanga kulo lonke i-periphery yehlabathi kunye nakumbindi wenkqubo. Zonke iintlobo zokudluliselwa kwezoqoqosho kunye nokulawula zinceda ukuqhubela phambili amandla obukhosi phakathi kwenkqubo. Ngaphaya koko, phantsi kwenkunzi yemali yelizwe jikelele yanamhlanje efana nezixhobo, itekhnoloji, ulwazi, kunye negunya lomkhosi zilawulwa kwaye zilawulwa ukusa kumbindi wenkqubo. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho (ingqina ukusasazeka kwe-neoliberal austerity) nayo iyachazwa kwiziko. Zombini iUnited States kunye "I-NATO yehlabathi" ziya ziqhubela phambili ungenelelo lomkhosi kumda. Impiriyali yinyani ekhulayo, nokuba izibonakalisa ngeendlela ezintsha.
Inyani yokuba ukuphikisana ngobuninzi kuye kwakhula e-China, kwaye kuye kwaqhuma eBrazil naseTurkey kwiiveki zamva nje, kubonisa ukuba ukuphikisana kwenkqubo kuyanda kuqoqosho olukhulayo ngeendlela ezingabanjwanga zonke yingcamango elula yokutshintsha kwembali ukuthanda kwakhe uMzantsi wehlabathi. Kuyinyani ukuba oku kuzisa imingeni emitsha kumandla kwiziko; ngqina imvukelo yaseLatin America ngokuchasene neneoliberalism, kunye nemizabalazo yesoshiyali yenkulungwane yama-21 kumazwe afana neVenezuela neBolivia. Ngaphezu koko, amandla e-geopolitical e-United States ayaphela. Kodwa le nto siyibonayo ayiyontshukumo ingaguquguqukiyo kangako njengomzabalazo oqinayo malunga nekamva lama impiriyali kunye nokuzimisela kwezizwe.
In Ingxaki engapheliyo McChesney kunye nam sihlolisise inkqubo ye "i-arbitrage yabasebenzi behlabathi," apho i-capital itshintshelwa kumazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino ukuze kuxhamle imivuzo ephantsi, okanye iindleko zeyunithi ephantsi kakhulu zabasebenzi. Ngaloo ndlela yonke inkqubo yehlabathi ilungelelaniswe ngakumbi nangakumbi koko kubizwa ngokuba yingcamango kaMarxist utshintshiselwano olungalinganiyo. Emva kokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo nasakhasayo ngoko kukuqiniswa kobudlelwane bongxowankulu kunye neendlela ezigqithisileyo zokuxhaphaza. Kwincwadi yethu siphinde sajonga kwi umkhosi wogcino lwehlabathi, ngokusekelwe kwidatha ye-IMF. Sifumanise ukuba into enokubizwa ngokuba "bobona bukhulu bomkhosi wogcino lwehlabathi" ngo-2011 yayingabantu abazibhiliyoni ezi-2.4, xa kuthelekiswa ne-1.4 yebhiliyoni kumkhosi wabasebenzi osebenzayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ungquzulwano oluvelayo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo lukhulu kwaye uMzantsi wehlabathi ujongene nokukhula kweendlela ezigwenxa zezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, kunye nezendalo - ukunqumla inkqubo iyonke.
Ngaba i-neoliberalism ikwi-retreat okanye ingaba i-hegemony yayo ihleli injalo?
JBF: kwi Ingxaki engapheliyo UMcChesney kunye nam sixoxa ngelithi ulawulo lweneoliberal "liqabane lomgaqo-nkqubo wemonopoly-finance capital" - isigaba sangoku sobungxowankulu. "Kukude nokuba kubuyiselwe inkululeko yemveli yezoqoqosho," sabhala, "neoliberalism ... yimveliso yenkunzi enkulu, urhulumente omkhulu, kunye nemali enkulu kwinqanaba elikhulayo lehlabathi." Ibonakalisa ukongamela kwabo banamandla kwezemali kunye nokufakwa kwemali njengendlela ephambili yokuchasa ukudodobala koqoqosho. Luhlobo olunoburhalarhume lobukhapitali olulungiselelwe ukuphakamisa ukungalingani kunye nobungqongqo. Oku kubandakanya iinzame zokusebenzisa urhulumente ukuphambukisa ngakumbi nangakumbi uqukuqelo loqoqosho loluntu, kubandakanywa neengeniso zombuso, kwingxowa yemali eyinkunzi, nakwicandelo lezemali ngokukodwa. Ukuqokelelwa kwenkunzi ngendlela eqhelekileyo yotyalo-mali kulwakhiwo lwenkunzi entsha kwimveliso, ngelixa kusabalulekile, kuya kusiba kwindawo yesibini. Amagumbi okuhlala amashishini aphelelwe ngamandla xa kuthelekiswa neemalike zemali, ngelixa urhulumente esiba ngolawulo-melo oluthe kratya, esebenzela imali eyinkunzi kunye nemali eyinkunzi iyonke.
Neoliberalism nayo inokubonwa njengokusilela kokugqibela kwedemokhrasi yenkululeko. Inkululeko yamandulo, okanye "umntu olawulayo," njengoko uCB Macpherson wayibiza njalo, wayechasene nedemokhrasi ngokukrakra (njengoko kunokubonwa kwimibhalo yamanani afana Hobbes kwaye ILocke). Idemokhrasi yenkululeko yaziswa kamva (iphefumlelwe ngamanani anje I-JS Mill) njengenkqubo engumxube apho ubuniba bomntu wenkululeko yakudala bufanelekile, ukuvumela amanyathelo athile edemokhrasi, ngakumbi kummandla wonyulo. Namhlanje olona tyekelo luphambili kulwakhiwo lweniyoliberal, urhulumente weplutocratic, olungiselelwe ngocwangco ngakumbi kunangaphambili kwiimfuno zenkunzi, oko kukuthi, ukubuyela kwinkululeko yakudala kunye nokulawula komntu ngamnye, ekhalaza "idemokhrasi eninzi kakhulu." Oku kuhambelana kakuhle nombono kaHayekian wemarike ezilawulayo njengesiseko soluntu kunye norhulumente. Idemokhrasi, kwanakwimo elinganiselweyo eyayikho, ibonwa njengento enokusebenziseka ngakumbi nangakumbi. Okunyamalalayo kuko nakuphi na ukuzimela kukarhulumente ngokunxulumene nenkunzi; Ulongamo ayiselulo olwabantu kodwa bobukomkhulu. Urhulumente uyahlengahlengiswa ukuze angabi yikomiti yesigqeba yongxowankulu, kodwa njengomlawuli wemeko yezemali.
Xa kujongwe ngolu hlobo, into ebekumele ukuba sithetha ngayo ayikobugocigoci beniyoliberalism njengolawulo lwemali yemonopoly-finance kunye nokuqhelaniswa nesicwangciso-qhinga seniyoliberal. EGrisi abantu abangaphangeliyo bangama-27 ekhulwini. Kwaye kulo mongo izikrufu ze-austerity zihlala ziqiniswa. Ngoba? Impendulo yeyokuba iGrisi ifakwa kuhlobo lonyango lokothuka kweneoliberal ukuze kukhuthazwe umdla othile wemonopoly-finance capital, oko kukuthi, inkqubo yongxowankulu, imonopolistic, i-impiriyali, apho, ngaphakathi kweEurozone, kukho umgca phakathi kweziko lobukhosi kunye nomda (wangaphakathi).
Akukho mgaqo-nkqubo unokusetyenziswa endaweni yeniyoliberalism kubukhapitali banamhlanje, kanye kuba iniyoliberalism ibonakalisa imfuneko yangaphakathi yemonopoly-finance capital ngokwayo. I-Neoliberal austerity yimveliso yokuchasana kwaso sonke isigaba sangoku sobungxowankulu. Impendulo kuphela yemikhosi yenkcaso kukutyhala ngaphaya kwengqiqo yenkqubo ukuze udale entsha "inkqubo ye-metabolic yentlalo," enye, njengoko i-Istvรกn Mรฉszรกros ibiza njalo, ye "ukulingana okubonakalayo," oko kukuthi, isoshiyali.
Nangona iMarxism isesona sixhobo sinamandla sokuqonda kunye nokuhlalutya uphuhliso loqoqosho lwentlalo yongxowankulu, kwicala lezopolitiko izinto bezisihla noko ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970s: abasebenzi kumazwe ahambele phambili kongxowankulu abalungelelaniswanga, amaqela angoongxowankulu okanye amakomanisi anamandla. abancinci nabajongelwe phantsi, kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, abasebenzi baye basinikela umva isiko lezopolitiko zenguqu. Ngaba ububona ubuMarx buphinda buvela njengomkhosi onamandla wezobupolitika kwixesha elizayo elingekude?
I-JBF: Iyonke inkqubo yemali yehlabathi ye-monopoly-finance ibanjwe kwintlekele enzulu yesakhiwo, evelisa iinkqubo ezintsha zembali kunye neendlela zomzabalazo. Kulo mxholo, isoshiyali ngokungenakuthintelwa sivela kwakhona njengekuphela kwendlela enokucingeleka kunolawulo olutshabalalisayo lobukapitali. Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba sibona ixesha elitsha lokuvukela, eLatin America, kuMbindi Mpuma, enyakatho ye-Afrika, eningizimu yeYurophu, kwiindawo zaseMzantsi Asia - nakwizinto ezithile e-China (ikhadi elikhulu lasendle kuzo zonke). KwiLatin America amazwe aphambili kweli xesha litsha lenguquko aphakamise ibhanile ye "ubusoshiyali benkulungwane yama-21." Kwaye kukho ingqiqo yembali ecacileyo kule nto. Akukho nto inokwenzeka ukuba uvukelo oluxhaphakileyo oluxhaphakileyo esilubonayo namhlanje lunokuba yimpumelelo xa sijongana nengxaki ekhoyo yokwakhiwa kwenkunzi ngaphandle kokuya kwicala lobusoshiyali. Nase-United States umbutho we-Occupy uphakamise umbuzo we-1%, uthatha isimo esicacileyo esijolise kudidi longxowankulu. Kwimeko yobunzima obukhoyo obukhoyo kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuvuselelwa kohlahlelo lukaMarxist.
Ndinezilumkiso ezimbini apha. Okokuqala, ukuba iMarxism izokwenza umbono obalulekileyo wenguqu namhlanje, into esiya kuyibona iya kuhlaziywa kunye neendlela eziguqukayo zokuthanda izinto zembali, ezibonisa iintshukumo zenguqu ezivelayo ikakhulu eMzantsi - kodwa ziya zisanda kobu bume bobume emantla ngokunjalo. I-Marxism ke ngoko iya kuthatha iindlela ezininzi ngokuyimfuneko idityaniswe nenguqulelo yeelwimi kunye neemeko zembali yoluntu apho umzabalazo wodidi / wentlalo unzima kakhulu. Kwakungekho nto imfutshane kwingqondo eyakhokelela uChรกvez ukuba adibanise ithiyori kaMarxian IsiBolivarian intshukumo yoguqulo ngolwimi lwasekhaya olwahlukileyo, enika ubomi obutsha kuzo zombini. Ngoxa siseBolivia sibona Intlanganisela yeembono zobusoshiyali nezemveli.
Okwesibini, i-socialism kunye neMarxism namhlanje kuya kufuneka iguqulwe yimeko kaxakeka yeplanethi - olona celomngeni lukhulu impucuko eyakha yajamelana nayo. Njengoko ndandiphikisana kwincwadi yam ka-2000 I-Ecology kaMarx, iMarx's classical socialist critique ibonelela ngeyona dialectic idityanisiweyo yotshintsho lwentlalo-meko kunye nomzabalazo. Oku kwakhelwe kwiziseko kanye zokugxeka kwakhe ubungxowankulu. Kufuneka sizobe kuloo nto. Ngaphezu koko, namhlanje asijonganga kangako "nentlalontle okanye ibarbarism" yaseLuxemburg njengolona khetho lunzulu ngakumbi. "Socialism okanye exterminism" - ukulungelelanisa ixesha eliqeshwe ngu-EP Thompson. Ngoku sisendleleni siphantsi kweshishini njengesiqhelo malunga nokutshabalala kweentlobo ezininzi emhlabeni, kubandakanya nezethu. Kufuneka sijike nzima ngasekhohlo. Ubusoshiyali, ndiyakholelwa, lusindiso loluntu kuphela, kuba kukwilizwe elilinganayo nelizinzileyo kuphela apho kukho naliphi na ithemba lokwenene ngekamva.
UJohn Bellamy Foster ngumhleli we Ukuhlaziywa ngenyanga kunye nonjingalwazi wezentlalontle kwiYunivesithi yaseOregon. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje, ebhalwe noRobert W. McChesney, yi Ingxaki engapheliyo: Indlela iMonopoly-Finance Capital idala ngayo ukuZinzisa kunye nesiphithiphithi ukusuka e-USA ukuya eTshayina (ENew York: Uphononongo lweNyanga loShicilelo, ngo-2012). U-CJ Polychroniou nguMdibaniso woPhando kunye noMfo woMgaqo-nkqubo kwi-Levy Economics Institute ye-Bard College kunye nodliwano-ndlebe kunye nombhali wephephandaba elisasazwe kuzwelonke lesiGrike ngeCawa. I-Eleftherotypia. Olu luguqulelo olupheleleyo lweenxalenye zodliwano-ndlebe eziza kupapashwa kwiphepha lesiGrike.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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