Umthombo: Kulamaxesha
Ukurhoxa kwe-US e-Afghanistan, emva kweminyaka engama-20 yokuhlala ngenkohlakalo, kufanele kube sisiqalo nje. I-United States kufuneka iphinde iphelise intlekele โImfazwe yobugrogrisi,โ kubandakanya namaphulo okuqhushumba ajolise eSomalia naseYemen. Kwaye kufuneka kupheliswe izohlwayo ezikhohlakeleyo ezichasene neCuba, iVenezuela, i-Iran kunye namanye amazwe akuMazantsi eHlabathi.
Kodwa akwanelanga ukumisa nje ukwenzakala: I-United States nayo kufuneka ilungise. Oku kuthetha ukuhlawula imbuyekezo kubantu base-Iraq, e-Afghanistan nakwamanye amazwe abahlasele kwaye baxhaphaze, kunye nokubonelela ngekhusi kubo nabaphi na abemi baloo mazwe abasabayo ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokuphazamiseka okwenziwa yi-United States.
Izibonda azinakuba ngaphezulu. Iindleko ezipheleleyo zokwenziwa kwemfazwe yase-US kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo inkulu kakhulu. Iindleko zeMfazwe, iYunivesithi yaseBrown yaseWatson yeZiko leprojekthi yeMicimbi yeHlabathi kunye neyoLuntu, kutshanje kuqikelelwa ukuba emva kwe-9/11 iimfazwe zase-US zibulele phakathi kwe-897,000 kunye ne-929,000 yabantu e-Afghanistan, ePakistan, e-Iraq, eSiriya, e-Yemen nakwamanye amazwe ukususela ngo-2001. Inani lokwenyani linokuba phezulu ngakumbi: Isifundo esisodwa eqhutywe yiQela loPhando loPhando liqikelela ukuba ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi ze-Iraqis zifile ngenxa yeMfazwe yase-Iraq ukususela ekuhlaselweni okukhokelwa yi-US kwi-2003.
Iziqhushumbisi
Ngo-2007, owayesakuba nguMongameli uGeorge W. Bush waqalisa iphulo lokuhlasela i-airstrike eSomalia, kwaye ukususela ngoko ubuncinane i-254 yachaza izenzo zase-US eziye zenzeka kweli lizwe. I-Airwars, ethathe umsebenzi wokurekhoda ukubetha kweenqwelo moya kwi-Bureau of Investigative Journalism ngo-2019, uqikelelo ukuba naphi na phakathi kwe-70 ukuya kwi-143 yokufa kwabantu eSomalia sisiphumo se-31 yezenzo ezihlukeneyo zase-US phakathi kwe-2007 kunye ne-2021, i-18 ukuya kwi-21 yabo bantwana. Imikhosi yase-US inikezela kuphela kwabahlanu kwaba babuleweyo basekuhlaleni, bonke abo bangavunywanga okanye kuthiwa "kungabikho bungqina. "
Ulawulo lwangoku luqhubekile neli phulo liyingozi. NgoJulayi 20, umkhosi wase-US waqhuba I-airstrike yokuqala eSomalia phantsi kweBiden, ilandelwe ngu olunye uhlaselo lwasemoyeni emva kweentsuku ezintathu kuphela, uphawu lokuba imfazwe engachazwanga iya kuqhubeka ukuthatha ubomi.
Imisebenzi "yokulwa nobunqolobi" yase-US yaqala ngokusemthethweni eYemen ngo-2009 (nangona kwakukho ezinye iziqhushumbisi ngaphambi koko), kunye nomkhosi wase-US kunye ne-CIA baqalisa i-airstrikes elizweni. Ukususela ngoko, ilizwe libone ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwe-100 kuhlaselo lwase-US kuphela. Imikhosi yase-US ivuma kuphela ukusweleka kwabantu abali-13, ngokutsho kweAirwars.
Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantu abenzakeleyo eYemen sisiphumo sokuqhushumba kwe-Saudi-coalition, eyaqala ngo-2015 kwaye ixhaswa kwaye ixhaswa bubukrelekrele base-US, kunye nokuthengiswa kwezixhobo. Emva kohlaselo lomoya lomanyano lwe-23,470, olubandakanya uhlaselo lomoya lomntu ngamnye, phantse abantu abayi-10,000 bonzakele kwaye baphantse babeyi-9,000 babhubhile ngenxa yephulo elikhokelwa yiSaudi.
NgoFebruwari 2021, Biden wabhengeza ukuba iUnited States iya kuphelisa inkxaso ekhubekisayo eYemen ngelixa inceda iSaudi Arabia "ikhusela ulongamo lwayo" ngokuchasene "nezoyikiso ezivela kwimikhosi enikezelwe yiIran." Nangona kunjalo, i isaziso asizange size nezicwangciso eziqinileyo kwabelwane ngeCongress, kwaye ulawulo lweBiden aluphumelelanga ukwabelana ngeenkcukacha okanye izicwangciso zokwahlula phakathi koncedo oluhlaselayo nolukhuselayo.
Iziqhushumbisi eSomalia naseYemen zizincam nje zomkhenkce. Ngokusekwe kwidatha yomkhosi wase-US esemthethweni, Airwars Ugqibe kwelokuba iUnited States yenze ubuncinci i91,340 airstrikes ukusukela oko 9/ U11 kwihlabathi jikelele "iMfazwe yobugrogrisi." Lilonke inani lokufa kwabantu okubangelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-airstrikes yase-US liqikelelwa ukuba lingama-22,679 kodwa linokuba phezulu njenge-48,308. Idatha iqokelelwa kwimisebenzi yase-US e-Afghanistan ukususela kwi-2006, i-Iraq ukusuka kwi-2003 ukuya kwi-2013, i-Iraq kunye neSiriya ukusuka kwi-2014 ukuya kwi-2021, i-Libya ukususela kwi-2012, kunye nephulo eliyimfihlo le-drone ePakistan, eSomalia naseYemen. Ukonzakaliswa kwabantu ngokubanzi kunokuba kuphezulu ngenxa yeziphumo ezibambiseneyo zokuqhushumba kwe-US kunye nezinye izenzo zomkhosi kule mimandla.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olukhulu
Ngaphandle kokurhoxisa imikhosi e-Afghanistan, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemfazwe yase-US luyaqhubeka nokwanda. Iqela labagadi Amanqaku aBemi bakaRhulumente ukuba abalawuli be-Biden ngokwenene bacele ukonyuka kwe-1.7% kwinkcitho yomkhosi iyonke - kwi-753 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ukonyuka okuphantse kulingane nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngelixa amanye amalungu eNkongolo echasa amanqanaba aphezulu enkcitho yasemkhosini, iiDemokhrasi zeNdlu ezili-14 kutshanje ziye zaxhasa amaRiphabhlikhi ukuba zonyuse isicelo ngokuphantse. $ 25 yezigidigidi. Esona sizathu siphambili senkcitho ethe chatha kukukhula kokujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo iTshayina.
USara Kate Baudhuin woLuntu lukaRhulumente waqaphela ukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluceliweyo lweSebe lezoKhuselo luya kuba lukhulu kunohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweSebe likaRhulumente, uBulungisa, iMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu, iMfundo, uThutho, kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo. zidibene. Kwisihloko senkxaso-mali yokhuselo, iprojekthi yeeNdleko zeMfazwe yeYunivesithi yaseBrown yabika ingxelo IPentagon ichithe i-14 yeebhiliyoni zeedola yemali karhulumente ukususela ngo-2001 ukuya ku-2021. Isinye kwisithathu ukuya kwisiqingatha sale nkampani iye kwiinkampani zezixhobo ezintlanu: iLockheed Martin, iBoeing, iGeneral Dynamics, iRaytheon kunye neNorthrup Grumman. Utyalo-mali kwi izitokhwe zokhuselo are ngoku ixabisa phantse amaxesha ali-10 babeyintoni xa kwaqala imfazwe e-Afghanistan. Ummi woLuntu ubize oku ngokuba yintoni na, Kuthetha ukuba "okuphela "ophumeleleyo" kwimfazwe yase-Afghanistan yayiyimizi-mveliso yomkhosi.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olucetywayo luka-Biden lwabelwe i-15.2 yezigidi zeedola "kwi-Missile yaseLwandle eLaunched Cruise Missile," isixhobo senyukliya u-Biden ngokwakhe wabiza "umbono ombi" ngexesha lephulo lakhe. Izicwangciso ziyintsalela yolawulo lukaTrump kwaye, ngelixa uBiden ebenokuyirhoxisa, ulawulo lwakhe lukhethe ukuyigcina iprojekthi kwaye bongeze kwinto uKingston Reif, umlawuli wenkqubo yokuthotywa kwezixhobo kunye nokunciphisa isoyikiso kuMbutho woLawulo lweArms, ayichaza njenge Amajoni aseMelika"sele ibanzi kwaye ikhula izixhobo zenyukliya.โ Iziko loLawulo lweZixhobo kunye nokuNgande ibiza iprojekthi"Isisombululo esinexabiso elikhulu kwingxaki engekhoyo." Ibiyi ku pheliswa yiKomitana yoLwabiwo-mali lweNdlu.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oludityanisiweyo kukuqhubekeka kwenkcitho yomkhosi iyonke kwi "War on Terror." I Iziko leZifundo zoMgaqo-nkqubo iphonononge idatha yeOfisi yoLawulo kunye neBhajethi efumaneka esidlangalaleni, inika ingxelo yokuba iUnited States ichithe i-21 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola kumkhosi wangaphandle kunye nasekhaya, ukubeka iliso, kunye noxinzelelo phakathi kweminyaka yomanyano ka-2002 ukuya ku-2021.
Ubukhosi behlabathi
Ngalo lonke eli xesha, iUnited States igcina iziseko zomkhosi kwihlabathi liphela.
Iimephu zobukho bomkhosi wase-US azifumaneki lula kwaye iziseko ezininzi zigcinwa ziyimfihlo ngabom. Kukho neendawo ezininzi ezinxulumene nomkhosi ezibambe izixhobo zase-US, kodwa azithathwa njengezisemthethweni "ziziseko zase-US." UDavid Vine, i-anthropologist kwiYunivesithi yaseMelika, wathi I-United States inokuba "neziseko zomkhosi ezingama-800 kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70 nakwimimandla ephesheya."
Ngo-2007, iUnited States yaseka i-US Africa Command (AFRICOM). Ukusukela ngoko, Ubukho bomkhosi wase-US kwilizwekazi banda ukusuka kubasebenzi be-2,600 ukuya kwi-7,000 ngo-2019. Ubukho bezempi ngokusebenzisa iziseko ezisemthethweni kunye nezingekho semthethweni zihamba kwilizwekazi ukusuka kunxweme ukuya elunxwemeni. I Ngenisa, catshulwa Iirekhodi ezisemthethweni zePentagon, ziveze ukuba, ukusukela ngo-2019, bekukho iziseko eziqinisekisiweyo ezingama-29 kumazwe ali-15 ahlukeneyo okanye imimandla engaphakathi kwe-AFRICOM โindawo yoxanduva,โ egubungela onke amazwe kwilizwekazi liphela ngaphandle kwe-Egypt.
Ngo-2017, kwatyhilwa ukuba ii-commandos zase-US bezibandakanyeka emkhosini, ngaphandle kwamabango e-AFRICOM okuba babonelela kuphela โngeengcebiso noncedo.โ
I-US Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), enendawo "yoxanduva" ethatha uninzi lwezizwe zaseMpuma Asia kunye neziqithi zePasifiki, yabuza iCongress. nge27 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiimali ezongezelelweyo phakathi kuka-2022 kunye no-2027. Iimali zenzelwe "ukunyusa ukunqanda ukulwa neChina," njengoko Iindaba zoKhuselo Yibeke, ngemijukujelwa emitsha, ukhuselo lomoya, iirada, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla, amanqanaba ovavanyo, nokunye. Uluntu kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki lu ndisabandezeleka ukusuka kwintsalela yovavanyo lwenyukliya yomkhosi wase-US, ngelixa i-United States iqhubeka nokunyuka kwayo ngokuchasene neTshayina.
Uthungelwano lweziseko zaphesheya alwenzi kuphela ubukho obunobungozi, kodwa lukwenza ukuba ungquzulwano kunye nemfazwe kube lula. Umphengululi uDavid Vine, kwincwadi yakhe I-United States yeMfazwe, ichaza ukuba emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iUnited States โinamandla angenakulinganiswa nanto nomkhosi ongenakuthelekiswa nanto ehlabathini lonke.โ Amajoni abekwe ngokusisigxina kwihlabathi liphela kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo, elungele ukuqhubela phambili umdla wezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko kunye nomkhosi wase-US phantsi kwesoyikiso sobundlobongela.
Izigwebo
Ngeli xesha, iUnited States iyaqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kwezinye iindlela zemfazwe ezinje ngezohlwayo ezijolise eCuba, Venezuela, Iran kunye namanye amazwe akuMazantsi eGlobal.
Izohlwayo zase-US ngokuchasene neCuba zaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960. Ngowe-1992, kunye ne Torricelli Act, oomongameli base-US bafumene isakhono sokugweba amazwe ancedisa iCuba kunye nokuthintela iinkampani zangaphandle zeenkampani zase-US ekurhwebeni neCuba. NgoJuni 2021, iyonke Amazwe ali-184 avotele inkxaso yesigqibo sokufuna ukuphela kothintelo lwezoqoqosho lwase-US eCuba - yi-United States kunye no-Israel kuphela abavote ngokuchaseneyo. Ukunqongophala kokutya namayeza kuxhaphakile; oku kube negalelo kwi kuqhuma isiphithiphithi kwilizwe liphela. Isiqithi siye sajongana neso ukunqongophala kokutya okubi kakhulu kwiminyaka engama-25. Inkampani yaseCuba yokungenisa ukutya kuzwelonke, ebalulekileyo kuba ingenisa ngaphandle i-70% ukuya kwi-80% yokutya kwayo, umbiko ukuba ilahlekelwe yi-45 yezigidi zeedola ngenxa yokuba ayikwazanga ukubandakanyeka kwintengiselwano ngqo kunye neebhanki zase-US. Nangona iUnited States ivumela ngokobuchwepheshe ukuthengiswa kokutya eCuba, ukuqiniswa kwezohlwayo zoqoqosho kuthintela Ukukwazi kweCuba ukufumana ukutya okwaneleyo.
Amagosa ase-US ahlala esithi uncedo loluntu lukhululiwe kwizohlwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxolelwa koluntu akusebenzi kakhulu ekusebenzeni. Nangona amayeza kunye nezixhobo zonyango zinokuvunyelwa ngokobuchwephesha ukuba zithunyelwe eCuba, izithintelo ezininzi kunye nezithintelo zibangele "ukuvalwa kwenyani kunyango olubalulekileyo kunye nolunye uncedo," into eyinyani Taht Umbutho waseMelika weMpilo yeHlabathi. ikhonjwe ngaphandle ngowe-1997 isaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Imiqathango elawula inkqubo yokukhutshwa kwelayisensi, okwangoku, yenza ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kube nzima kakhulu.
Ngokubhekiselele eVenezuela, i-oyile ivaliwe phantsi ngexilongo kwaye igcinwe phantsi Biden, ibi yingozi kakhulu, ekubeni ilizwe lifumana i-90% yengeniso yalo kwishishini leoli. NjengeCuba, eVenezuela ku ngeniswa uninzi lokutya kwayo, kunye nokuwa kwemveliso yeoli kubangele ukuhla kwexabiso lemali kunye nokucutheka kokungeniswa kokutya kwamanye amazwe. Ukuncipha kokungeniswa kokutya kwamanye amazwe ngenxa yezohlwayo kukhokelele ekwandeni kokungondleki kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo. Abantu baseVenezuela abazizigidi ezisisi-2.5 baswele ukutya.
I-United States iphinde ibeke izigwebo zezoqoqosho kwi-Iran, kwiinqanaba ezahlukeneyo zokugqibela, ukususela ngo-1979. Ngo-2018, ulawulo lwe-Trump yakhupha i-United States ngaphandle kwesivumelwano senyukliya sase-Iran, esaziwa ngokuba yi-Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) , kwaye yabeka kwakhona into ebiyibiza "Uxinzelelo oluphezulu" izohlwayo eIran. Ulawulo ngokuthe cwaka avunywa ukuba ezo zohlwayo zenzelwe ukwenza abantu basokole ukuze baphembelele uqhanqalazo. Uninzi lwezohlwayo zexesha likaTrump zisahleli.
Ngelixa izohlwayo zase-US zikhulula kubuchwephesha amayeza kunye nezixhobo zonyango, uloyiko lwezohlwayo lwesibini lushiye amazwe amaninzi avelisa amayeza ayimfuneko e-Iran engakwazi ukufumana iibhanki ezizimisele ukugunyazisa ukuthengiselana kwezinto eziya e-Iran. Ezona zohlwayo zingqongqo kwicandelo lezemali lase-Iran ziyenzile phantse akunakwenzeka ukuthengiselana kwezi mpahla. Nangona i-Iran isenza ama-97% eemfuno zayo zamayeza, i-3% ethe yawathenga kumazwe angaphandle ibandakanya unyango oluyimfuneko kwizifo ezimandundu ezifana nomhlaza. I-Covid-19 iphinde yalonakalisa ilizwe, ngokusweleka okungaphezulu kwe-115,000 ku NgoFebruwari 2020 ukuya phakathi kuSeptemba 2021, kwaye oogqirha baseIran balumkisile ukuba izohlwayo zenze iziphumo zaba mbi kakhulu.
Natasha Hakimi Zapata, umbhalo kuba Ngale maxesha, igxeka i-United States ngokumisela izohlwayo kumazwe angamashumi amabini anesibini "ukusuka kwiiBalkans ukuya eZimbabwe" ukususela ngo-2021. Izohlwayo yiprojekthi ye-bipartisan ye-impiriyali yase-US. Ulawulo lweBiden luzigcinile izohlwayo eziqatha eNicaragua, eVenezuela, eSudan naseUkraine ukusukela kwixesha likaTrump, izohlwayo ezongezelelekileyo eCuba, eIran, eTshayina, eSyria naseRussia, kunye nezohlwayo ezitsha kwiBalkan, Belarus naseBurma.
Ngelixa ukurhoxiswa kwemikhosi yase-US e-Afghanistan ilinyathelo lokuqala eliyimfuneko ekupheliseni ilifa lobundlobongela lase-US, kuninzi okuseza kutyhilwa malunga nenani lokwenyani lohlaselo lwase-US kunye neminyaka engama-20.
UMalalai Joya, umlweli wamalungelo abasetyhini kunye namalungelo oluntu kunye nowayesakuba yiPalamente yase-Afghan, uxelele Intando yeninzi Ngoku! NgoJulayi, "Kangangeminyaka ndicele ukurhoxiswa kwamazwe angaphandle kwilizwe lethu ... ixabiso kubo.โ
Ukongeza ekufuneni indawo yokusabela kwabo babalekela ubomi babo kunye nembuyekezo yabantu base-Afghanistan kunye ne-Iraq, lixesha lokuphelisa zonke iimfazwe zase-US, ukuvala zonke iziseko zomkhosi wase-US, kwaye kupheliswe umkhosi wase-US kunye nezohlwayo ezichaphazela inkitha. abantu kuMzantsi weGlobal. Sidinga intshukumo evuselelweyo yokulwa nemfazwe ekhokelwa kwaye ithatha isikhokelo kubantu bemibala kunye nabo benzakaliswe ngokuthe ngqo ziimfazwe zase-US kunye nomkhosi. Abantu beGlobal South abanakukwazi ukumelana nomkhosi wase-US kunye nobundlobongela. Kuphezu kwethu ukuba siyiyeke.
[AZADEH SHAHSHAHANI ungumlawuli wezomthetho kunye nenkxaso kwiProjekthi yaseMzantsi kunye nomongameli odlulileyo weNational Lawyers Guild. Ubhala kwitweets @ashahshahani]
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