Umthombo: TomDispatch.com
Kubomi bam obuphantse bube yiminyaka engama-60, iMelika ilwe iimfazwe ezinkulu ezintlanu, yaphumelela enye ngokugqibeleleyo, emva koko yaluphosela kude olo loyiso, ngelixa iphulukene nezinye ezine ngokubi. I-Vietnam, i-Afghanistan, ne-Iraq, kunye ne-Global War on Terror, yayiyilahleko, kunjalo; iMfazwe Yomlomo iluloyiso lwedwa ekufuneka ngoku lubalwe njengelahleko kuba isithembiso sayo sasinjalo ilahlwe ngokukhawuleza.
Imfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam yaqhutywa ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo kumxholo wento eyayisaziwa njengethiyori yedomino kunye nombono “wokuqulatha” ubukomanisi. I-Iraq ne-Afghanistan zaziyinxalenye yeMfazwe yeHlabathi yoBugrogrisi, isiganeko sasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo apho “ubunqolobi obugqithisileyo bamaSilamsi” yathabathel’ indawo ubukomanisi. Nangona kunjalo, ezo mfazwe kufuneka ziphathwe njengembali enye, imfazwe ye-60 yeminyaka, ukuba uya kuthi, ngenxa yesizathu esinye sodwa: amandla okucacisa ingcamango enjalo.
Kum, ngenxa kaMongameli uDwight D. Eisenhower idilesi yokuvalelisa kwisizwe ngoJanuwari 1961, loo nyaka sisiqalo esicacileyo sekholoneli yomkhosi odla umhlala-phantsi kunye nombhali-mbali uAndrew Bacevich kutshanje wayibiza ngokuba yiMelika. Imfazwe ende kakhulu (VLW). Kuloo ntetho kamabonakude, uIke lumkisa yokuvela komkhosi-mveliso onamandla amakhulu anokuthi ngenye imini asongele idemokhrasi yaseMelika ngokwayo. Ndikhethe u-2021 njengendawo yokuphela kweVLW ngenxa ye isiphelo esiyintlekele yeli lizwe iMfazwe yase-Afghan, eyathi nakwiminyaka yayo yokugqibela ixabisa $ 45 billion ngonyaka ukutshutshisa, kwaye ngenxa yenyani enye enomdla ehamba nayo. Emva kokuwa kunye nokutshiswa kwaloo nzame yemfazwe ye-20 yeminyaka, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwePentagon watsiba nangaphezulu ngenkxaso phantse wonke ummeli weCongress yawo omabini amaqela njengoko ingqalelo yeWashington exhobileyo iguqukele eTshayina naseRussia.
Ekupheleni kwamashumi amabini eminyaka yokwenziwa kwemfazwe eyintlekele yehlabathi, oko kunyuswa kwemali kufanele kusixelele ukuba wayechane kangakanani na u-Eisenhower malunga neengozi zomkhosi wezomkhosi. Ngu ukusilela ukuthobela kuye yonke le minyaka, idemokhrasi eneneni ikwinkqubo yokuhlangabezana nokupheliswa kwayo.
Impumelelo Yokuphulukana Neemfazwe
Izinto ezininzi zichaza imfazwe yaseMelika eyintlekele yeminyaka engama-60. Oku kuya kubandakanya ubugwenxa kunye nenkohlakalo ekusetyenzisweni kwezixhobo ngokuchasene nabantu abangakwaziyo ukuphendula; ukwenza ingeniso enkulu ngumbutho wezomkhosi-mveliso; ukuxoka okungapheliyo ngurhulumente wase-US (ubungqina kwi Pentagon Papers eVietnam, i i-WMD engekhoyo kuhlaselo lwase-Iraq, nakwixesha lamva nje Amaphepha eMfazwe yase-Afghan); ukoyiswa ngaphandle kokuphendula, kunye norhulumente owaziwayo okanye amagosa asemkhosini ngokuqinisekileyo awazange abe noxanduva; kunye nesenzo esingaguqukiyo se-Keynesianism yomkhosi eyabonelela ngemisebenzi kunye nobutyebi kwizalamane ezimbalwa ngeendleko zabaninzi. Lilonke, imfazwe yaseMelika yeminyaka engama-60 ibonakalise intshabalalo ebonakalayo kwihlabathi jikelele, nanjengoko imveliso yexesha lemfazwe e-US isilele ukwenza ngcono ubomi babasebenzi kunye nabaphakathi ngokubanzi.
Makhe sihlolisise. Ukuthetha ngomkhosi, ukuphosa phantse yonke into yomkhosi wase-US (izixhobo zenyukliya ngaphandle) kubachasi ababengenanto yanto kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeyona nto ichazayo yeVLW. Ebudeni baloo minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu yemfazwe, umkhosi wase-US wawuvutha ngumsindo omhlophe ngokuchasene neentshaba ezingazange zivume ukuthobela izinto zokudlala zawo ezinamandla ngakumbi, ezihambele phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye nezitshabalalisayo.
Ndi wafunda kwaye kubhaliwe malunga Imfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye okwangoku ndisaqhubeka ndimangaliswe luluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo eziwiswe kubantu baseMzantsi-mpuma Asia ngaloo minyaka-ukusuka kwiibhombu eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-napalm ukuya kwii-defoliants ezifana Agent Orange oko kusabangela ukufa malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane emva kokuba imikhosi yethu iphumile apho. Kunye nawo wonke lo mthetho ushiywe ngasemva, iVietnam yayiyindawo yokuvavanya itekhnoloji yalo lonke uhlobo, kubandakanya negama elibi. umqobo we-elektroniki ukuba uNobhala wezoKhuselo uRobert McNamara wafuna ukuseka ukuthintela umkhondo weHo Chi Minh.
Xa kufikwa kwinkonzo yam yakudala, uMkhosi Womoya, iVietnam yaba yindawo yokubonisa ingcamango yokuba amandla omoya, asebenzisa iimegatons zeebhombu, inokoyisa emfazweni. Phantse zonke iinqwelomoya ezikuluhlu emva koko zaphoswa kwizityholo zeentshaba zaseMelika, kubandakanya neziqhushumbisi ezakhelwe uhlaselo lwenyukliya olucwangcisiweyo olufana neB-52 Stratofortress. Isiphumo, ngokuqinisekileyo, yaba yintshabalalo ebanzi ngokubanzi kwaye ukulahleka kobomi ngeendleko ezinkulu zobulungisa kwezoqoqosho kunye nobulungisa kwezentlalo kweli lizwe (singasathethi ke ubuntu bethu). Sekunjalo, iinkampani ezivelisa zonke iibhombu, i<em>napalm, ii<em>defoliants, izivamvo, iinqwelo-moya, nezinye iimveliso ezibulalayo zenza kakuhle ngokwenene ngaloo minyaka.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-tonnage yebhombu kunye nokunye okunjalo, iimfazwe zaseMelika e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq zazithintelwe ngakumbi, ngakumbi ngenxa yophuhliso lwasemva kweVietnam lwezixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba zikrelekrele. Noko ke, le ntshabalalo yagaleleka kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia yayinjalo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimfazwe yobunqolobi, ngokufanayo kujoliswe kumaqela abanqolobi abaxhobileyo kunye nabemi abangenakuzinceda. Kwaye kwakhona, iziqhushumbisi ezibiza kakhulu njenge-B-1, eziphuhliswe ngexabiso elimangalisayo lokungena kukhuselo lomoya we-Soviet kwimfazwe yenyukliya, zathunyelwa ngokuchasene namabhendi asebenza e-Afghanistan, eIraq naseSyria. I-uranium ephelelweyo amaqokobhe, iphosphorus emhlophe, izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo, kwakunye nezinye izixhobo ezinetyhefu, zazisetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwakhona, kufutshane nezixhobo zenyukliya, malunga nazo zonke izixhobo ezinokuphoswa kumajoni ase-Iraq, i-al-Qaeda okanye abavukeli be-ISIS, okanye abalweli beTaliban e-Afghanistan, baya kusetyenziswa, kubandakanywa nee-B-52 ezihloniphekileyo kwaye, kwimeko enye, yaziwa njenge le MOAB, okanye unina wazo zonke iibhombu. Kwaye kwakhona, ngaphandle kwako konke ukufa kunye nentshabalalo, umkhosi wase-US uya kulahlekelwa zombini iimfazwe (enye isebenza e-Iraq kwaye enye yonke esidlangalaleni e-Afghanistan), njengokuba abaninzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle emkhosini baya kuzuza kwaye baphumelele kumzamo.
Loluphi uhlobo lwempumelelo esithetha ngayo? Imfazwe yaseVietnam yajikeleza ngokuqikelelwa $ 1 zezigidi kubutyebi baseMelika, iiMfazwe zase-Afghan nase-Iraq zinokuba ngaphezulu $ 8 zezigidi (xa zonke iindleko zivela kwiMfazwe yoBugrogrisi). Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokoyiswa kweendleko ezinjalo, okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa yabo, inkcitho yePentagon kulindeleke ukuba idlule $ 7.3 zezigidi kule minyaka ilishumi izayo. Akuzange kwenzeke kwinkalo yengxwabangxwaba yabantu ukuba imali eninzi irholwe ngabambalwa kangaka ngeendleko zabaninzi.
Kuyo yonke loo minyaka ingama-60 ye-VLW, umzi-mveliso womkhosi uye watya ngokubonakalayo iitriliyoni zeedola zabarhafi, ngelixa umkhosi wase-US uye wanetha intshabalalo kwihlabathi jikelele. Okubi nangakumbi, ezo mfazwe zaziqhutywa ngenkxaso eyomeleleyo ye-bipartisan kwiCongress kwaye ubuncinci azizange zichaswe ngamandla "sisininzi esithe cwaka" saseMelika. Kule nkqubo, baye bavelisa iindlela ezintsha zolawulo-melo kunye ukulwa, eyona nto ichaseneyo nedemokhrasi yabameli.
Ngokumangalisayo, njengokuba "owona mkhosi mkhulu ehlabathini” yaphulukana nezo mfazwe, impembelelo yayo yaqhubeka ikhula kweli lizwe, ngaphandle kokuntywila okufutshane emva kweVietnam. Kufana nokungathi umntu ongcakazayo uchithe iminyaka engama-60 ephulukene nokutya, kodwa azifumane sele eqhwatywa izandla. njengophumeleleyo.
Ukwenza imfazwe rhoqo kunye ne-Keynesianism yomkhosi yadala iintlobo ezithile zemisebenzi ehlawula kakhulu (nangona bangatyhafi njengabaninzi njengoko imizamo yezoqoqosho enoxolo iya kuba njalo). Iimfazwe kunye namalungiselelo aqhubekayo afanayo nawo aqhube inkcitho yentsilelo kuba abambalwa kwiCongress bebefuna ukuzihlawulela ngokunyuka kwerhafu. Ngenxa yoko, kuyo yonke loo minyaka, njengoko kwakusina iibhombu kunye nemijukujelwa, ubutyebi baqhubeka buphuma busiya kumaqumrhu amakhulu anjengeBoeing, iRaytheon, kunye neLockheed Martin, iindawo ezilunge kakhulu. ukuqasha iinjengele ezidla umhlala-phantsi ukuba zigcwalise iibhodi zazo.
Kwaye nantsi enye inyani: incinci kakhulu kobo butyebi obuye wathotywa kubasebenzi ngaphandle kokuba baqeshwe ngabo benza izixhobo, abathi-ukuba amagama amabini eedrones ezixhobileyo zeli lizwe ze-Hellfire- ziye zaba ngabaphangi boluntu kwaye. abavuni. Ukuba isilogeni se-pithy besifuneka apha, ungasibiza ngokuba yiBuild Back Better ngokuBomba iminyaka, ethi, ewe, isiqhubele kumhlaba wase-Orwellian.
Ukufunda ku-Orwell no-Ike
Ukuthetha ngoGeorge Orwell, iMfazwe yeMinyaka engama-60 yaseMelika, isindululo esiphulukeneyo sabaninzi, ibonakalise impumelelo ecacileyo kwabambalwa kwaye ayiyongozi nayo. Kwincwadi yakhe ngaphakathi kwincwadi Lamashumi asibhozo anesine, U-Orwell wabhala yonke into-ngokuchaneka kwemfazwe esisigxina njengendlela ebalwayo yokutya iimveliso ze-capitalism yanamhlanje ngaphandle kokuvelisa umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila kubasebenzi bayo. Oko, kunjalo, inkcazo yemeko yokuphumelela kubanikazi. Ngamazwi akhe:
“Esona senzo sibalulekileyo semfazwe kukutshatyalaliswa, kungekuko oko kubomi babantu, kodwa kwimveliso yomsebenzi wabantu. Imfazwe yindlela yokuqhekeka, okanye ukugalela kwi-stratosphere, okanye ukutshona enzulwini yolwandle, izinto ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zisetyenziswe ukwenza abantu abaninzi bakhululeke, kwaye ngenxa yoko, ekuhambeni kwexesha, bakrelekrele kakhulu. Kwanaxa izixhobo zemfazwe zingatshatyalaliswanga ngokwenene, ukwenziwa kwazo kuseyeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokuchitha amandla abasebenzi ngaphandle kokuvelisa nantoni na enokutyiwa [ngabasebenzi].”
Imfazwe, njengoko u-Orwell wayibonayo, yayiyindlela yokwenza iimali ezinkulu kubambalwa ngeendleko zabaninzi, ababeza kushiywa kwimeko apho bangenakukwazi ukulwa okanye bathathe amandla. Nanini na. Cinga ngokuveliswa kwemfazwe nokudalwa kwemfazwe njengendlela yobusela esemthethweni, njengoko uIke wabuphawulayo ngowe-1953 kwincwadi yakhe ethi “umnqamlezo wentsimbi” intetho echasene nomkhosi. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo, wathi kwiminyaka esibhozo ngaphambi kokuba abize igama elithi "isakhiwo somkhosi-mveliso," yayibubusela kwabo bafuna imfundo ebhetele, ukhathalelo lwempilo olufikelelekayo, iindlela ezikhuselekileyo, okanye ngokwenene naziphi na iziqhamo zedemokhrasi enempilo ehambelana neemfuno. yabasebenzi bayo. Ingxaki, njengoko u-Orwell waqaphelayo, kukuba abasebenzi abahlakaniphile, abaphilileyo kunye nenkululeko enkulu yokuzikhethela babeya kuba nzima ukunyamezela ingcinezelo kunye nokuxhatshazwa.
Kwaye imfazwe, njengoko wayesazi, yayikwayindlela yokuvuselela uqoqosho ngaphandle kokuvuselela amathemba namaphupha, indlela yokudala ubutyebi kwabambalwa ngelixa utshabalalisa abaninzi. Ngaphakathi, iMfazwe yaseVietnam yakhubaza izicwangciso zikaLyndon Johnson zoMbutho Omkhulu. Iindleko eziphezulu zemfazwe engaphumeleliyo yokugrogrisa kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwePentagon oluqhubeka nokunyuka namhlanje nokuba zithini na iziphumo ngoku zikhankanywa njengeengxoxo ezichasene nesicwangciso sikaJoe Biden sika "Build Back Better". Isivumelwano Esitsha sikaMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ngengasoze sifumane inkxaso-mali ukuba indawo enkulu yanamhlanje yezomkhosi-zemizi-mveliso, okanye naleyo yayikwimihla ka-Ike, yayikhona ngeminyaka yoo-1930s.
Njengoko ithiyori yezopolitiko uCrane Brinton waphawula kwi IAnatomy yeRevolution, abantu abasempilweni nabakhulayo abakumgangatho ophakathi, abalinganayo abanethemba nabanethuba, banokuvuleleka kwiingcamango ezinenkqubela, kwanezo revolution. Kodwa udidi oluphakathi olumileyo, olucuthekayo, okanye olutyibilikayo lunokungqina ukusabela kwezopolitiko njengoko ukungabi nathemba kuthatha indawo yethemba kunye nokhuseleko endaweni yamathuba. Ngale ndlela, ukufika kukaDonald Trump kwi-White House yayiyimfihlakalo kwaye nokuba nokwenzeka kwekamva elizimeleyo.
Zonke ezo zigidi zezigidi zeedola ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiimfazwe eziyinkcitho ziye zanceda ekukhuthazeni ukuphelelwa lithemba kwabantu baseMelika. Uphawu lwayo lukufutshane lulonke ukungabikho yengcamango yoxolo njengento enokwenzeka ekwabelwana ngayo kwilizwe lethu. Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bayithatha nje kancinci ukuba imfazwe okanye izoyikiso zemfazwe, sele sichazile ixesha lethu elidlulileyo, liya kuchaza ikamva lethu ngokunjalo. Ngenxa yoko, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunyukayo lomkhosi alubonwa njengento ephazamisayo, okanye njengomthwalo, kodwa njengento engenakuthintelwa, kwaye inqwenelekayo-uphawu lobunzulu besizwe kunye nokuphakama kwemfazwe yehlabathi.
Uza Kuba Nobunzima ekugqibeleni
Kufuneka kube engqondweni ukuba, nangona ubutyebi benziwa (kwaye rhoqo kutshatyalaliswa) yi-United States kunye iinzuzo ezinomtsalane kwimveliso yabasebenzi, umgangatho wokuphila kwabasebenzi ayandanga kakhulu ukususela ekuqaleni koo-1970. Inye into eqinisekileyo: akwenzekanga ngamabona-ndenzile.
Kwabo bazuza kakhulu kuyo, iMfazwe yeMinyaka engama-60 yaseMelika ibe yimpumelelo engathethekiyo, nokuba iye yasilela kakhulu xa kufikwa kwimpumelelo yabasebenzi okanye kwidemokhrasi. Oku akumele kusimangalise ngokwenene. Njengoko owayesakuba nguMongameli uJames Madison walumkisa abantu baseMelika kudala kakhulu, akukho sizwe inokukhusela inkululeko yayo phakathi kwemfazwe eqhubekayo. Idemokhrasi ayifi ebumnyameni; bafela emfazweni. Ukuba awukhange uqaphele (kwaye ndiyazi ukuba unayo), ubungqina bokufa okusondelayo kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika busijikelezile. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwethu lungonwabanga ngokunzulu. Ngapha koko, siphila kwihlabathi elitsha elingaqhelekanga, elibi ngakumbi kunelo labazali nootatomkhulu nootatomkhulu bethu, lowo abambono wabo uqhubeka ungqubana ngoxa ithemba labo livumelana nabo.
Ndiyamangaliswa xa ndifumanisa ukuba, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-2003, utata wam wakuxela kwangaphambili oku. Wazalwa ngo-1917, wasinda kuDado oluKhulu ngokujoyina uFranklin Roosevelt's Civilian Conservation Corps, kwaye wasebenza kwiifektri ebusuku efumana umvuzo ophantsi ngaphambi kokuba abizelwe eMkhosini kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Emva kwemfazwe, wayeza kuphila ubomi obulula bodidi oluphakathi njengomcimi-mlilo, umsebenzi womanyano ohlawula kakuhle kunye neenzuzo. Nantsi indlela utata awabeka ngayo kum: wayenobunzima ekuqaleni kobomi bakhe, kodwa kulula ekugqibeleni, ngelixa ndandilula ekuqaleni, kodwa ndandiba nzima ekuqaleni. isiphelo.
Ndicinga ukuba iphupha laseMerika lalingcatshwa, kungekhona ngabasebenzi abafana naye, kodwa ngabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu eshishinini ababethe phithi kukunyoluka okuyingozi ngakumbi. Iziganeko zimbonakalisile konke ekujoliswe kuko, njengoko iMelika iye yachazwa ngu ukubawa-imfazwe ekungekho kulwa, kungasayi kuphinda kuthenjiswe isiphelo. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye eMelika, imfazwe kunye namalungiselelo angenasiphelo ayo aqhubeka kwaye aqhubeke. Yicinge ngaphaya kwempoxo into yokuba, njengoko iintshatsheli zeli lizwe kwezoshishino, kwezobupolitika nakwezomkhosi zisithi zilwa imfazwe ukuze zisasaze idemokhrasi, iyabuna ekhaya.
Kwaye nantsi eyona nto indikhathazayo kakhulu: Imfazwe ende kakhulu yaseMelika yokutshabalalisa amazwe abuthathaka kunye nabantu banokuphela, okanye bancitshiswe umzuzu ongaqhelekanga yeentshaba, kodwa iinkokeli zaseMelika, nokuba ziliphi iqela, ngoku zibonakala zixhasa a imfazwe ebandayo entsha chasene iTshayina kwaye ngoku eRashiya. Ngokungakholelekiyo, iMfazwe ebandayo yakudala yavelisa uloyiso olwalumnandi kakhulu, kodwa olukhawulezayo, kangangokuba lubonakala lufuna ukwenziwa ngaphezulu.
Ukukhuthaza imfazwe kunokuba kusebenze kakuhle kwindawo yomkhosi-kwimizi-mveliso xa utshaba lwalukumawaka eekhilomitha kude kungekho mandla okubetha “ilizwe,” kodwa iTshayina neRussia zinawo loo mandla. Ukuba imfazwe neTshayina okanye iRashiya (okanye zombini) iyenzeka, ayiyi kuba yinde. Kwaye ubale into enye: Iinkokeli zaseMelika, iinkampani, umkhosi, kunye nezopolitiko, aziyi kukwazi ukuhoxisa ilahleko ngokujonga kumaphepha alungeleleneyo kunye nemida yenzuzo kwiifektri zezixhobo.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Xa sicinga ngemfazwe, kwaye ndithi khawufane ucinge kuba ukuba asizange sibe kwindawo yedabi asiyazi inyani yokoyikeka kwayo kunye neziphumo ezisisigxina kuye wonke umntu obandakanyekayo. Kwaye sicinga ngeyona nxalenye imbi, ukufa kunye nokwenzakala, ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwengqondo macala onke. Kodwa kufuneka sibone ukuba uWilliam Astore uthetha ngantoni, ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu, okuphantse kungenakucingelwa kweziseko zophuhliso, iinkonzo zentlalontle, indalo engenakuphinda yakhiwe okanye ibuyiselwe, ukuba kukho izizukulwana kwixesha elizayo. Imfazwe yintshabalalo enkulu, kwaye nangona, umzekelo, sicinga ukuba soyisile i-fascism emfazweni, isekhona kwaye inamandla e-US, mhlawumbi eyona mfazwe inkulu kwimbali.